(1) Coronaviridae Flashcards
what is the classification for CORONAVIRUSES
- RNA virus
- Single stranded
- Positive sense
- Enveloped
- Helical
- Unsegmented
largest genome among all RNA viruses?
Coronavirises
Coronaviruses are charaterized by what shape?
club-shaped or petal-shaped glycoprotein spikes
TOF
coronaviruses can be attributed to a shape of Crown like or solor corona
T
Unlike other enveloped viruses, the corona allows the virus to endure the conditions of the?
Gastrointestinal Tract
what is the spread route for coronaviruses
Fecal-oral Route
Because coronavirus is of Fecal-oral route, what clinical manifestation is shown
Diarrhea
According to the International Classification of Diseases, MERS and SARS are classified with what ID?
MERS - ID64
SARS - ID65
Give the Virus and Virus species
middle east respiratory syndrome in 2012
Virus - MERS-CoV
Species - Middle East Respiratory Syndrom-related coronavirus
Give the Virus and Virus species
severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003
Virus - SARS-CoV
Specie - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus
Give the Virus and Virus species
severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2019
Virus - SARS-CoV-2
Specie- evere acute respiratory syndrome relatedcoronavirus
Primary Hosts
Bats carrying the bat-nCoV
pinaka cause
Intermediate Hosts
- MERS-CoV: dromedary camel
- SARS-CoV: palm civet cat
- SARS-CoV-2: still unclear
SARS-CoV-2: still unclear but suspected to be as ** wild animal**s such as pangolin, mink, turtle, snake, or ferrets
Manner of
Transmission
Human-to-human
through airborne, droplets and aerosols contaminated surfaces, stool and fecal swabs, and urine (least amount of virus).
Infected Organs
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2+)
o Rectum
o Digestive system
o Urinary system
o Respiratory system
o Circulatory system
Host Cell Receptiors
MERS-CoV
CD26 or DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4)
Host Cell Receptiors
ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2)
SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2
Coronavirus Transmission
Contaminated objects and surfaces that transmit coronavirus from your hands to your eyes, nose or mouth
Fomites
Coronavirus Transmission
spread is more likely on hand, non-sporous materials like metals and plastics
Fomites
Coronavirus Transmission
how to avoid spread and contact of fomite
Regular use of hand sanitizer and vigorous hand washing
Coronavirus Transmission
Moist particles expelled from speaking, breathing,
coughing and sneezing.
Droplets
Coronavirus Transmission
They are considered to be the primary vector of COVID-19 infection
Droplets
Coronavirus Transmission
Virus-bearing droplets can spread coronavirus through the ?
eyes, nose, or mouth
Coronavirus Transmission
TOF
Droplets remain airborne for long
F
does not
Coronavirus Transmission
distance to limit exposure for droplets
6 feet
masks covering the mouth and nose are the best prevention. This is along with eye protection and staying in an open area.
Coronavirus Transmission
tiny particulates that infected carriers exhale, especially when shouting, singing or speaking
Aerosols
Coronavirus Transmission
mostly inhaled as a means of transmitting the
virus
Aerosols
TOF
Unlike droplets, aerosols can remain airborne for several hours, can travel further than 6 feet, and may accumulate, especially in poorly ventilated, closed spaces
T
Coronavirus Transmission
TOF
Masks, worn snugly and properly, are extremely effective at containing aerosols
T
Coronavirus Transmission
TOF
Remaining indors, where aerosols cannot accumulate also prevents transmission
F (outdoors)
Classifications of Coronavirus
Severe acute respiratory syndrome discovered in
Guandong, China on 2002
SARS-CoV
Classifications of Coronavirus
involves a cytokine storm
SARS
Classifications of Coronavirus
General signs and symptoms of SARS-CoV
- include fever (> 38 ‘C)
- headache
- general malaise and aches
- respiratory symptoms initially usually mild; after a few days, dry non-productive cough and difficulty in breathing (dyspnea).
Classifications of Coronavirus - SARS-CoV
Additionally, 20% of the cases develop
Diarrhea
Classifications of Coronavirus - SARS-CoV
Respiratory distress leads to death in what percentage
9.6% of cases
death rate highest among the elderly.
Classifications of Coronavirus - SARS-CoV
No cases have been reported since?
