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Myco-Viro > (1) Coronaviridae > Flashcards

(1) Coronaviridae Flashcards

1
Q

what is the classification for CORONAVIRUSES

A
  • RNA virus
  • Single stranded
  • Positive sense
  • Enveloped
  • Helical
  • Unsegmented
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2
Q

largest genome among all RNA viruses?

A

Coronavirises

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3
Q

Coronaviruses are charaterized by what shape?

A

club-shaped or petal-shaped glycoprotein spikes

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4
Q

TOF
coronaviruses can be attributed to a shape of Crown like or solor corona

A

T

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5
Q

Unlike other enveloped viruses, the corona allows the virus to endure the conditions of the?

A

Gastrointestinal Tract

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6
Q

what is the spread route for coronaviruses

A

Fecal-oral Route

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7
Q

Because coronavirus is of Fecal-oral route, what clinical manifestation is shown

A

Diarrhea

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8
Q

According to the International Classification of Diseases, MERS and SARS are classified with what ID?

A

MERS - ID64
SARS - ID65

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9
Q

Give the Virus and Virus species

middle east respiratory syndrome in 2012

A

Virus - MERS-CoV
Species - Middle East Respiratory Syndrom-related coronavirus

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10
Q

Give the Virus and Virus species

severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003

A

Virus - SARS-CoV
Specie - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus

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11
Q

Give the Virus and Virus species

severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2019

A

Virus - SARS-CoV-2
Specie- evere acute respiratory syndrome relatedcoronavirus

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12
Q

Primary Hosts

A

Bats carrying the bat-nCoV

pinaka cause

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13
Q

Intermediate Hosts

A
  • MERS-CoV: dromedary camel
  • SARS-CoV: palm civet cat
  • SARS-CoV-2: still unclear

SARS-CoV-2: still unclear but suspected to be as wild animals such as pangolin, mink, turtle, snake, or ferrets

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14
Q

Manner of
Transmission

A

Human-to-human

through airborne, droplets and aerosols contaminated surfaces, stool and fecal swabs, and urine (least amount of virus).

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15
Q

Infected Organs

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2+)

o Rectum
o Digestive system
o Urinary system
o Respiratory system
o Circulatory system

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16
Q

Host Cell Receptiors

MERS-CoV

A

CD26 or DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4)

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17
Q

Host Cell Receptiors

ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2)

A

SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2

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18
Q

Coronavirus Transmission

Contaminated objects and surfaces that transmit coronavirus from your hands to your eyes, nose or mouth

A

Fomites

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19
Q

Coronavirus Transmission

spread is more likely on hand, non-sporous materials like metals and plastics

A

Fomites

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20
Q

Coronavirus Transmission

how to avoid spread and contact of fomite

A

Regular use of hand sanitizer and vigorous hand washing

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21
Q

Coronavirus Transmission

Moist particles expelled from speaking, breathing,
coughing and sneezing.

A

Droplets

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22
Q

Coronavirus Transmission

They are considered to be the primary vector of COVID-19 infection

A

Droplets

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23
Q

Coronavirus Transmission

Virus-bearing droplets can spread coronavirus through the ?

A

eyes, nose, or mouth

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24
Q

Coronavirus Transmission

TOF
Droplets remain airborne for long

A

F
does not

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25
Q

Coronavirus Transmission

distance to limit exposure for droplets

A

6 feet

masks covering the mouth and nose are the best prevention. This is along with eye protection and staying in an open area.

