Worksheet 6-8 Flashcards
vital process for plants to survive
Photosynthesis
term for organisms that produce their own food
autotrophs
how plants became autotrophs
photosynthetic process
helps the reduction of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and the oxidation of water to oxygen
light
chemical equation of photosynthesis
CO2 + 2H2O -> (CH2O)n + O2
process where green plants convert the radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy that is stored in food molecules
photosynthesis
raw materials needed for photosynthesis
light
pigment
carbon dioxide
what some microorganisms undergo
chemosynthesis
how many mayana plants are used in the first procedure
2 mayana plants
how long is one of the mayana plant placed in a dark place
48 hours
the type of beaker that the two mayana leaves are placed to boil
50 ml beakers
why are the leaves boiled
to remove pigment
solution where the boiled leaves are placed
- 95% ethyl alcohol –
where the beakers with ethyl alcohol is placed
- Water bath -
property of ethyl alcohol that is why it is not advisable to boil under a direct flame
volatile and flammable
added to the leaf once the leaf is finished boiling
iodine solution
indication of starch
black color
a leaf that is placed under sunlight will turn what due to the starch that was produced by photosynthesis
black
the higher the light intensity
the faster the rate of photosynthesis
changes in photosynthetic rate are measured through this
- Amount of oxygen produced in bubbles
how many test tubes are prepared and labeled
5 test tubes
are used to fill the 5 test tubes
1% NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate)
submerged with the cut side up in the solution
5-8cm long Hydrilla sprig
where is test tube A (hydrilla) placed
dark
how far is test tube B (hydrilla) placed
60cm
how far is test tube C (hydrilla) placed
90cm
how far is test tube D (hydrilla) placed
120cm
how far is test tube E (hydrilla) placed
150cm
used to determine the intensity at each distance from the light source
light meter
– time given for the plants to adapt
10 minutes
where the test tubes are placed to stand
500ml beaker
– total observation time of light intensity factor test
14 minutes
interval observation time of light intensity test
2 minutes
occurrence of photosynthesis in wavelengths observed in this
amount of bubbles produced
color of light in test tube A
white light
color of light in test tube B
red
color of light in test tube C
blue
color of light in test tube D
yellow
color of light in test tube E
green
used to cover the test tubes using the transparent scotch tape
cellophane
– distance of the test tubes from the light source
60 to 80cm
total time of counting of bubbles (wavelength test)
15 minutes
interval time of counting bubbles (wavelength test)
5 minutes
most effective wavelength
red and blue
most ineffective wavelength
yellow and green
amount of test tubes used and labelled in carbon dioxide test
3 test tubes
used to fill the test tubes, chemical indicator of pH
phenol red solution
phenol turns into this when in a basic solution
red
phenol turns into this when it is in an acidic solution
yellow
used to blow gently into test tubes A and B
straw
– are only the test tubes that will have air incorporated
test tubes a and b
– color of solution of test tubes A and B
pale orange
place into test tubes B and C
hydrilla sprig
– amount of time the test tubes are placed in bright light
2-3 hours
- Plants utilize what to undergo photosynthesis
carbon dioxide
made up of cells, are specialized structures that are grouped together to perform specific functions
tissues
tissues can be classified into
primary and secondary tissues
refers to increase in height
primary growth
increase in diameter and formation of woody structure
secondary growth
four types of plant tissues
meristem, dermal, ground fundamental, vascular
made up of tissues
organs
would have a root system
Flowering plant
used in the experiment
compound microscope
viewed microscopically to view dicot root and stem
helianthus sp
viewed microscopically to view dicot leaves
ixora sp
used to view monocot roots, stem, and leaves
zea mays
viewed under the microscope for roots
prepared slides of zea mays and helianthus sp root
viewed under the microscope for stem
prepared slides of zea mays and helianthus sp stem
viewed under the microscope for leaves
