MERS-CoV: dromedary camel SARS-CoV: palm civet cat SARS-CoV-2: still unclear SARS-CoV-2: still unclear but suspected to be as wild animals such as pangolin, mink, turtle, snake, or ferrets

(1) Coronaviridae Flashcards by Geno Alinsub

what is the classification for CORONAVIRUSES

RNA virus
Single stranded
Positive sense
Enveloped
Helical
Unsegmented

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largest genome among all RNA viruses?

Coronavirises

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Coronaviruses are charaterized by what shape?

club-shaped or petal-shaped glycoprotein spikes

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TOF
coronaviruses can be attributed to a shape of Crown like or solor corona

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Unlike other enveloped viruses, the corona allows the virus to endure the conditions of the?

Gastrointestinal Tract

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what is the spread route for coronaviruses

Fecal-oral Route

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Because coronavirus is of Fecal-oral route, what clinical manifestation is shown

Diarrhea

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According to the International Classification of Diseases, MERS and SARS are classified with what ID?

MERS - ID64
SARS - ID65

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Give the Virus and Virus species

middle east respiratory syndrome in 2012

Virus - MERS-CoV
Species - Middle East Respiratory Syndrom-related coronavirus

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Give the Virus and Virus species

severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003

Virus - SARS-CoV
Specie - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus

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Give the Virus and Virus species

severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2019

Virus - SARS-CoV-2
Specie- evere acute respiratory syndrome relatedcoronavirus

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Primary Hosts

Bats carrying the bat-nCoV

pinaka cause

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Intermediate Hosts

MERS-CoV: dromedary camel
SARS-CoV: palm civet cat
SARS-CoV-2: still unclear

SARS-CoV-2: still unclear but suspected to be as ** wild animal**s such as pangolin, mink, turtle, snake, or ferrets

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Manner of
Transmission

Human-to-human

through airborne, droplets and aerosols contaminated surfaces, stool and fecal swabs, and urine (least amount of virus).

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Infected Organs

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2+)

o Rectum
o Digestive system
o Urinary system
o Respiratory system
o Circulatory system

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Host Cell Receptiors

MERS-CoV

CD26 or DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4)

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Host Cell Receptiors

ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2)

SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2

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Coronavirus Transmission

Contaminated objects and surfaces that transmit coronavirus from your hands to your eyes, nose or mouth

Fomites

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Coronavirus Transmission

spread is more likely on hand, non-sporous materials like metals and plastics

Fomites

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Coronavirus Transmission

how to avoid spread and contact of fomite

Regular use of hand sanitizer and vigorous hand washing

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Coronavirus Transmission

Moist particles expelled from speaking, breathing,
coughing and sneezing.

Droplets

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Coronavirus Transmission

They are considered to be the primary vector of COVID-19 infection

Droplets

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Coronavirus Transmission

Virus-bearing droplets can spread coronavirus through the ?

eyes, nose, or mouth

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Coronavirus Transmission

TOF
Droplets remain airborne for long

F
does not

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# Coronavirus Transmission distance to limit exposure for droplets

6 feet ## Footnote masks covering the mouth and nose are the best prevention. This is along with eye protection and staying in an open area.

# Coronavirus Transmission tiny particulates that infected carriers exhale, especially when shouting, singing or speaking

Aerosols

# Coronavirus Transmission mostly inhaled as a means of transmitting the virus

Aerosols

TOF Unlike droplets, aerosols can remain airborne for several hours, can travel further than 6 feet, and may accumulate, especially in poorly ventilated, closed spaces

# Coronavirus Transmission TOF Masks, worn snugly and properly, are extremely effective at containing aerosols

# Coronavirus Transmission TOF Remaining indors, where aerosols cannot accumulate also prevents transmission

F (outdoors)

# Classifications of Coronavirus Severe acute respiratory syndrome discovered in Guandong, China on 2002

SARS-CoV

# Classifications of Coronavirus involves a cytokine storm

SARS

# Classifications of Coronavirus General signs and symptoms of SARS-CoV

- include fever (> 38 ‘C) - headache - general malaise and aches - respiratory symptoms initially usually mild; after a few days, dry non-productive cough and difficulty in breathing (dyspnea).

# Classifications of Coronavirus - SARS-CoV Additionally, 20% of the cases develop

Diarrhea

# Classifications of Coronavirus - SARS-CoV Respiratory distress leads to death in what percentage

9.6% of cases | death rate highest among the elderly.