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26
Q

Coronavirus Transmission

tiny particulates that infected carriers exhale, especially when shouting, singing or speaking

A

Aerosols

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27
Q

Coronavirus Transmission

mostly inhaled as a means of transmitting the
virus

A

Aerosols

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28
Q

TOF

Unlike droplets, aerosols can remain airborne for several hours, can travel further than 6 feet, and may accumulate, especially in poorly ventilated, closed spaces

A

Aerosols

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29
Q

Coronavirus Transmission

TOF

Masks, worn snugly and properly, are extremely effective at containing aerosols

A

T

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30
Q

Coronavirus Transmission

TOF
Remaining indors, where aerosols cannot accumulate also prevents transmission

A

F (outdoors)

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31
Q

Classifications of Coronavirus

Severe acute respiratory syndrome discovered in
Guandong, China on 2002

A

SARS-CoV

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32
Q

Classifications of Coronavirus

involves a cytokine storm

A

SARS

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33
Q

Classifications of Coronavirus

General signs and symptoms of SARS-CoV

A
  • include fever (> 38 ‘C)
  • headache
  • general malaise and aches
  • respiratory symptoms initially usually mild; after a few days, dry non-productive cough and difficulty in breathing (dyspnea).
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34
Q

Classifications of Coronavirus - SARS-CoV

Additionally, 20% of the cases develop

A

Diarrhea

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35
Q

Classifications of Coronavirus - SARS-CoV

Respiratory distress leads to death in what percentage

A

9.6% of cases

death rate highest among the elderly.

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36
Q

Classifications of Coronavirus - SARS-CoV

No cases have been reported since?

A

2004

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37
Q

Classifications of Coronavirus

Middle east respiratory syndrome discovered in Saudi Arabia on 2012

A

MERS-CoV

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38
Q

Classifications of Coronavirus

TOF
some infection were mild or asymptomatic for MERS-CoV

A

T

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39
Q

Classifications of Coronavirus

General signs and symptoms of MERS-CoV

A
  • include fever (> 38 ‘C)
  • headache
  • general malaise and aches
  • respiratory symptoms initially usually mild; after a few days, dry non-productive cough and difficulty in breathing (dyspnea).
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40
Q

Classifications of Coronavirus - MERS-CoV

TOF
Respiratory distress and/or kidney failure led to death in 30- 40% of cases.

A

T

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41
Q

Classifications of Coronavirus - MERS-CoV

TOF
Death rate is highest among the babies or those with comorbidity

A

F (elderly not babies)

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42
Q

Classifications of Coronavirus

The COVID-19 virus discovered in Wuhan, China on 2019

A

SARS-CoV-2

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43
Q

Classifications of Coronavirus

Resembles SARS-CoV and MERS infections with regards to transmission, pathology, and manifestations

A

SARS-CoV-2

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44
Q

Classifications of Coronavirus

SARS-CoV-2 incubation period

A

1-14 days

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45
Q

Classifications of Coronavirus

General sign and symptoms for SARS-CoV-2

A
  • include fever (> 38 ‘C)
  • headache
  • general malaise and aches
  • respiratory symptoms initially usually mild; after a few days, dry non-productive cough and difficulty in breathing (dyspnea).
  • Diarrhea
  • Sore throat
  • lost of smell and taste
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46
Q

Classifications of Coronavirus - SARS-CoV-2

Respiratory distress led to death in? (give percentage)

A

3-4% of cases.

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47
Q

if u see this carcd

A

check the epidemiological comparison of respiratory viral infections

48
Q

TOF

covid-19 infection are highly transmissible and pathogenic?

A

T

49
Q

Covid-19 infection primarily manifests as?

A

Lung infection

50
Q

Covid-19 infection can be attributed to what complications

A

significant extrapulmonary complications affecting
most organ systems, including the

**gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidneys, brain **

51
Q

Prevention for Covid-19 infection

A
  • physical distancing
  • facemask
  • hand hygiene
52
Q

symptoms of Covid 19

enumerate mo lahat bahala ka

A
  • Fever
  • Dry cough
  • Sore throat
  • Dyspnea
  • Headache
  • Dizziness
  • Congestion or runny nose
  • Loss of smell and taste
  • Generalized weakness (myalgia, fatigue)
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Pneumonia
  • Hypoxia with ARDS
53
Q