prepared slides of zea mays and ixora sp leaves
are viewed macroscopically
roots, stem, leaves
root modification of zea mays
adventitious
root modification of daucus carota
tap root
root modification of orchid
aerial
root modification of philohendron sp
aerial
stem modification of potato
tuber
stem modification of gabi
corm
stem modification of onion
bulb
stem modification of ginger
rhizome
stem modification of spider plant
stolon
stem modification of grass
runner
stem modification of lily bulb
scale
stem modification of cactus
phylloclades
stem modification of stick plant
thorns
stem modification of amplaya
tendrils
leaf modification of cactus
spines
leaf modification of bougainvilla
bracts
leaf modification of buntot tigre
storage
leaf modification of digman
leaf bladders
leaf modification of ampalaya
tendril
leaf modification of onion
scale
leaf modification of kataka
plantlets
leaf modification of kataka
plantlets
leaf modification of rose
tendril
leaf modification of makahiya
phyllode
leaf modification of kalamansi
tendril
reproductive organ of a plant, is needed for the sexual reproduction that involves the union of gametes
flower
where the fertilization of egg happens
embryonic plant
examples of external agents that help with the reproduction of plants
bees, butterflies, birds
– stores food for the embryonic plant and becomes the seed
ovule
– matures and becomes the fruit
ovary
develop mechanisms to facilitate seed dispersal
fruits
where sometimes fruits develop
accessory structures
– are developed because of absence of fertilization
fruits without seeds
mature seeds consist of (3)
seed coat
embryonic plant
nutrient reserve
can store the nutrient reserve or food
endosperm
seeds that have endosperm
endospermous/albuminous
seeds without endosperm
exendospermous/exalbuminous
flower that is cut into half
gumamela
type of microscope used in worksheet 9
compound microscope/dissecting microscope
modified leaves that encase the rest of the developing flower, may either be green and leaf-like or composed of petal-like tissue
sepals
collective term for sepals
calyx
modified leaves that serve to attract pollinators
petals
collective term for petals
corolla
consist of sac like anthers and filaments
stamen
support the anthers
filament
consist of two sacs, each of which composes the microsporangia
anthers
collective term for stamen and pollen
androecium
occurs in microspore mother cells in microsporangia
meiosis
produces microspores
microspore mother cell
becomes a pollen grain or microgametophyte
microspore
composed of carpels, which fuse to form the case of ovules
pistil
collective term for pistil and carpel
gynoecium
three regions of pistil
ovary
style
stigma
– where the ovules are found
ovary
where meiosis occurs in each ovule
megaspore
how many megaspore are produced in a mother cell
four megaspore
how many megaspore disintegrate, leaving a functional megaspore
three megaspore
divides mitotically to produce a embryo sac or megagametophyte
megaspore
chambers in the ovary
locules
stalk atop the ovary that elevates into a stigma
style
pattern of ovule attachment and distribution in an ovary
placentation
five basic types of placentation
basal
axial
parietal
free central
marginal
ovules are borne on the placentae on the central axis of a compound ovary
axile
has a single ovule that is almost at the base of the ovary
basal
ovule is borne along the fused margins of the placenta of a single ovary
marginal
ovules are borne on placentae on a free, central column within an ovary that has only one locule
free central
ovules are borne in placentae located on the inner surface of the outer wall of the ovary
parietal
type of cut that will be done to the Hibiscus sp. (gumamela)
longitudinal section
used to observe the longitudinal section of the hibiscus sp
dissecting microscope
observed in a microscope to see a lily plant’s reproductive structures
lily ovary and anther
flowers can be characterized in terms of
completeness
symmetry
ovary position
perfect/imperfect
– flowers with four basic parts
complete flower
– flowers in which at least one part is absent
incomplete flower
flowers containing male and female parts
perfect flower
flowers containing just one sex to having no sexual part (sterile)
imperfect flower
female and male flowers are located on separate plants
dioecious
female and male flowers are located on the same plant
