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Myco-Viro > (1) Arthropod Virus > Flashcards

(1) Arthropod Virus Flashcards

1
Q

Arboviruses are also called what?

A

Arthropod-Borne Virus

Carried by infected vector

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2
Q

maintained in nature through biological transmission between susceptible vertebrate hosts by BLOODFEEDING ARTHROPODS

A

Arboviruses

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3
Q

how is the vertebrate infection occurs?

A

infected arthropod take a BLOOD MEAL - host is bitten passing the virus from the arthropod

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4
Q

What are the three famillies under the Arboviruses?

A
  • Togaviridae
  • Bunyaviridae
  • Flaviviridae
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5
Q

Disease Mechanism of Toga Viruses and

Flavivirus

Viruses are Cytolytic, except

A

Rubella

Cytolytic = cell lysis

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6
Q

Disease Mechanism of Toga Viruses and

Flavivirus

what does the virus establish?

A

systemic infection and viremia

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7
Q

Disease Mechanism of Toga Viruses and

Flavivirus

Viruses are good inducers of?

A

interferon

(accounts for the flu-like symptoms)

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8
Q

Disease Mechanism of Toga Viruses and Flavivirus

Flavivirus

what are the exception form the families that arent arboviruses

A

RUBELLA AND HEPATITIS C

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9
Q

Disease Mechanism of Toga Viruses and Flavivirus

infect cells of the MONOCYTEMACROPHAGE LINEAGE.

A

Flaviviruses

Escape phagocytic process of the lineage

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10
Q

Disease Mechanism of Toga Viruses and Flavivirus

enhance flavivirus
infection via Fc receptors on the macrophage

A

Nonneutralizing antibody

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11
Q

if u see this card

A

study the table for symptoms

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12
Q

In the Man-Arthropod-Man cycle

what is the cycle

A
  1. Arthropod (may or may not be infected)
  2. Arthropod had a blood meal on the human (may or may not be infected)
  3. The human that may or may not be infected can pass it to the arthropod - vice versa (one of them is infected as the principle)
  4. Arthropod can now transmit it to other susceptible human
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13
Q

In the Animal-Arthropod-Man cycle

what is the cycle

A
  1. Infected animal gets bitten by the arthropod
  2. Arthropod can infect other animal
  3. Infected arthropod can infect the human after a blood meal

same w/ Man-Arthropod-Man cycle excpt infected animal as main source

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14
Q

Enumerate the arhtropod vectors

A
  • Mosquitoes
  • Ticks
  • Sandflies
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15
Q

under the mosquitoes for arhtropod vectors, what infection can be acquired?

A

● Japanese encephalitis
● dengue
● yellow fever
● St. Louis encephalitis
● EEE, WEE, VEE etc.

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16
Q

under the Ticks for arhtropod vectors, what infection can be acquired?

A

● Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
● Various tickborne encephalitis’s etc.

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17
Q

under the Sandflies for arhtropod vectors, what infection can be acquired?

A

● Sicilian Sandfly Fever
● Rift Valley fever

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18
Q

TOF

In many cases, the actual reservoir is not known

A

True

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19
Q

What are the animal reservoirs

A
  • Birds
  • Pigs
  • Monkeys
  • Rodents
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20
Q

Birds are animal reservoir for what infections

A
  • Japanese encephalitis
  • St Louisencephalitis
  • Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
  • Western Equine Encephalitis
    (WEE)
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21
Q

Pigs are animal reservoir for what infections

A

Japanese encephalitis

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22
Q

Monkeys are animal reservoir for what infections

A

Yellow Fever

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23
Q

Rodents are animal reservoir for what infections

A
  • Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE)
  • Russian Spring-Summer encephalitis
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24
Q

Major Arboviral Diseases

A
  1. YELLOW FEVER
  2. DENGUE
  3. JAPANESE B ENCEPHALITIS
  4. St Louis Encephalitis
  5. Russian spring summer encephalitis.
  6. Eastren Equine Encephalitis
  7. West Nile Fever
  8. Sand fly Fever
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25
Q

Major Arboviurses that cause ENCEPHALITIS

A
  • Flaviviridae
  • Togaviridae
  • Bunyaviridae
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26
Q

Major Arboviurses that cause ENCEPHALITIS

Flaviviridae, enumerate the encephalitis

A

● Japanese Encephalitis
● St. Louis Encephalitis
● West Nile

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27
Q

Major Arboviurses that cause ENCEPHALITIS

Togaviridae, enumerate the encephalitis

A

● Eastern Equine Encephalitis
● Western Equine Encephalitis

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28
Q

Major Arboviurses that cause ENCEPHALITIS

Bunyaviridae, enumerate the encephalitis

A

● La Crosse Encephalitis

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29
Q

what host can be the carrier, reservoir or source of virus?

