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Fundamentals of Botany > Photosynthesis Part 2 > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

molecular complexes in the thylakoid membrane

A

PS II
PS I
ETC
ATP synthase complex

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2
Q

consist of pigment complex and electron acceptor molecules, receives electrons from water as water splits, releasing oxygen

A

Photosystem II

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3
Q

carries electrons from PS II to PS I

A

ETC

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4
Q

pumps H+ from the stroma into the thylakoid

A

plastoquinone

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5
Q

ETC consists of what

A

plastoquinone (Pq)
cytochrome complexes

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6
Q

proteins that contain heme as their prosthetic group and whose principal biological function, in the cells of animals, plants, and microorganisms, is electron transport

A

cytochrome

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7
Q

consist of pigment complex and electron acceptor molecules which is adjacent to NADP reductase

A

PS I

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8
Q

reduces NADP to NADPH

A

NADP reductase

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9
Q

has a channel and protruding ATP synthase

A

ATP synthase complex

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10
Q

joins ADP + P

A

ATP synthase

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11
Q

acts as a reservoir for hydrogen ions

A

thylakoid space

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12
Q

when water is oxidized, these remain in the thylakoid space

A

hydrogen ions

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13
Q

gives up energy and is used to pump H+ from the stroma into the thylakoid space

A

electrons

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14
Q

which space has more H (stroma or thylakoid)

A

thylakoid

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15
Q

provides kinetic energy that allows an ATP synthase complex enzyme to produce ATP from ADP + P

A

flow of H from high to low concenrtation

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16
Q

method of producing ATP that is tied to the establishment of H+ gradient

A

chemiosmosis

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17
Q

produces NADPH and ATP

A

thylakoid membrane

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18
Q

move through sequential molecular complexes within the thylakoid membrane and the last one passes electrons to NADP+ after which it becomes NADPH

A

electrons

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19
Q

pumps hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid space through an ATP synthase complex

A

Carrier

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20
Q

produced from ADP + P

A

ATP

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21
Q

won the 2007 Nobel Prize for raising awareness concerning global warming

A

Al Gore

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22
Q

according to the Nobel Committee, could induce large-scale migrations and lead to greater competition for the Earth’s resources

A

global warming

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23
Q

refers to a rise in the average global temperature during the twenty-first century due to the introduction of certain gases into the atmosphere

A

global warming

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24
Q

for at least a thousand years prior to 1850, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels remained fairly constant at

A

0.028%

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25
Q

since industrialization began, the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere increased to what

A

0.038%

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26
Q

examples include CO2 and other gases which trap radiant heat from the sun

A

greenhouse grases

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27
Q

increasing concentration of this is predicted to cause global warming

A

greenhouse gases

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28
Q

without green house gasses, the temperature would be this

A

33 degrees cooler

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29
Q

adds CO2 to the atmosphere

A

burning of fossil fuel
tropical forest deforestation

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30
Q

amount of rainforest lost every year

A

10 to 30 million hectares

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31
Q

reason why rainforest is lost

A

ranching
logging
mining
developed for human needs

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32
Q

accounts for 20-30% of all CO2 in the atmosphere

A

deforestation

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33
Q

adds CO2 to the atmosphere and removes trees that absorb CO2

A

burning a forest

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34
Q

acts as a sink for CO2

A

process of photosynthesis and oceans

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35
Q

make a substantial contribution to global CO2

A

tropical rainforest

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36
Q

percent of reduction of tropical rain forest size

A

14% to 6%

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37
Q

taking account all ecosystems, marine and terrestrial, this produces organic matter that is 300 to 600 times the mass of people

A

photosynthesis

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38
Q

contribute greatly to the uptake of CO2 and the productivity of photosynthesis since they are most efficient of all terrestrial ecosystems

A

tropical rain forests

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39
Q

where tropical rain forests occur

A

equator

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40
Q

characteristics of tropical rainforests

A

exist in temperatures above 26 degrees and rainfall is heavy (100-200cm)
huge trees and buttressed trunks and broad, undivided dark-green leaves
nearly all plant plants are woody and woody vines are also abundant