# Classifications of Coronavirus - SARS-CoV No cases have been reported since?

2004

# Classifications of Coronavirus Middle east respiratory syndrome discovered in Saudi Arabia on 2012

MERS-CoV

# Classifications of Coronavirus TOF some infection were mild or asymptomatic for MERS-CoV

# Classifications of Coronavirus General signs and symptoms of MERS-CoV

- include fever (> 38 ‘C) - headache - general malaise and aches - respiratory symptoms initially usually mild; after a few days, dry non-productive cough and difficulty in breathing (dyspnea).

# Classifications of Coronavirus - MERS-CoV TOF Respiratory distress and/or kidney failure led to death in 30- 40% of cases.

# Classifications of Coronavirus - MERS-CoV TOF Death rate is highest among the babies or those with comorbidity

F (elderly not babies)

# Classifications of Coronavirus The COVID-19 virus discovered in Wuhan, China on 2019

SARS-CoV-2

# Classifications of Coronavirus Resembles SARS-CoV and MERS infections with regards to transmission, pathology, and manifestations

SARS-CoV-2

# Classifications of Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 incubation period

1-14 days

# Classifications of Coronavirus General sign and symptoms for SARS-CoV-2

- include fever (> 38 ‘C) - headache - general malaise and aches - respiratory symptoms initially usually mild; after a few days, dry non-productive cough and difficulty in breathing (dyspnea). - Diarrhea - Sore throat - lost of smell and taste

# Classifications of Coronavirus - SARS-CoV-2 Respiratory distress led to death in? (give percentage)

3-4% of cases.

if u see this carcd

check the epidemiological comparison of respiratory viral infections

TOF covid-19 infection are highly transmissible and pathogenic?

Covid-19 infection primarily manifests as?

Lung infection

Covid-19 infection can be attributed to what complications

significant extrapulmonary complications affecting most organ systems, including the** gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidneys, brain **

Prevention for Covid-19 infection

- physical distancing - facemask - hand hygiene

symptoms of Covid 19 | enumerate mo lahat bahala ka

* Fever * Dry cough * Sore throat * Dyspnea * Headache * Dizziness * Congestion or runny nose * Loss of smell and taste * Generalized weakness (myalgia, fatigue) * Vomiting * Diarrhea * Pneumonia * Hypoxia with ARDS

# Variants of Concern - United Kingdom - ~50% increased transmission - Increased severity

Alpha

# Variants of Concern - South Africa - ~50% increased transmission - Reduced neutralization by convalescent and postvaccination sera

Beta

# Variants of Concern - Brazil - Reduced neutralization by convalescent and post- vaccination sera

Gamma

# Variants of Concern - India - Increased transmissibility - Potential reduction in neutralization by some EUA monoclonal antibody treatments and post-vaccination sera

Delta

# COVID-19 EPIDEMIOLOGY First case in China

December 31, 2019

# COVID-19 EPIDEMIOLOGY March 11, 2020

Global Pandemic

# COVID-19 EPIDEMIOLOGY 89,581,803 confirmed cases 2.0 million deaths

January 04, 2021

# COVID-19 EPIDEMIOLOGY September 17, 2021

226,844,344 confirmed cases 4,666,334 deaths

# COVID-19 EPIDEMIOLOGY September 2023

- 770,000,000 confirmed cases - 7 mil death - 13 Billion vaccinated

# Modes of Transmission Contacting the nasal, oral, and eye mucosal secretions of the infected patient

Contact Transmission

# Modes of Transmission Droplet inhalation when the patient coughs or sneezes

Direct Transmission

# Modes of Transmission Dissemination of droplet nuclei (aerosols) that remain infectious when suspended in air over long distances and time

Airborne Transmission

# Modes of Transmission Respiratory secretions or droplets expelled by infected individuals can contaminate surfaces and objects, creating fomites

Fomite Transmission

Studies have shown higher viral loads are in the?