A

Verterbrate Hosts

It will pass through a vector, then it can
transmit it to other animals or to Human

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30
Q

The name Togaviridae derived from?

A

“Toga”
meaning roman mantle or cloak referring to the viral
surface

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31
Q

enumerate the structural characterisitc of togaviridae

A

→ Spherical 50 — 70 nm
→ Bears the Nucleocapsid, 42 capsomeres
→ Positive sense single stranded RNA

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32
Q

Enumerate the infections under togaviridae

A
  • Chikigunya Virus Infection
  • Eastern Equine Encephalitis
  • Western Equine Encephalitis
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33
Q

Togaviridae: Identify what infection

→ 1952 Epidemic in Tanzania
→ Manifest as Bend Up with Severe Joint pains.

A

Chikigunya Virus Infection

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34
Q

Chikigunya Virus Infection

transmission

A

wild primates → Mosquito → Man

→ Carrier: MOSQUITO (accding to maam)

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35
Q

Chikigunya Virus Infection:

Clinical Manifestation

A
  • Crippling Joint Pains
  • Conjunctiivitis
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Hemorrhagic Tendecies
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36
Q

Chikigunya Virus Infection:

DIagnosis

A
  • Isolation of Viruses
  • Serology → IgM
    ○ Preferred Method
  • Neutralization and Hemagglutination inhibition tests
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37
Q

Chikigunya Virus Infection:

Control and Prevention

A
  • Mosquito Control
    ○ Since mosquito is the main vector
  • No vaccines
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38
Q

Chikigunya Virus Infection:

Othjer Diseases like Chikugunya

A
  • Onyonng Nyong Viruses
  • Simlike Forest Viruses
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39
Q

Togaviridae: Identify what infection

Caused by a virus transmitted to humans and horses by the bite of an infected mosquito.

A

Eastern Equine Encephalitis

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40
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis

TOF

Average of 4m cases per year States with largest number of cases: Florida, Georgia, Massachusetts,
and New Jersey

A

F

4 lang, does not affect human persistently

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41
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis

Human cases occur relatively infrequently, largely because the primary transmission cycle
takes place in?

A

swamp areas

populations ntend to be limited

Because the main infected population here is the horses

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42
Q

Togaviridae: Identify what infection

→ Carrier: Mosquito-borne
→ Important cause of encephalitis in horses and humans in North America, mainly in the Western parts of the US and Canada

A

Western Equine Encephalitis

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43
Q

Flavivirus

The name is derived from ‘flavus’ the Latin word meaning?

A

“yellow”

Refers to YELLOW FEVER VIRUS (first
infection associated with flaviviridae)

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44
Q

Enumerate the structure characterisitc of the FLAVIVIRIDAE

A
  • Enveloped
  • Single stranded RNA virus
  • Morphology is not well defined
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45
Q

Enumerate the infection acquired under flaviviridea

A
  • Japanese Encephalitis
  • Yellow Fever
  • Dengue Fever
  • St. Louis Encephalitis
  • West Nile Virus
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46
Q

Flaviviridae: Identify what infection

First discovered and originally restricted to Japan. Now large scale epidemics occur in China, India and Other parts of Asia

A

Japanese Encephalitis

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47
Q

what is the arhtropod concerned with Japanese Encephalitis

A

Flavivirus, Transmitted by CULEX MOSQUITOES (Culex tritaeniorchynchus)

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48
Q

TOF

Japanese encphalitis are maintained in nature in a transmission cycle involving mosquitoes, birds and
horse

A

F

Mosquitoes, birds and PIG

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49
Q

human infection under japanesse encephalitis are?

A

SUBCLINICAL

No obvious signs and symptoms are
observe

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50
Q

in clinical cases for japanese encephalitis what are observed?

A

LIFE THREATENING
ENCEPHALITIS

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51
Q

diagnosis and prevention available for japanese encephalitis?

