Photosynthesis Part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
molecular complexes in the thylakoid membrane
A
PS II
PS I
ETC
ATP synthase complex
2
Q
consist of pigment complex and electron acceptor molecules, receives electrons from water as water splits, releasing oxygen
A
Photosystem II
3
Q
carries electrons from PS II to PS I
A
ETC
4
Q
pumps H+ from the stroma into the thylakoid
A
plastoquinone
5
Q
ETC consists of what
A
plastoquinone (Pq)
cytochrome complexes
6
Q
proteins that contain heme as their prosthetic group and whose principal biological function, in the cells of animals, plants, and microorganisms, is electron transport
A
cytochrome
7
Q
consist of pigment complex and electron acceptor molecules which is adjacent to NADP reductase
A
PS I
8
Q
reduces NADP to NADPH
A
NADP reductase
9
Q
has a channel and protruding ATP synthase
A
ATP synthase complex
10
Q
joins ADP + P
A
ATP synthase
11
Q
acts as a reservoir for hydrogen ions
A
thylakoid space
12
Q
when water is oxidized, these remain in the thylakoid space
A
hydrogen ions
13
Q
gives up energy and is used to pump H+ from the stroma into the thylakoid space
A
electrons
14
Q
which space has more H (stroma or thylakoid)
A
thylakoid
15
Q
provides kinetic energy that allows an ATP synthase complex enzyme to produce ATP from ADP + P
A
flow of H from high to low concenrtation
16
Q
method of producing ATP that is tied to the establishment of H+ gradient
A
chemiosmosis
17
Q
produces NADPH and ATP
A
thylakoid membrane
18
Q
move through sequential molecular complexes within the thylakoid membrane and the last one passes electrons to NADP+ after which it becomes NADPH
A
electrons
19
Q
pumps hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid space through an ATP synthase complex
A
Carrier
20
Q
produced from ADP + P
A
ATP
21
Q
won the 2007 Nobel Prize for raising awareness concerning global warming
A
Al Gore
22
Q
according to the Nobel Committee, could induce large-scale migrations and lead to greater competition for the Earth’s resources
A
global warming
23
Q
refers to a rise in the average global temperature during the twenty-first century due to the introduction of certain gases into the atmosphere
A
global warming
24
Q
for at least a thousand years prior to 1850, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels remained fairly constant at
A
0.028%
25
since industrialization began, the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere increased to what
0.038%
26
examples include CO2 and other gases which trap radiant heat from the sun
greenhouse grases
27
increasing concentration of this is predicted to cause global warming
greenhouse gases
28
without green house gasses, the temperature would be this
33 degrees cooler
29
adds CO2 to the atmosphere
burning of fossil fuel
tropical forest deforestation
30
amount of rainforest lost every year
10 to 30 million hectares
31
reason why rainforest is lost
ranching
logging
mining
developed for human needs
32
accounts for 20-30% of all CO2 in the atmosphere
deforestation
33
adds CO2 to the atmosphere and removes trees that absorb CO2
burning a forest
34
acts as a sink for CO2
process of photosynthesis and oceans
35
make a substantial contribution to global CO2
tropical rainforest
36
percent of reduction of tropical rain forest size
14% to 6%
37
taking account all ecosystems, marine and terrestrial, this produces organic matter that is 300 to 600 times the mass of people
photosynthesis
38
contribute greatly to the uptake of CO2 and the productivity of photosynthesis since they are most efficient of all terrestrial ecosystems
tropical rain forests
39
where tropical rain forests occur
equator
40
characteristics of tropical rainforests
exist in temperatures above 26 degrees and rainfall is heavy (100-200cm)
huge trees and buttressed trunks and broad, undivided dark-green leaves
nearly all plant plants are woody and woody vines are also abundant
41
increase amount of CO2 in the atmosphere will cause photosynthesis to
increase in the remaining portion of the forest
42
how did researchers test the possibility that an increased amount of CO2 in the atmosphere increases the rate of photosynthesis
measured CO2 levels, daily temperature levels, and tree girth in La Selva, Costa Rica for 16 years
43
were found at higher temperatures
lower forest productivity
44
what did the findings of researchers in La Selva Costa Rica suggest
as temperatures rise, tropical rain forest may add to ongoing atmospheric CO2 accumulation and accelerated global warming
45
in the mid 1970s, established a system of national parks and reserves to protect 12% of the country's land area from degradation
Costa Rica
46
what percent does the country wants to expand in the near future
12% to 25%
47
occur after the light reactions, a series of reactions that produce carbohydrate before returning to the starting point once more
Calvin cycle reactions
48
Calvin cycle was named for him, who with colleagues used radioactive isotope 14C as a tracer to discover the reactions making up the cycle
Melvin Calvin
49
Calvin cycle includes the following
Carbon dioxide fixation
Carbon dioxide reduction
Regeneration of RuBP
50
RuBP
ribulose-1
5-biphosphate
51
first step of the calvin cycle
Carbon dioxide fixation
52
Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is attached to what
RuBP
53
5-carbon molecule that CO2 attaches to
RuBP
54
product of CO2 and RuBP
6-carbon molecule
55
the 6-carbon molecule splits into this
Two 3-carbon molecule
56
enzyme that speeds up the carbon dioxide fixation
RuBP carboxylase
57
protein that makes up 20-50% of the protein content in chloroplasts
RuBP carboxylase
58
