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Myco-Viro > (1) Hepatitis Virus (HAV and HBV) > Flashcards

(1) Hepatitis Virus (HAV and HBV) Flashcards

1
Q

viruses that cause the same conditions, the same disease which is hepatitis

A

Hepatitis Virus

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2
Q

why does hepatitis virus, regardless of the pathogen are able to cause hepatitis?

A

because these viruses have a high affinity to liver in which they attack and where they reside

the fucking bold wont work, i hate life

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3
Q

Greek word “hepar”

A

liver

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4
Q

Latin word “itis”

A

inflammation

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5
Q

Greek word “hepar” + Latin word “itis” =?

A

Hepatitis

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6
Q

Hepatitis may be caused by?

A

viruses, or by non-infectious
agents

not microorganism

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7
Q

what are the two main groups of Hepatitis?

A
  • Primary hepatitis viruses
  • Secondary hepatitis viruses
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8
Q

what group mainly affects the HEPATOCYTES

A

Primary hepatitis viruses

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9
Q

what hepatitis virus are found in the primary hepatitis virus

A

types A, B, C, D, E, and G
hepatitis

no F

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10
Q

main cause of viral hepatitis amounting to 95% of hepatitis cases

A

Primary hepatitis viruses

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11
Q

also produce liver inflammation, but is secondary to other disease processes.

A

Secondary hepatitis viruses

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12
Q

Liver is not the host cell, and the disease itself serves as a complication from another primary infection

A

Secondary hepatitis viruses

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13
Q

what are the main causes for secondary hepatitis viruses?

A
  • EBV
  • CMV
  • Herpes virus
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14
Q

what are the starting symproms for hepatitis?

A

flu-like symptoms

fatigue, fever, myalgia, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, and mild to moderate pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen

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15
Q

Progression of the hepatitis can cause specific complication such as?

A
  • hepatomegaly
  • jaundice
  • dark urine
  • light feces
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16
Q

what are the 2 acute stages of viral hepatitis

A
  • Acute Stage
  • Fulminant Acute Stage
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17
Q

Stages of Viral Hepatitis

sudden onset of signs and symptoms which may slowly progress to other stages or forms

A

Acute Stage

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18
Q

Stages of Viral Hepatitis

Causes sudden onset of signs and symptoms with an immediate progression to lethal stages, and the stage wherein an individual may be prone to complications

A

Fulminant Acute Stage

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19
Q

Stages of Viral Hepatitis

Also known to be the latent, or asymptomatic stage, wherein there are no signs and symptoms, but there is an active condition

A

Subclinical without Jaundice Stage

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20
Q

Stages of Viral Hepatitis

Occurs months to years after the acute stage

A

Chronic Stage

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21
Q

INITIAL LABORATORY FINDINGS

What elevation of certain analyte are seen?

A

bilirubin and other liver enzymes, especially, ALT

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22
Q

INITIAL LABORATORY FINDINGS

TOF

Specific indicators of liver inflammation and must be followed by specific serological or molecular tests to identify the cause of hepatitis more definitively

A

F (non specific)

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23
Q

what hepavirus

  • Nonenveloped, single-stranded ribonucleic acid virus (ssRNA).
  • Hepatovirus genus of the picornaviridae
  • *Measures 27 nanometers.
A

HEPATITIS A VIRUS (HAV)

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24
Q

The first strain of Hepatovirus to be discovered—MS-1

A

HEPATITIS A VIRUS (HAV)

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25
Q
  • Localizes in the cytoplasm of infected hepatocytes.
  • Formerly known as infectious hepatitis or shortincubation hepatis
A

HEPATITIS A VIRUS (HAV)

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26
Q

MOT of Hepatitis A Virus

A
  • Fecal-oral route
  • person-to-person contact.
  • Ingestion of contaminated food or water
  • Ingestion of raw shellfish from contaminated water beds
  • Rarely, contaminated blood
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27
Q

What Hepavirus

  • Also known as the infectious hepatitis, or MS-1
  • It has a short incubation period with an abrupt onset of signs and symptoms.
A

HEPATITIS A

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28
Q

What is the Hepatits A genus and specie

A

Genus hepatovirus, species enterovirus 72

Family: Picornaviridae

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29
Q

most common type of hepatitis and the most frequently encountered in the laboratory

A

Hepatitis A Virus

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30
Q

Where does the antigen and Antibody for HAV can be seen

A

ANTIBODY - Serum
ANTIGEN - Stool

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31
Q

what is the target analyte for HAV?