A
  • Usually Diagnosed by Serology – ELISA
  • Nonspecific theraphy is available
52
Q

Isolation of virus from japanese encephalitis are from???

from this isolation of virus, this can also detect the arbovirus specific rna, what site

same answer for both

A

Blood, CSF, or
tissues

However very few reference laboratories can perform the isolation in view of the biosafety considerations

53
Q

Transmission for japanese encephalitis

A
  • Vector-borne disease
  • Enzootic Cycle
54
Q

Transmission for japanese encephalitis:

Reservoir and Amplifyin Hosts

A
  • Pig
  • Bats
  • Aredie (wading) Birds
  • Possibly reptiles and amphibians
55
Q

Transmission for japanese encephalitis:

Incidental Hosts

A
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Others (lol napaka specific naman ni maam)
56
Q

Prevention For japanese encephalitis

A

Japanese Encephalitis B Vaccine

57
Q

what is used besides the japanese encephalitis b vaccine for the virus can be mistaken as malaria

A

prophylaxis must be supplemented by techniques to avoid bein bitten by mosquitoes

58
Q

Flaviviridae: Identify what infection

→ Present in Africa, Central and South America
→ Absent in India
→ ALMOST synonymous with dengue, since they have the same vector

A

Yellow Fever

59
Q

what is the transmission for Yellow fever

A

Mosquito (Ades aegypti)

transmitted to:
* Human SkinLymphatic’s
* Lymph nodes
* circulation liver
* Spleen
* Kidney
* Bone marrow
* Lymph glands

60
Q

Clinical manifestation of Yellow virus

A

→ Necrotic lesions in liver , kidney
→ Mid zone — liver
→ Fatty degeneration — kidney
→ Hemorrhages/Circulatory collapse
→ Iniury to Cardiac muscle and to Myocardium

61
Q

what are the CPE produced under yellow fever

A

Councilman Bodies – this is a lesion

62
Q

Laboratory Diagnosis for Yellow fever

A
  • Intracerebral Inoculation
  • Mosquito Cell lines – not recommended but good for research purposes
  • PCR
  • Serology – ELISA
    ○ IgM Raise of Titers
63
Q

Flaviviridae: Identify what infection

→ One of the Most common infection, esp in the PH in rainy seasson
→ mosquito-borne viral infection. The infection causes flu-like illness, and occasionally develops into a severe form
→ About half of the world’s population is now at risk

A

Dengue Fever

64
Q

Dengue is found in?

A

tropical and sub-tropical climates worldwide, mostly in urban and semiurban areas

65
Q

what dengue progression is the leading cause of serious illness and death among children in some Asian
and latin american countries (especially whern undetected)

A

Severe dengue

66
Q

Epidemiology of dengue accding to WHO

A

Reported dengue cases:
- 1996-0.4 M,
- 2005 → 1.3 M
- 2010 → 2.2 M
- 2015 → 3.2 M
- 2013: approx. 3.2 M severe cases, 9000 deaths
- 2016:American Regions → 2.38M, Western
- Pacific → 375,000 (Phil. 176,411 ; Malaysia - 100,028)

67
Q

Epidemiology of dengue accding to DOH

A

58,598 total cases January 1 to August 5, 2017

68
Q

Pathogenicity

Dengue Virus Genome are composed of 2 structural genes, what are thos

A

Structural and
Non-structural Genes

Nonstrucutaral genes produces the
products that can be detected by serological
techniques

69
Q

Dengue 3 Structural proteins

A
  • C
  • prM
  • E
70
Q

Dengue 7 Non- Structural proteins

A
  • NS1
  • NS2a
  • NS2b
  • NS3
  • NS4a
  • NS4b
  • NS5
71
Q

Dengue short Non- coding regions

A

5’ and 3’ ends

72
Q

Serotypes of Dengue Virus

A
  • DENV-1
  • DENV-2
  • DENV-3
  • DENV-4
73
Q

Different dengue serotrypes exist because of the?

A

Mutation

74
Q

Serotypes of Dengue Virus

Group of viruses classified together based on the antigen on the surface of the virus

A

Serotpyes

75
Q

Serotypes of Dengue Virus

TOF

Major Difference for human lies in the subtle difference in the surface protein of the different dengue subtypes

A

True

76
Q

Dengue

TOF

infection induces LIFE-LONG
PROTECTION against the infecting
serotype, but it also give long time cross protective immunity against the other type

A

F

it gives only a short time cross
protective immunity against the other type

to be immune to all dengue
serotype, mag pa infect ka sa lahat
ng serotype T__T AHJSFHASHF

77
Q

The first infection cause mostly minor isease, but secondary infections has been reported to cause severe diseases (DHF or DSS) in both children and adults. This phenomenon is called