reason why RuBP carboxylase is abundant
unusually slow process (processes only few molecules compared to thousands per second for a typical enzyme)
there has to be a lot to keep the cycle going
59
first 3-carbon molecule in the Calvin cycle
3PG (3-phospoglycerate)
60
3PG
3-phosphoglycerate
61
3PG -> G3P undergoes what
reduction
62
this sequence signifies the reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate
R-CO2 -> R-CH2O
63
supplies the energy needed for carbon dioxide reduction reaction
ATP and NADPH
64
times of Calvin reaction cycles multiplied by because it takes this much to allow one G3P to exit
3 times
65
for every three turns of the Calvin cycle, this much G3P are used to re-form three molecules of RuBP and the cycle continues
5 molecules of G3P
66
how many carbons in G3P
3
67
how many carbons in RuBP
5
68
product of the Calvin cycle that can be converted to other molecules a plant needs
G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)
69
G3P
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
70
among the organic molecules that result from G3P metabolism
glucose phosphate
71
glucose phosphate can be combined with this (and remove the phosphate) to produce sucrose
fructose
72
plants use these to transport carbohydrates from one part of the plant to the other
sucrose
73
glucose phosphate is also the starting point of the production of these
cellulose
starch
74
form of glucose where some of it is stored in chloroplasts
starch
75
where most of the starch is stored in roots
amyloplasts
76
structural component of plant cell walls and becomes fiber in our diet because we are unable to digest it
cellulose
77
component of G3P to that plant uses to form fatty acids and glycerol
hydrocarbon skeleton
78
fatty acids and glycerol combined to this, examples include sunflower, corn, and olive
plant oils
79
when added to the hydrocarbon skeleton derived from G3P, amino acids are formed
nitrogen
80
examples of land plants that carry on photosynthesis as described earlier
Azaleas
maples
tulips
81
use the enzyme RuBP carboxylase to fix CO2 to RuBP in mesophyll cells
C3 plants
82
C3 plants include
wheat
rice
oats
83
first detected molecule following fixation
3PG
84
describe the CO2 fixation in C3 plants
RuBP + CO2 -> 2 3PG
85
openings n leaves where water can escape and CO2 can enter
stomata
86
when this happens, stomata closes to conserve water
Hot weather
87
might cause plant to wilt and die
water loss
88
Due to stomata closing, what happens to the concentration of gas
CO2 decreases and O2 increases
89
when O2 increases in these plants, what does RuBP carboxylase do to O2?
combines it with RuBP instead
90
product of O2 fixing with RuBP
one molecule of 3PG and CO2 is released
91
in the presence of light (photo), oxygen is taken up and CO2 is released (respiration)
photorespiration
92
difference between C3 and C4 plants in the location of mesophyll cells
C3 - parallel layers, well-formed chloroplasts
C4 - chloroplasts in bundle sheath cells and mesophyll cells
93
in C4 plants, are arranged cocentrically around the bundle sheath cell
mesophyll cells
94
use the enzyme PEP carboxylase (PEPcase)
C4 plants
95
PEPcase
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
96
used to fix CO2 to PEP
PEPcase
97
C3 molecule that becomes C4 when fixed with CO2
PEP
98
result of fixing CO2 to PEPcase
oxaloacetate
99
reduced form of oxaloacetate that is pumped into the bundle sheath cell
malate
100
only in C4 plants, where does CO2 enter
calvin cycle
101
because of CO2 entering the calvin cycle in C4 plants, what are the differences with C3 plants
faster photosynthetic rater
102
example of C4 plants
sugarcane
corn
bermuda grass
103
what does C4 avoid
photorespiration
104
wasteful cycle because it is not part of the calvin cycle
photorespiration
105
how do C4 plants avoid photorespiration
PEPcase does not combine with O2
Even if the stomata are closed, CO2 is delivered into the calvin cycle in the bundle sheath cells
106
when weather is moderate which is more advantaged C3 plants or C4 plants?
C3 plants
107
when weather becomes hot, which plants become more advantaged
C4 plants
108
CAM
crassulacean-acid metabolism
109
family of flowering succulent (water-containing) plants that live in warm, dry regions of the world
crassulaceae
110
was first discovered on the family of Crassulaceae, but was already known on other groups of plants
CAM
111
difference of C4 and CAM plants in partitioning
C4 - partitions in space (CO2 fixation in bundle sheath cells)
CAM - partition by the use of time
112
During the night, CAM plants use PEPcase to do what
fix CO2, forming C4 molecules, which is stored in large vacuoles in mesophyll cells
113
During the day, C4 molecules do what
release CO2 to the Calvin cycle when ATP and NADPH are available from the light reactions
114
primary advantage for CAM partition
conservation of water
115
only opened at night, and at that time does atmospheric CO2 enter the plant
stomata
116
during the day, the stomata are claused because??
to conserve water (CO2 cannot enter though sad)
117
minimal because limited CO2 is fixed but it does allow CAM plants to live under stressful conditions
photosynthesis
118
why are there different types of photosynthesis
organisms are metabolically adapted to their environment
119
most likely evolved and adapted to areas of high light intensities, high temperatures, and limited rainfall
C4 plants
120
plants that are more sensitive to cold
C4 plants
121
can do better than C4 plants below 25 degrees
C3 plants
122
compete well with either type of plant when the environment is quite arid
CAM plants
123
example of CAM plants
orchids
lillies
ferns
cone-bearing trees