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41
Q

increase amount of CO2 in the atmosphere will cause photosynthesis to

A

increase in the remaining portion of the forest

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42
Q

how did researchers test the possibility that an increased amount of CO2 in the atmosphere increases the rate of photosynthesis

A

measured CO2 levels, daily temperature levels, and tree girth in La Selva, Costa Rica for 16 years

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43
Q

were found at higher temperatures

A

lower forest productivity

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44
Q

what did the findings of researchers in La Selva Costa Rica suggest

A

as temperatures rise, tropical rain forest may add to ongoing atmospheric CO2 accumulation and accelerated global warming

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45
Q

in the mid 1970s, established a system of national parks and reserves to protect 12% of the country’s land area from degradation

A

Costa Rica

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46
Q

what percent does the country wants to expand in the near future

A

12% to 25%

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47
Q

occur after the light reactions, a series of reactions that produce carbohydrate before returning to the starting point once more

A

Calvin cycle reactions

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48
Q

Calvin cycle was named for him, who with colleagues used radioactive isotope 14C as a tracer to discover the reactions making up the cycle

A

Melvin Calvin

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49
Q

Calvin cycle includes the following

A

Carbon dioxide fixation
Carbon dioxide reduction
Regeneration of RuBP

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50
Q

RuBP

A

ribulose-1
5-biphosphate

51
Q

first step of the calvin cycle

A

Carbon dioxide fixation

52
Q

Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is attached to what

A

RuBP

53
Q

5-carbon molecule that CO2 attaches to

A

RuBP

54
Q

product of CO2 and RuBP

A

6-carbon molecule

55
Q

the 6-carbon molecule splits into this

A

Two 3-carbon molecule

56
Q

enzyme that speeds up the carbon dioxide fixation

A

RuBP carboxylase

57
Q

protein that makes up 20-50% of the protein content in chloroplasts

A

RuBP carboxylase

58
Q

reason why RuBP carboxylase is abundant

A

unusually slow process (processes only few molecules compared to thousands per second for a typical enzyme)
there has to be a lot to keep the cycle going

59
Q

first 3-carbon molecule in the Calvin cycle

A

3PG (3-phospoglycerate)

60
Q

3PG

A

3-phosphoglycerate

61
Q

3PG -> G3P undergoes what

A

reduction

62
Q

this sequence signifies the reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate

A

R-CO2 -> R-CH2O

63
Q

supplies the energy needed for carbon dioxide reduction reaction

A

ATP and NADPH

64
Q

times of Calvin reaction cycles multiplied by because it takes this much to allow one G3P to exit

A

3 times

65
Q

for every three turns of the Calvin cycle, this much G3P are used to re-form three molecules of RuBP and the cycle continues

A

5 molecules of G3P

66
Q

how many carbons in G3P

A

3

67
Q

how many carbons in RuBP

A

5

68
Q

product of the Calvin cycle that can be converted to other molecules a plant needs

A

G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)

69
Q

G3P

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

70
Q

among the organic molecules that result from G3P metabolism

A

glucose phosphate

71
Q

glucose phosphate can be combined with this (and remove the phosphate) to produce sucrose

A

fructose

72
Q

plants use these to transport carbohydrates from one part of the plant to the other

A

sucrose

73
Q

glucose phosphate is also the starting point of the production of these

A

cellulose
starch

74
Q

form of glucose where some of it is stored in chloroplasts

A

starch

75
Q

where most of the starch is stored in roots

A

amyloplasts

76
Q

structural component of plant cell walls and becomes fiber in our diet because we are unable to digest it

A

cellulose

77
Q

component of G3P to that plant uses to form fatty acids and glycerol

A

hydrocarbon skeleton

78
Q

fatty acids and glycerol combined to this, examples include sunflower, corn, and olive