monoecious
flowers can occur singly or aggregate
inflorescence
based on a wheel plan, which is divisible on more than one axis into two equal halves that are mirror images of each other
radial symmetry
– the flower is distinctly divisible into right and left sides; that is divisible into mirror images on only one axis
bilateral symmetry
bilateral symmetry characterized by having two lips
bilabiate
bilateral symmetry characterized by corolla consisting of five petals
caesalpiniaceous
bilateral symmetry characterized by resemblance to orchids
orchidaceous
bilateral symmetry characterized by resemblance to butteflies
papilionaceous
flower with superior ovary is such that the stamens, petals, and sepals arise from a level below the base of the ovary
hypogynous
flower has a superior ovary, but the bases of the stamens, petals, and sepals develop as a flower cup around the pistil
perigynous
ovary is inferior because the stamen, petals, and sepals arise from a level that is above
epigynous
– are sunflowers, daisies, and chrysanthemums, composed of many small flowers (head/capitate)
flowers of composites (asteraceae family)
flowers of composites
asteraceae family
corolla looks like one petal, found on the outer edge of the head
ray flowers
corolla forms a tube of united or fused petals, found in the inner circle
disk flowers
including rice have flowers highly modified in comparison with the ones we have seen so far
flowers of the grasses (poaceae family)
– individual grass flower is enveloped by a pair of bracts or modified leaves
floret
outer and larger bract
lemma
inner and smaller bract
palea
encloses the stamen and pistil in the Poaecae family
palea
group of florets
spikelet
found in the base of each spikelet
glumes
group of spikelet makes up this
inflorescence
fruits can be classified on the following (2)
fruit origin
nature of pericarp
type of fruit origin (3)
simple
aggregate
multiple
derived from one ovary of one flower
simple
derived from several ovaries of one flower
aggregate
derived from a cluster of several ovaries from several flowers crowded together on one stem
multiple
pericarp is fleshy throughout
berry
type of berry with a hard rind
pepo
type of berry with a leathery rind
hesperidium
one-seeded fruit with pericarp distinctly divided into skin-like exocarp, thick fleshy mesocarp, and hard-stony endocarp
drupe
– fruit with a papery pericarp
pome
split open along definite seams when matured and may contain
dehiscent fruits
has one carpel and split along two seams
legume/pod
has one carpel and split along one seam
follicle
fruit of two or more united carpels and split in a variety of ways
capsule
– fruit of two fused carpels that separate, leaving a persistent wall between them
silique
do not open along definite seams or points when mature. These usually contain only one or two seeds
indehiscent fruits
one seed can be separated from the ovary wall except at the point of attachment to the inside of pericarp
achene
one seeded the coat of which is completely fused to the inner surface of the pericarp
grain
an achene-like fruit with wing-like outgrowth
samara
one seeded fruit similar to achene but with a very hard and thick pericarp
nut
essentially without endosperm at maturity
bean seed
produces the seed is the fruit of the bean plant
- bean pod
– outer covering of the seat
seed coat
small elliptical scar along the concave edge of the seed, makes the point of attachment of the young seed to the ovary
hilium
small hole at the end of the seed
micropyle
– small groove extending to the chalaza at the end of the hilium
raphe
point where integuments are attached to the ovule
chalaza
structure found within the seed
embryo
two fleshy structures which constitute most of the volume of the seed
cotyledons
embryo is made up of (2)
miniature leaves
small axis
represent the epicotyl (embryo)
miniature leaves
represent the hypocotyl
little axis
its external covering is the wall of the ovary or the pericarp
corn seed
can be considered as a fruit as well
corn seed
bulk of the interior tissue
endosperm
– cotyledon in the corn is also known as
scutellum
covers the radicle of the seed in corns
coleorhiza
covers the epicotyl of the seed in corns
coleoptile
in these, the cotyledon is reduced to a small mass of tissue, which never assumes the shape or function of a photosynthetic leaf on a developing seedling
moncots