A

ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT ENHANCEMENT

78
Q

identify what flavivirus infection

→ Most common mosquito infection in the us
→ transmitted human pathogen in the US
→ Leading cause of epidemic flaviviral encephalitis

A

St. Louis Encephalitis

79
Q

identify what flavivirus infection

→ MOSQUITOBORNE ZOONOTIC ARBOVIRUS belonging to the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae
→ This flavivirus is found in temperate and tropical regions Of the world
→ First identified in the West Nile sub-region in the East African nation of Uganda in 1937

A

West Nile Virus (WNV)

80
Q

what are the 2 disease manifestation of west nile virus

A
  • Asymptomatic
  • Symptomatic
81
Q

Disease manifestation of west nile virus

Approximately 80 percent of West
Nile virus infections in humans are
subclinical, which cause no
symptoms

A

Asymptomatic

82
Q

Disease manifestation of west nile virus

  • Termed as West Nile Fever
  • WITHOUT NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE — the time from infection to the appearance of symptoms (incubation period) is typically between 2—15 days.
A

Symptomatic

83
Q

Disease manifestation of west nile virus

  • Symptoms may include fever, headaches, fatigue, muscle pain of aches, malaise, nausea, anorexia vomiting myalgias and rash.
  • Less than 1% of the cases are severe and result in neurological disease when the central nervous system is affected
A

Symptomatic

84
Q

BUNYAVIRIDAE give what infection?

A

La Crosse Encephalitis

85
Q

→ On average 75 cases per year reported to the CDC
→ Most cases occur in children under 16 years old

A

La Crosse Encephalitis

86
Q

La Crosse Encephalitis

TOF
zonotic pathogen that cycles between the daytime biting tree hole mosquito, and vertebrate amplifier hosts (chipmunk, tree squirrel) in
deciduois forest habitats

A

F

ZOONOTIC (kulang isang o)

87
Q

what year was the la crosse encephalitis isolated?

A

1963 – — isolated in La Crosse, WI from the brain of a child who died from encephalitis

88
Q

enumerate the structure characteristic of ARENAVIRIDAE

A

→ ssRNA Virus
→ Enveloped Virus
→ 120 nm in diameter
→ Spherical to pleomorphic Shape
→ Contain 8-10nm long projection

89
Q

what is the main cause of ARENAVIRUSES

A

Causes: ACUTE VIRAL HEMMORHAGIC FEVER
- Fever
- Shocks
- Increase Permeability of Blood Vessel

90
Q

Transmission present for arenaviruses

A
  • Rodent-Human
  • Human-human
91
Q

Identify what transmission for arenaviruses

  • Contaminated Food
  • Rodent Consumption
A

Rodent-Human

92
Q

Identify what transmission for arenaviruses

  • Direct Inoculation
  • Contaminated Secretion
A

Human-Human

93
Q

Enumerate the strcutural characteristic of RHABDOVIRIDAE

A
  • Enveloped
  • BULLET-SHAPED
  • ssRNA virons
94
Q

what does the rhabdoviruses infection cause?

A

slow, progressive zoonotic disease

95
Q

primary reservoirs of rhabdoviruses

A

wild mammals
it can be spread by both wild and domestic mammals by bites, scratches, and inhalation Of droplets

96
Q

Important virus under rhabdoviridae

A
  • LYSSA VIRUS - RABIES VIRUS
    ○ Lyssa means Rage (Dr.T.V.Rao. MD)
97
Q

subtypes for rhabdoviruses

A
  • Fixed Virus
  • Street Virus
98
Q

identify what subtype of rhabdoviruses

  • One whose virulence and incubation period have been stabilized by serial passage and remained fixed during further transmission.
  • Rabies virus at as undergone serial passage through rabbits, thus stabilizing its virulence and incubation period
A

Fixed Virus

99
Q

identify what subtype of rhabdoviruses

  • Virus from a naturally infected animal, as opposed to a laboratory adapted strain of the virus
  • The virulent rabies virus from a rabid domestic animal that has contracted the disease from a bite or scratch of another animal.
A

Street Virus

100
Q

rhabdoviruses

TOF

Any Mammal Can get Rabies

A

true

  • Raccoons, skunks, foxes and bats
  • Dogs, cats, cattle and ferrets
  • Humans

ONLY WARM BLOODED MAMMALS CAN GET INFECTED

diko gets si maam pero sinabi niya yam

101
Q

identify what rhabdovirus

→ Latin “Rabhas” Frenzy
→ Mad mammals biting Humans lead to Rabies.