2004
Classifications of Coronavirus
Middle east respiratory syndrome discovered in Saudi Arabia on 2012
MERS-CoV
Classifications of Coronavirus
TOF
some infection were mild or asymptomatic for MERS-CoV
T
Classifications of Coronavirus
General signs and symptoms of MERS-CoV
- include fever (> 38 ‘C)
- headache
- general malaise and aches
- respiratory symptoms initially usually mild; after a few days, dry non-productive cough and difficulty in breathing (dyspnea).
Classifications of Coronavirus - MERS-CoV
TOF
Respiratory distress and/or kidney failure led to death in 30- 40% of cases.
T
Classifications of Coronavirus - MERS-CoV
TOF
Death rate is highest among the babies or those with comorbidity
F (elderly not babies)
Classifications of Coronavirus
The COVID-19 virus discovered in Wuhan, China on 2019
SARS-CoV-2
Classifications of Coronavirus
Resembles SARS-CoV and MERS infections with regards to transmission, pathology, and manifestations
SARS-CoV-2
Classifications of Coronavirus
SARS-CoV-2 incubation period
1-14 days
Classifications of Coronavirus
General sign and symptoms for SARS-CoV-2
- include fever (> 38 ‘C)
- headache
- general malaise and aches
- respiratory symptoms initially usually mild; after a few days, dry non-productive cough and difficulty in breathing (dyspnea).
- Diarrhea
- Sore throat
- lost of smell and taste
Classifications of Coronavirus - SARS-CoV-2
Respiratory distress led to death in? (give percentage)
3-4% of cases.
if u see this carcd
check the epidemiological comparison of respiratory viral infections
TOF
covid-19 infection are highly transmissible and pathogenic?
T
Covid-19 infection primarily manifests as?
Lung infection
Covid-19 infection can be attributed to what complications
significant extrapulmonary complications affecting
most organ systems, including the** gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidneys, brain **
Prevention for Covid-19 infection
- physical distancing
- facemask
- hand hygiene
symptoms of Covid 19
enumerate mo lahat bahala ka
- Fever
- Dry cough
- Sore throat
- Dyspnea
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Congestion or runny nose
- Loss of smell and taste
- Generalized weakness (myalgia, fatigue)
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Pneumonia
- Hypoxia with ARDS
Variants of Concern
- United Kingdom
- ~50% increased transmission
- Increased severity
Alpha
Variants of Concern
- South Africa
- ~50% increased transmission
- Reduced neutralization by convalescent and postvaccination sera
Beta
Variants of Concern
- Brazil
- Reduced neutralization by
convalescent and post- vaccination sera
Gamma
Variants of Concern
- India
- Increased transmissibility
- Potential reduction in neutralization by some EUA monoclonal antibody treatments and post-vaccination sera
Delta
COVID-19 EPIDEMIOLOGY
First case in China
December 31, 2019
COVID-19 EPIDEMIOLOGY
March 11, 2020
Global Pandemic
COVID-19 EPIDEMIOLOGY
89,581,803 confirmed cases
2.0 million deaths
January 04, 2021
COVID-19 EPIDEMIOLOGY
September 17, 2021
226,844,344 confirmed cases
4,666,334 deaths
COVID-19 EPIDEMIOLOGY
September 2023
- 770,000,000 confirmed cases
- 7 mil death
- 13 Billion vaccinated
Modes of Transmission
Contacting the nasal, oral, and eye mucosal secretions of the infected patient
Contact Transmission
Modes of Transmission
Droplet inhalation when the
patient coughs or sneezes
Direct Transmission
Modes of Transmission
Dissemination of droplet nuclei
(aerosols) that remain infectious
when suspended in air over long
distances and time
Airborne Transmission
Modes of Transmission
Respiratory secretions or
droplets expelled by infected
individuals can contaminate
surfaces and objects, creating
fomites
Fomite Transmission
Studies have shown higher viral loads are in the?
Throat
TOF
Significant increase in viral burden between symptomatic and asymptomatic cases
F (No significant difference)
Incubation period
3 to 14 days
first 2 days wala pang antibodies
Men or women?
ACE2 levels are higher in?