A

antibody - in serum

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32
Q

REGARDLESS OF TYPE, what antibodies can be seen

IgG or IgM

  • Acute infection
  • chronic infection, a convalescent infection (almost in recovery), a past infection, or the presence of immunity against the virus
A
  • IgM
  • IgG
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33
Q

main antibody for HAV

A

anti-HAV

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34
Q

Hepatitis A Virus

TOF

has acute stage and chronic hepatitis?

A

F (acute only - self limiting)

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35
Q

Hepa A Markers

Early shedding of the virus are found in?

A

Stool - ANTIGEN

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36
Q

Hepa A Markers

Appearance of IgM anti-HAV with the onset of the symptoms is considered to be

A

reactive with an acute infection

Other markers: Icterus and Inc. liver enzyme levels

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37
Q

Hepa A Markers

Report the finding

Serum is positive for IgM anti-HAV

A

Reactive

if negative = non-reactive

simple symbols of (+) and (-) can be used

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38
Q

Hepa A markers

anti-HAV igG indicates what when seen in serum?

A

Immunity or recovery

hepatitis A does not have a chronic stage

use RIA or ELISA okie

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39
Q

Hepa A virus - Course of Infection

The onset of the disease starts with the presence of the virus in the?

A

Stool

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40
Q

Hepa A virus - Course of Infection

presence of virus in the stool -> ?

A

followed by a peak in IgM anti-HAV along with the continuous increase to a plateau of IgG anti-HAV

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41
Q

Lab diagnosis for HAV

A
  • Indirect ELISA
    o IgM Anti-HAV
    o IgG Anti-HAV
  • Indirect RIA
  • Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)
  • Stool Electron Microscopy
  • Clinical Findings

if DIRECT ELISA = Antigen hinahanap

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42
Q

Hepa A Virus - Clinical Manifestation

give the cause

  • Fever
  • Nausea and Vomiting
  • Abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant
  • Malaise, myalgia, and weight loss
  • Jaundice
  • Yellow to tea-color
    urine
A
  • Infectiion
  • Liver to deaminsae proteins
  • NONE
  • Liver is not converting glucos to glycogen
  • Infelmmation of the liver and inability to process bilirubin properly
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43
Q

what is the most common prevention of Hepa A Virus?

A

HAV vaccine

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44
Q

HAV Vaccine are developed when? and what is the other name

A
  • Developed in 1995.
  • Formalin-killed HAV
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45
Q

HAV Vaccine

TOF
Recommended for routine immunization of children
aged 25 yrs old

A

F (12-23 months)

tangina may children bang 25 yrs old???????

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46
Q

Enumerate the HAV preventions for NON-IMMUNIZED

A
  • Intramuscular injection of immune globulin (pooled human plasma containing anti-HAV)
  • Prophylactic administration of the hepatitis A vaccine
47
Q

One of the major worldwide One of the major worldwide health problems, especially in the hospital setting

A

HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV)

  • Infects 2 billion people worldwide
  • 360 million chronic infections
  • 500,000 to 1.2 million deaths each year
48
Q

Highly endemic virus in the Far East, parts of the Middle East, subSaharan Africa and Amazon areas

A

HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV)

49
Q

what family is the Hepa B virus and what characteristic of the virus

A

Family: Hepadnaviridae

  • Circular DNA
  • PARTIALLY double-stranded
50
Q

Hepa B Virus

considered as partially double stranded due to the presence of two regions

A
  • complete region with double strands
  • gap region with a single strand
51
Q

Hepa B Virus - Regions

contains all genetic -nformation to produce both the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg)

A

complete region with double strands

HbsAg = SURFACE antigen
HbcAg = CORE antigen

52
Q

Hepa B Virus - Regions

accounts for
10% to 15% of the molecules total length

A

gap region with a single strand

53
Q

what is the retroviral replication of Hepa B virus?