A

Rabies

102
Q

Symptoms of rabies

A

Hydrophobia Fear of Water, Saliva of Rabid dogs

103
Q

what are the prevention available of rabies

A

Pasture’s success – Vaccination

NEED TO BE IMMEDIATELY GIVEN

104
Q

what are the history behind Pasture’s success – Vaccination

A
  • Fixed virus from Rabbit injected into Joseph Meister
  • Injected 13 injection of the cord vaccine.
105
Q

Transmission of rabies

A
  • Abrasions or scratches on skin.
  • Mucous membrane exposed to saliva.
  • Most frequently via deep penetrating bite wounds.
  • Other Routes:
    ○ Inhalation -Bat infected caves.
    ○ Ingestion of dead /infected animal meat
    ○ Corneal transplantation
106
Q

Pathogenesis of Rabies

A

Live Virus → Epidermids, Mucos Membrance
↓
Peripheral Nerve
↓ Centripetally
CNS (gray Matter)
↓ Centrifugally
Other tissue (salivary glands..etc)

107
Q

Pathogenesis of Rabies

Virus travels through

A

axoplasm

108
Q

Pathogenesis of Rabies

where does the axoplasm travels towards?

A

toward the
spinal cord at the rate of 3mm/hour, then Towards the brain

109
Q

Pathogenesis of Rabies

what happens after it travelled to brain (CNS)?

A

Spread from brain
centrifugally to various parts of the body

110
Q

Pathogenesis of Rabies

where does it multiplies?

A

salivary glands and shed in
the saliva, cornea, facial tissues skin

111
Q

Pathogenesis of Rabies

incubation period

A

1-3 Months

May be average from 7days to 3 years

112
Q

Pathogenesis of Rabies

stage of disease

A
  • Prodrome
  • Acute Encephalitis
  • Coma/Death
113
Q

Category as per WHO

touching or feeding
suspect animals, but skin is intact

A

CATEGORY 1

114
Q

Category as per WHO

minor scratches without
bleeding from contact, or licks on broken
skin

A

CATEGORY 2

115
Q

Category as per WHO

one or more bites, scratches, licks on broken skin, or other contact that breaks the skin; or exposure to bats

A

CATEGORY 3

116
Q

Clinical Findings of rabies

A

○ Bizarre behavior.
○ Agitation
○ Seizures.
○ Difficulty in drinking.
○ Patients will be able to eat solids
○ Afraid of water - Hydrophobia.
○ Even sight of sound disturbs the
patient.
○ But suffer with intense thirst.
○ Spasms of Pharynx produces
choking
○ Death in 1 -6 days.
○ Respiratory arrest / Death / Some
may survive.

familliarize nalang tih

117
Q

Symptoms of rabies

A
  • Headache, fever, sore throat
  • Nervousness, confusion
  • Pain or tingling at the site of the bite
  • HALLUCINATIONS – Seeing things that are not really there
  • HYDROPHOBIA – “Fear Of water” due to spasms in the throat
  • PARALYSIS – Unable to move parts of the body (infected CNS)
118
Q

Diagnosis Of Rabies

human rabies is diagnosed
primarily on the basis of?

A
  • clinical symptoms and signs
  • and a corroborative history of or evidence of an animal bite, death of an animal,
  • and incomplete or no vaccination following exposure
119
Q

Diagnosis Of Rabies

The facility for laboratory diagnosis and confirmation of rabies, be it in humans or in animals, is available

A

premortem in only a
few institutions

120
Q

Diagnosis Of Rabies: Techniques

Post mortem Diagnosis by
demonstration of

A

NEGRI BODIES

121
Q

Diagnosis Of Rabies: Techniques

Isolation of virus →

A

Mice brain inoculation

122
Q

Diagnosis Of Rabies: Techniques

Tissue culture on culture lines →

A

W 138, BHK

123
Q

Diagnosis Of Rabies: Techniques

an emerging method

A

PCR

124
Q

Diagnosis Of Rabies: Techniques

Immunoflourescent methods →

A

corneal impression method

125
Q

Rabies

describe the characteris of NEGRI BODIES

A
  • Eosinophilic
  • sharply outlined
  • pathognomonic inclusion Bodies (2-10 gm in diameter) found in the Cytoplasm of certain nerve
126
Q

Rabies prevention

A
  • Vaccination
  • Pre-exposure Prophylaxis
  • Post-exposure prophylaxis

Myco-Viro (19 decks)

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