Throat

TOF Significant increase in viral burden between symptomatic and asymptomatic cases

F (No significant difference)

Incubation period

3 to 14 days | first 2 days wala pang antibodies

# Men or women? ACE2 levels are higher in?

Men than women

# RISK FACTORS in hospital deaths decreased immune system; shows full blown signs

Old Age

# RISK FACTORS in hospital deaths multi-organ dysfunction

High-sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score

# RISK FACTORS in hospital deaths virus can make it more likely that a piece of plaque lining the vessels could break off and block blood flow to the heart

Coronary Artery Disease

# RISK FACTORS in hospital deaths weaker immune system

Hypertension

# RISK FACTORS in hospital deaths Increased blood sugar create an environment conducive to viruses

Diabetes

# RISK FACTORS in hospital deaths Severe Cases: prevalence of

Multi-organ failure

# Classification accordin to severity - Covid nucleic acid test-positive - W/o symptoms - Normal chest imaging

Asymptomatic

# Classification accordin to severity - Fever, fatigue, myalgia, cough, sore throat, runny nose, sneezing (acute upper respiratory tract infection) - Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea (digestive)

Mild

# Classification accordin to severity - Pneumonia (frequent fever, cough) - No obvious hypoxemia - Chest CT lesions (+)

Moderate

# Classification accordin to severity - Pneumonia with hypoxemia (SpO2 < 92%) - High fever, low blood pressure

Severe

# Classification accordin to severity ARDS, shock, encephalopathy, myocardial injury, heart failure, coagulation dysfunction and acute kidney injur

Critical

# Variants of Concern Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation Alpha

B117 UK September 2020

Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation Beta

B1351 South Africa May 2020

Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation Gamma

P1 Brazil Nov 2020

Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation delta

B16172 India Oct 2020

Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation Epsilon

B1427/B1429 USA Mar 2020

Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation Zeta

P2 Brazil Apr 2020

Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation Eta

B1525 Multiple Countries Dec 2020

Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation Theta

P3 Philippines Jan 2021

Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation lota

B1526 USA Nov 2020

Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation Kappa

B16171 India Oct 2020

Small soluble molecules that acts as messengers or signaling molecules

CYTOKINES

Produced by a wide variety of immune cells

Cytokines

Impact the growth, development, and maturation of immune cells

Cytokines

TOF Cytokines have a characteristic of "make or break"

T (it is connected to being Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory)

Interleukins (IL)

Produced by leukocytes: - IL-alpha - IL-beta - IL-6 - IL-8

Tumornecrosis Factor (TNF

Produced by: - mast cells - Macrophages - T cells - TNF-alpha

Interferons (INF)

Interferes with viral replication: - Type 1 INF: alpha and beta - Type 2 INF: gamma

Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF)

- **Macrophage-CSF (M-CSF):** Differentiation of monocytes - **Granulocyte Macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF):** Differentiation of dendritic cells - **Granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF):** Differentiation of neutrophils

# PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANC Once the viral particles are released from?

type II pneumocytes,

# PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE Once the viral particles are released from the type II pneumocytes, what will happen

dendritic cells will present themselves to these antigens

# PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE once the dendritic cell present themselve to the antigen what will happen

- Production of IgM and IgG antibodies - Stimulation of humoral and cellular immunity.

# PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE TOF cystokine rain will occur

F- cytokine storm bobo | Uncontrolled production of local and systemic inflammatory response

# DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19 The current method of Covid 19 detection in nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples by a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)

Nucleic Acid Detection-based Assay

# DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19 Have great advantage and rapid response, low cost, and portability compared to molecular diagnostics tests

Antibody Detection Methods

# DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19 These tests are less reliable, and often require confirmation with molecular detection methods

Antibody Detection Methods

# DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19 Antigen tests are ____ that detect the presence of a specific viral antigen, which implies current viral infection

Immunoassays

# DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19 Antigen tests are relatively inexpensive, and most can be used at the?

point-of-care

# DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19 why is it not advisable to get antigen test for nonpresenting symptoms patient?

since for 1-2 days of incubation, there are still no antibody produced FALSE NEGATIVE

# DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19 TOF Antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 are generally less sensitive than real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and other nucleic acid amplification tests

# DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19 Give the interpretation of the result for antigen test IgM+/IgG+

Recent infection with SARS-CoV-2 | recovery patient

# DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19 Give the interpretation of the result for antigen test IgM+/IgG-

Recent infection with SARS-CoV-2 | infective

# DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19 Give the interpretation of the result for antigen test IgM-/IgG+

Previous infection with SARS-CoV-2

# DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19 Give the interpretation of the result for antigen test IgM-/IgG-

No infection or not enough antibodies—indicating an early infection

# DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19 Widely used and more specific than RT-PCR in diagnosing COVID 19 infections

Chest Computed Tomography Scan (CT scan)

# DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19 CT scans provide confirming diagnosis associated with COVID 19 pneumonia that includes

bilateral ground-glass opacities and unilateral lung with subpleural lesions

if u see this card

studfy the table for TYPES OF TESTS USED IN THE COVID-19 RESPONSE its pretty easy ty