Variants of Concern

  • United Kingdom
  • ~50% increased transmission
  • Increased severity
A

Alpha

54
Q

Variants of Concern

  • South Africa
  • ~50% increased transmission
  • Reduced neutralization by convalescent and postvaccination sera
A

Beta

55
Q

Variants of Concern

  • Brazil
  • Reduced neutralization by
    convalescent and post- vaccination sera
A

Gamma

56
Q

Variants of Concern

  • India
  • Increased transmissibility
  • Potential reduction in neutralization by some EUA monoclonal antibody treatments and post-vaccination sera
A

Delta

57
Q

COVID-19 EPIDEMIOLOGY

First case in China

A

December 31, 2019

58
Q

COVID-19 EPIDEMIOLOGY

March 11, 2020

A

Global Pandemic

59
Q

COVID-19 EPIDEMIOLOGY

89,581,803 confirmed cases
2.0 million deaths

A

January 04, 2021

60
Q

COVID-19 EPIDEMIOLOGY

September 17, 2021

A

226,844,344 confirmed cases
4,666,334 deaths

61
Q

COVID-19 EPIDEMIOLOGY

September 2023

A
  • 770,000,000 confirmed cases
  • 7 mil death
  • 13 Billion vaccinated
62
Q

Modes of Transmission

Contacting the nasal, oral, and
eye mucosal secretions of the
infected patient

A

Contact Transmission

63
Q

Modes of Transmission

Droplet inhalation when the
patient coughs or sneezes

A

Direct Transmission

64
Q

Modes of Transmission

Dissemination of droplet nuclei
(aerosols) that remain infectious
when suspended in air over long
distances and time

A

Airborne Transmission

65
Q

Modes of Transmission

Respiratory secretions or
droplets expelled by infected
individuals can contaminate
surfaces and objects, creating
fomites

A

Fomite Transmission

66
Q

Studies have shown higher viral loads are in the?

A

Throat

67
Q

TOF

Significant increase in viral burden between symptomatic and asymptomatic cases

A

F (No significant difference)

68
Q

Incubation period

A

3 to 14 days

first 2 days wala pang antibodies

69
Q

ACE2 levels are higher in?

A

Men than women

70
Q

RISK FACTORS in hospital deaths

decreased immune system; shows full blown signs

A

Old Age

71
Q

RISK FACTORS in hospital deaths

multi-organ dysfunction

A

High-sequential Organ
Failure Assessment
(SOFA) score

72
Q

RISK FACTORS in hospital deaths

virus can make it more likely that
a piece of plaque lining the
vessels could break off and block
blood flow to the heart

A

Coronary Artery
Disease

73
Q

RISK FACTORS in hospital deaths

weaker immune system

A

Hypertension

74
Q

RISK FACTORS in hospital deaths

Increased blood sugar create an environment conducive to viruses

A

Diabetes

75
Q

RISK FACTORS in hospital deaths

Severe Cases: prevalence of

A

Multi-organ failure

76
Q

Classification accordin to severity

  • Covid nucleic acid test-positive
  • W/o symptoms
  • Normal chest imaging
A

Asymptomatic

77
Q

Classification accordin to severity

  • Fever, fatigue, myalgia, cough, sore throat, runny nose, sneezing (acute upper respiratory tract infection)
  • Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea (digestive)
A

Mild

78
Q

Classification accordin to severity

  • Pneumonia (frequent fever, cough)
  • No obvious hypoxemia
  • Chest CT lesions (+)
A

Moderate

79
Q

Classification accordin to severity

  • Pneumonia with hypoxemia (SpO2 < 92%)
  • High fever, low blood pressure
A

Severe

80
Q

Classification accordin to severity

ARDS, shock, encephalopathy, myocardial injury, heart failure, coagulation dysfunction and acute kidney injur