A

Reverse transcription from RNA to DNA

54
Q

Hepa B Virus - Eradication

it is Stable, and long-enduring due to the virion having a?

A

covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) within the hepatocyte nuclei

inner talaga

55
Q

Hepa B Virus - Eradication

TOF

HBBV DNA integrated into the host genome

A

F (HBV lang)

56
Q

Considered to be the most severe type of hepatitis as it may lead to severe complications, especially if not treated

A

HEPATITIS B

57
Q

serum hepatitis, or MS-2

A

HEPATITIS B

58
Q

why Hepa B is termed as SERUM HEPATITIS or MS-2

A

transmitted through contact with infected serum, or infected blood

59
Q

which has longer incubation period, HAV or HBV

A

HAV (2-6)
HBV (4-26)

60
Q

Hepa B

circular DNA and are considered to be the
infectious form of the virus

A

Dane particles

61
Q

Hepa B MOT

A
  • Parenteral (contaminated
    needle)
  • Vertical
  • Sexual (wow)
62
Q

what stages are found in Hepatitis B

A

Acute and Chronic Stage

63
Q

wow IgM and IgG antibodies is found in HBV patient, what does this mean?

A

ACUTE stage - IgM
CHRONIC - IgG

presence of IgG may indicate all
possible indications

64
Q

Hepa B - TOF

May lead to liver cirrhosis and cancer, and has a avatar state

A

F (carrier state lang)

no signs and symptoms, but infective to other

65
Q

Treatment of Hepa B

A

interferons or liver transplant

66
Q

Hepa B - Serologic Markers

where does Antigen and Antibody found and detected?

67
Q

Hepa B - Serologic Markers

use of different
biomarkers specific to the disease

A

Hepatitis B Profile

68
Q

Hepa B - Serologic Markers

  • Known as the Australian Ag
  • It is considered as the best indicator of early acute infection.
A

HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HBsAg)

69
Q

Hepa B - Serologic Markers

Indicates active HBV infection, whether acute of chronic

  • A reactive or (+) result in HBsAg is indicative of an active HBV infection
A

HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HBsAg)

70
Q

Hepa B - Serologic Markers

HBsAg disappears during the

A

convalescent stage

yield a (-) result for HBsAg

71
Q

Hepa B - Serologic Markers

  • Found within the core of the intact virus.
  • It is not detected in the serum since it is mainly recovered from the center of an infected hepatocyte
A

HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGEN (HBcAg)

Due to its absence in the blood, it is not considered to be part of the hepatitis B profile which uses serum as a sample

72
Q

Hepa B - Serologic Markers

  • It is produced during infection wherein an individual is
    considered to be highly-infectious.
  • Serves as a good indicator of chronic hepatitis.
A

HBe Ag/ E Ag/ E Protein

73
Q

Hepa B - Serologic Markers

  • Indicates a high level of virus, and a high degree of infectivity.
  • It also indicates an active viral replicatio
A

HBe Ag/ E Ag/ E Protein

74
Q

Hepa B - Serologic Markers

  • A lifetime marker of HBV infection since it persists for life and is not subjected to any change moving forward.
  • It is the first antibody (Ab) to appear at the same time ALT elevates.
A

ANTI-HBc

Read as the “antibody for the HB core antigen”

75
Q

Hepa B - Serologic Markers

  • It is the only marker that can be found in asymptomatic carriers and during the window period.
  • A marker for previous infection as well, and considered to be a non-protective antibody.
76
Q