A

plant oils

79
Q

when added to the hydrocarbon skeleton derived from G3P, amino acids are formed

A

nitrogen

80
Q

examples of land plants that carry on photosynthesis as described earlier

A

Azaleas
maples
tulips

81
Q

use the enzyme RuBP carboxylase to fix CO2 to RuBP in mesophyll cells

A

C3 plants

82
Q

C3 plants include

A

wheat
rice
oats

83
Q

first detected molecule following fixation

A

3PG

84
Q

describe the CO2 fixation in C3 plants

A

RuBP + CO2 -> 2 3PG

85
Q

openings n leaves where water can escape and CO2 can enter

A

stomata

86
Q

when this happens, stomata closes to conserve water

A

Hot weather

87
Q

might cause plant to wilt and die

A

water loss

88
Q

Due to stomata closing, what happens to the concentration of gas

A

CO2 decreases and O2 increases

89
Q

when O2 increases in these plants, what does RuBP carboxylase do to O2?

A

combines it with RuBP instead

90
Q

product of O2 fixing with RuBP

A

one molecule of 3PG and CO2 is released

91
Q

in the presence of light (photo), oxygen is taken up and CO2 is released (respiration)

A

photorespiration

92
Q

difference between C3 and C4 plants in the location of mesophyll cells

A

C3 - parallel layers, well-formed chloroplasts
C4 - chloroplasts in bundle sheath cells and mesophyll cells

93
Q

in C4 plants, are arranged cocentrically around the bundle sheath cell

A

mesophyll cells

94
Q

use the enzyme PEP carboxylase (PEPcase)

A

C4 plants

95
Q

PEPcase

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

96
Q

used to fix CO2 to PEP

A

PEPcase

97
Q

C3 molecule that becomes C4 when fixed with CO2

A

PEP

98
Q

result of fixing CO2 to PEPcase

A

oxaloacetate

99
Q

reduced form of oxaloacetate that is pumped into the bundle sheath cell

A

malate

100
Q

only in C4 plants, where does CO2 enter

A

calvin cycle

101
Q

because of CO2 entering the calvin cycle in C4 plants, what are the differences with C3 plants

A

faster photosynthetic rater

102
Q

example of C4 plants

A

sugarcane
corn
bermuda grass

103
Q

what does C4 avoid

A

photorespiration

104
Q

wasteful cycle because it is not part of the calvin cycle

A

photorespiration

105
Q

how do C4 plants avoid photorespiration

A

PEPcase does not combine with O2
Even if the stomata are closed, CO2 is delivered into the calvin cycle in the bundle sheath cells

106
Q

when weather is moderate which is more advantaged C3 plants or C4 plants?

A

C3 plants

107
Q

when weather becomes hot, which plants become more advantaged

A

C4 plants

108
Q

CAM

A

crassulacean-acid metabolism

109
Q

family of flowering succulent (water-containing) plants that live in warm, dry regions of the world

A

crassulaceae

110
Q

was first discovered on the family of Crassulaceae, but was already known on other groups of plants

A

CAM

111
Q

difference of C4 and CAM plants in partitioning

A

C4 - partitions in space (CO2 fixation in bundle sheath cells)
CAM - partition by the use of time

112
Q

During the night, CAM plants use PEPcase to do what

A

fix CO2, forming C4 molecules, which is stored in large vacuoles in mesophyll cells

113
Q

During the day, C4 molecules do what

A

release CO2 to the Calvin cycle when ATP and NADPH are available from the light reactions

114
Q

primary advantage for CAM partition

A

conservation of water

115
Q

only opened at night, and at that time does atmospheric CO2 enter the plant

A

stomata

116
Q

during the day, the stomata are claused because??

A

to conserve water (CO2 cannot enter though sad)

117
Q

minimal because limited CO2 is fixed but it does allow CAM plants to live under stressful conditions

A

photosynthesis

118
Q

why are there different types of photosynthesis

A

organisms are metabolically adapted to their environment

119
Q

most likely evolved and adapted to areas of high light intensities, high temperatures, and limited rainfall

A

C4 plants

120
Q

plants that are more sensitive to cold

A

C4 plants

121
Q

can do better than C4 plants below 25 degrees

A

C3 plants

122
Q

compete well with either type of plant when the environment is quite arid

A

CAM plants

123
Q

example of CAM plants

A

orchids
lillies
ferns
cone-bearing trees

Fundamentals of Botany (25 decks)

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