A

Critical

81
Q

Variants of Concern

Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation

Alpha

A

B117
UK September 2020

82
Q

Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation

Beta

A

B1351
South Africa May 2020

83
Q

Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation

Gamma

A

P1

Brazil Nov 2020

84
Q

Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation

delta

A

B16172

India Oct 2020

85
Q

Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation

Epsilon

A

B1427/B1429

USA Mar 2020

86
Q

Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation

Zeta

A

P2

Brazil Apr 2020

87
Q

Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation

Eta

A

B1525

Multiple Countries Dec 2020

88
Q

Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation

Theta

A

P3
Philippines Jan 2021

89
Q

Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation

lota

A

B1526

USA Nov 2020

90
Q

Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation

Kappa

A

B16171
India Oct 2020

91
Q

Small soluble molecules that acts as messengers or
signaling molecules

A

CYTOKINES

92
Q

Produced by a wide variety of immune cells

A

Cytokines

93
Q

Impact the growth, development, and maturation of immune cells

A

Cytokines

94
Q

TOF
Cytokines have a characteristic of “make or break”

A

T (it is connected to being Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory)

95
Q

Interleukins (IL)

A

Produced by leukocytes:
- IL-alpha
- IL-beta
- IL-6
- IL-8

96
Q

Tumornecrosis
Factor (TNF

A

Produced by:
- mast cells
- Macrophages
- T cells
- TNF-alpha

97
Q

Interferons (INF)

A

Interferes with viral replication:
- Type 1 INF: alpha and beta
- Type 2 INF: gamma

98
Q

Colony Stimulating
Factor (CSF)

A
  • Macrophage-CSF (M-CSF): Differentiation of monocytes
  • Granulocyte Macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF): Differentiation of dendritic cells
  • Granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF): Differentiation of neutrophils
99
Q

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANC

Once the viral particles are released from?

A

type II pneumocytes,

100
Q

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE

Once the viral particles are released from the type II pneumocytes, what will happen

A

dendritic cells will present themselves to
these antigens

101
Q

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE

once the dendritic cell present themselve to the antigen what will happen

A
  • Production of IgM and IgG antibodies
  • Stimulation of humoral and cellular immunity.
102
Q

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE

TOF

cystokine rain will occur

A

F- cytokine storm bobo

Uncontrolled production of local and systemic inflammatory response

103
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19

The current method of Covid 19 detection in nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples by a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)

A

Nucleic Acid Detection-based Assay

104
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19

Have great advantage and rapid response, low cost, and
portability compared to molecular diagnostics tests

A

Antibody Detection Methods

105
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19

These tests are less reliable, and often require confirmation with molecular detection methods

A

Antibody Detection Methods

106
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19

Antigen tests are ____ that detect the presence of a specific viral antigen, which implies current viral infection

A

Immunoassays

107
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19

Antigen tests are relatively inexpensive, and most can be used at the?

A

point-of-care

108
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19

why is it not advisable to get antigen test for nonpresenting symptoms patient?

A

since for 1-2 days of incubation, there are still no antibody produced

FALSE NEGATIVE

109
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19

TOF

Antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 are generally less sensitive than real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and other nucleic acid amplification tests

A

T

110
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19

Give the interpretation of the result for antigen test

IgM+/IgG+

A

Recent infection with SARS-CoV-2

recovery patient

111
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19

Give the interpretation of the result for antigen test

IgM+/IgG-

A

Recent infection with SARS-CoV-2

infective

112
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19

Give the interpretation of the result for antigen test

IgM-/IgG+

A

Previous infection with
SARS-CoV-2

113
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19

Give the interpretation of the result for antigen test

IgM-/IgG-

A

No infection or not enough
antibodies—indicating an
early infection

114
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19

Widely used and more specific than RT-PCR in diagnosing COVID 19 infections

A

Chest Computed Tomography Scan (CT scan)

115
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19

CT scans provide confirming diagnosis associated with COVID 19 pneumonia that includes

A

bilateral ground-glass opacities and unilateral lung with subpleural lesions

116
Q

if u see this card

A

studfy the table for TYPES OF TESTS USED IN THE COVID-19 RESPONSE

its pretty easy ty

Myco-Viro (11 decks)

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