Hepa B - Serologic Markers

what are the 2 ways of preparation of ANTI-HBc

A
  • IgM anti-HBc which contains IgM only
  • Total anti-HBc which contains both IgM and IgG.
77
Q

Hepa B - Serologic Markers

Report the test for ANTI-HBc

IgM anti-HBc: +
total anti-HBc: +

A

presence of IgM

78
Q

Hepa B - Serologic Markers

Report the test for ANTI-HBc

IgM anti-HBc: -
total anti-HBc: +

A

presence of IgG

79
Q

Hepa B - Serologic Markers

The first serologic evidence of convalescent phase, or the onset of recovery

80
Q

Hepa B - Serologic Markers

However, it is not a protective antibody and is only used as a marker

81
Q

Hepa B - Serologic Markers

  • The antibody found in cases of immunity to further HBV infection. Therefore, it is a protective antibody.
A

ANTI-HBs

“antibody for the HB surface antigen”

82
Q

Hepa B - Serologic Markers

The antibody found in cases of immunity to further HBV infection. Therefore, it is a protective antibody

May persist throughout life

83
Q

Hepa B - Serologic Markers

Indicates viral clearance, resolving infection, recovery, or
lifelong immunity

A

ANTI-HBs

PROTECTIVE ANTIBODY TO

84
Q

if u see this card

A

study course of infection

85
Q

FOUR STAGES OF HBV INFECTION

Identify what Test

Acute: +
WIndow: -
Complete Recovery: -
Chronic Carrier: +

86
Q

FOUR STAGES OF HBV INFECTION

Identify what Test

Acute: -
WIndow: -
Complete Recovery: +
Chronic Carrier: -

87
Q

FOUR STAGES OF HBV INFECTION

Identify what Test

Acute: +
WIndow: +
Complete Recovery: -
Chronic Carrier: +

88
Q

FOUR STAGES OF HBV INFECTION

what is the positive antibody for the acute stage and Chronic Carrier stage for ANTI-HBc

A

Acute stage = IgM
Chronic Carrier Stage = IgG

89
Q

INTERPRETATION PATTERN OF HBV MARKERS

steps, familliarize mo nalang

A

first markers to look at are the antigens.
1. HBsAgas it is specific for HBV
2. HBe Ag to determine the stage since it is a marker for the most infectious stage of hepatitis
3. HBcAg in order to determine whether it is a chronic or an acute infection.
4. These will be followed byAnti-HBe, and Anti-HBs

90
Q

Interpret the pattern of HBV Markers

Anti-HBc IgM: Negative (-)
Total Anti-HBc: Negative (-)
HBsAg: Positive (+)
ANTI-HBs: Negative (-)
HBeAg: Negative (-)
ANTI-HBe: Negative (-)

A

HBV Incubation Period

91
Q

Interpret the pattern of HBV Markers

Anti-HBc IgM: Positive (+)
Total Anti-HBc: Positive (+)
HBsAg: Positive (+)
ANTI-HBs: Negative (-)
HBeAg: Positive (+)
ANTI-HBe: Negative (-)

A

Acute HBV with High Infectivity

92
Q

Interpret the pattern of HBV Markers

Anti-HBc IgM: Positive (+)
Total Anti-HBc: Positive (+)
HBsAg: Negative (-)
ANTI-HBs: Positive (+)
HBeAg: Negative (-)
ANTI-HBe: Positive (+)

A

Recent Resolving HBV

93
Q

Interpret the pattern of HBV Markers

Anti-HBc IgM: Positive (+)
Total Anti-HBc: Positive (+)
HBsAg: Negative (-)
ANTI-HBs: Negative (-)
HBeAg: Negative (-)
ANTI-HBe: Negative (-)

A

Acute HBV “Window” Period

94
Q

Interpret the pattern of HBV Markers

Anti-HBc IgM: Negative (-)
Total Anti-HBc: Positive (+)
HBsAg: Positive (+)
ANTI-HBs: Negative (-)
HBeAg: Positive (+)
ANTI-HBe: Negative (-)