Men than women
RISK FACTORS in hospital deaths
decreased immune system; shows full blown signs
Old Age
RISK FACTORS in hospital deaths
multi-organ dysfunction
High-sequential Organ
Failure Assessment
(SOFA) score
RISK FACTORS in hospital deaths
virus can make it more likely that
a piece of plaque lining the
vessels could break off and block
blood flow to the heart
Coronary Artery
Disease
RISK FACTORS in hospital deaths
weaker immune system
Hypertension
RISK FACTORS in hospital deaths
Increased blood sugar create an environment conducive to viruses
Diabetes
RISK FACTORS in hospital deaths
Severe Cases: prevalence of
Multi-organ failure
Classification accordin to severity
- Covid nucleic acid test-positive
- W/o symptoms
- Normal chest imaging
Asymptomatic
Classification accordin to severity
- Fever, fatigue, myalgia, cough, sore throat, runny nose, sneezing (acute upper respiratory tract infection)
- Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea (digestive)
Mild
Classification accordin to severity
- Pneumonia (frequent fever, cough)
- No obvious hypoxemia
- Chest CT lesions (+)
Moderate
Classification accordin to severity
- Pneumonia with hypoxemia (SpO2 < 92%)
- High fever, low blood pressure
Severe
Classification accordin to severity
ARDS, shock, encephalopathy, myocardial injury, heart failure, coagulation dysfunction and acute kidney injur
Critical
Variants of Concern
Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation
Alpha
B117
UK September 2020
Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation
Beta
B1351
South Africa May 2020
Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation
Gamma
P1
Brazil Nov 2020
Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation
delta
B16172
India Oct 2020
Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation
Epsilon
B1427/B1429
USA Mar 2020
Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation
Zeta
P2
Brazil Apr 2020
Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation
Eta
B1525
Multiple Countries Dec 2020
Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation
Theta
P3
Philippines Jan 2021
Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation
lota
B1526
USA Nov 2020
Give the Pango lineage and First Documentation
Kappa
B16171
India Oct 2020
Small soluble molecules that acts as messengers or
signaling molecules
CYTOKINES
Produced by a wide variety of immune cells
Cytokines
Impact the growth, development, and maturation of immune cells
Cytokines
TOF
Cytokines have a characteristic of “make or break”
T (it is connected to being Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory)
Interleukins (IL)
Produced by leukocytes:
- IL-alpha
- IL-beta
- IL-6
- IL-8
Tumornecrosis
Factor (TNF
Produced by:
- mast cells
- Macrophages
- T cells
- TNF-alpha
Interferons (INF)
Interferes with viral replication:
- Type 1 INF: alpha and beta
- Type 2 INF: gamma
Colony Stimulating
Factor (CSF)
- Macrophage-CSF (M-CSF): Differentiation of monocytes
- Granulocyte Macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF): Differentiation of dendritic cells
- Granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF): Differentiation of neutrophils
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANC
Once the viral particles are released from?
type II pneumocytes,
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE
Once the viral particles are released from the type II pneumocytes, what will happen
dendritic cells will present themselves to
these antigens
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE
once the dendritic cell present themselve to the antigen what will happen
- Production of IgM and IgG antibodies
- Stimulation of humoral and cellular immunity.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND SIGNIFICANCE
TOF
cystokine rain will occur
F- cytokine storm bobo
Uncontrolled production of local and systemic inflammatory response
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19
The current method of Covid 19 detection in nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples by a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)
Nucleic Acid Detection-based Assay
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19
Have great advantage and rapid response, low cost, and
portability compared to molecular diagnostics tests
Antibody Detection Methods
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19
These tests are less reliable, and often require confirmation with molecular detection methods
Antibody Detection Methods
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19
Antigen tests are ____ that detect the presence of a specific viral antigen, which implies current viral infection
Immunoassays
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19
Antigen tests are relatively inexpensive, and most can be used at the?
point-of-care
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19
why is it not advisable to get antigen test for nonpresenting symptoms patient?
since for 1-2 days of incubation, there are still no antibody produced
FALSE NEGATIVE
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19
TOF
Antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 are generally less sensitive than real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and other nucleic acid amplification tests
T
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19
Give the interpretation of the result for antigen test
IgM+/IgG+
Recent infection with SARS-CoV-2
recovery patient
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19
Give the interpretation of the result for antigen test
IgM+/IgG-
Recent infection with SARS-CoV-2
infective
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19
Give the interpretation of the result for antigen test
IgM-/IgG+
Previous infection with
SARS-CoV-2
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19
Give the interpretation of the result for antigen test
IgM-/IgG-
No infection or not enough
antibodies—indicating an
early infection
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19
Widely used and more specific than RT-PCR in diagnosing COVID 19 infections
Chest Computed Tomography Scan (CT scan)
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR COVID-19
CT scans provide confirming diagnosis associated with COVID 19 pneumonia that includes
bilateral ground-glass opacities and unilateral lung with subpleural lesions
if u see this card
studfy the table for TYPES OF TESTS USED IN THE COVID-19 RESPONSE
its pretty easy ty