A

Active Chronic HBV

95
Q

Interpret the pattern of HBV Markers

Anti-HBc IgM: Negative (-)
Total Anti-HBc: Positive (+)
HBsAg: Positive (+)
ANTI-HBs: Negative (-)
HBeAg: Negative (-)
ANTI-HBe: Positive (+)

A

Chronic HBV, Carrier State

96
Q

Interpret the pattern of HBV Markers

Anti-HBc IgM: Negative (-)
Total Anti-HBc: Positive (+)
HBsAg: Negative (-)
ANTI-HBs: Positive (+)
HBeAg: Negative (-)
ANTI-HBe: Positive (+)

A

Resolved HBV

97
Q

Interpret the pattern of HBV Markers

Anti-HBc IgM: Negative (-)
Total Anti-HBc: Negative (-)
HBsAg: Negative (-)
ANTI-HBs: Positive (+)
HBeAg: Negative (-)
ANTI-HBe: Negative (-)​

A

HBV Immunity

98
Q

TEST FOR HBV: FIRST GENERATION TESTS

  • Principle: precipitation of antigen and antibodies.
  • A (+) is indicated by a line of identity—a smooth, curved
    line within the medium.
A

OUCHTERLONY

99
Q

TEST FOR HBV: SECOND GENERATION TESTS

Determine what test

Precipitation with current

A

Counter Immunoelectrophoresis
(CIE)

100
Q

Determine what principle

Rheophoresis

A

Precipitation by evaporation

101
Q

TEST FOR HBV: SECOND GENERATION TESTS

Determine what Principle

Complement
Fixation

A

Fixation complement by antigenantibody reaction

102
Q

The latest generation of tests and are considered to be the
most sensitive.

A

TEST FOR HBV: THIRD GENERATION TESTS

103
Q

TEST FOR HBV: THIRD GENERATION TESTS

  • Principle: agglutination
  • Anti-HBs is passively attached to
    latex particles
A

Reverse Passive
Latex Agglutination

104
Q

TEST FOR HBV: THIRD GENERATION TESTS

  • Principle: hemagglutination
  • Anti-HBs passively attached to red cells
A

Reverse Passive
Hemagglutination

105
Q

TEST FOR HBV: THIRD GENERATION TESTS

  • Hepatitis B profile tests
  • Serves as a screening test
  • most common
106
Q

TEST FOR HBV: THIRD GENERATION TESTS

  • Most sensitive for HBsAg
    determination
107
Q

TEST FOR HBV: THIRD GENERATION TESTS

  • Incorporates HBV DNA
  • Serves as a confirmatory test,
    and is considered as a definitive
    test
108
Q

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL

what tests utilized Liver enzyme test

A

SGPT/ALT, and bilirubin

109
Q

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL

Serological tests

A
  • HBs, HBc, and HBe Ag to test for acute and carrier stages
  • ANTI-HBc and ANTI-HBe
  • ANTI-HBs to test for immunity.
110
Q

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL

TOF

Treatment is asymptomatic

diko gets

111
Q

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL

Prevention is done through

A
  • Avoidance of mode of transmission or high-risk behaviors.
  • Vaccine acquisition—HB vaccine acquired in three doses.
  • Proper and thorough screening of donors and blood products.
  • Recombinant vaccine
  • Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (HBIG)
112
Q

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL

Administered within 24 hours of exposure and again 25-30 days later for cases of (among nonimmunized patients) accidental needlestick exposure, exposure of mucous membranes or open cuts to HBsAg positive blood.

A

Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (HBIG)

113
Q

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION, AND CONTROL

Immediately (no later than 24 hours after birth) to infants born to mothers with acute hepatitis B in 3rd trimester, or with HBsAg at delivery

A

Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (HBIG)

Myco-Viro (25 decks)

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