Plant Tissues Flashcards
are multicellular, primarily terrestrial eukaryotes with well-developed tissues
plants
due to photosynthesis, and it contains chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids, and other pigments, plants are considered as this
autotrophic
where plants store starch
chloroplasts
contains cellulose
cell wall
plant protect its development by providing it with water and nutrients within the female reproductive structure
embryo
plants alternate within this
2-generation life cycle
2 generation life cycle of plants
sporophyte
gametophyte
3 groups of nonvascular plants
Liverworts (hepatophyta)
Hornworts (anthocerophyta)
Mosses (bryophyta)
Liverworts
(hepatophyta)
hepatophyta
liverworts
Hornworts
(anthocerophyta)
anthoceropyta
hornworts
mosses
bryophyta
bryophyta
mosses
non-vascular plants lack these
vacular tissues
non-vascular plants do not have no true roots, stems, and leaves but they have these
stem-like, root-like, and leaf-like structures
non-vascular plants are usually small, and the largest is no more than what
20cm tall
where non-vascular plants are usually found
moist habitats
is the dominant, independent and photosynthetic in non-vascular plants
gametophyte
the dependent, attached in non-vascular plants and derives its nourishment from its counterpart
sporophyte
cuticle protects against:
desiccation
abrasion
fungal and bacterial attacks
found in moist areas because they do not have vascular tissues
mosses
enables plants to live in permafrost/desert conditions
vascular tissues
general pattern of reproduction among plants
alternation of generation
majority of plants belong in this stage (alternation of generation)
sporophyte (2n)
sporophytes undergo what to become a gametophyte
meiosis
plant stage where the plant produces the gametes
gametophyte
process where egg is fertilized by the sperm, the zygote forms
fertilization
seed germinates to become this
sporophyte
in bryophytes, what generation is dependent and independent?
sporophytes - dependent
gametophytes - independent
alternation of generation where it is the fruiting bodies
sporophytes
alternation of generation where it is the photosynthetic stage
gametophytes
what does “dependent” means in alternation of generation
if they are removed from the body, they die
Seedless vascular plants includes the following:
Ferns (pteridophyta)
Whisk ferns (Psilotophyta)
Quillworts
Club and spike mosses (lycodophyta)
Horsetail (equisetophyta)
Ferns (
pteridophyta
pteridophyta
ferns
Whisk ferns
psilotophyta
psilotophyta
whisk ferns
Quillworts
Isoetes
Isoetes
Quillworts
Club and spike mosses
lycodophyta
(lycodophyta)
club and spike mosses
Horsetail
(equisetophyta)
equisetophyta
horsetail
vascular tissues of vascular plants
xylem and phloem
vascular plants have these compared to non-vascular plants
true roots, stems, and leaves
in vascular plants, these are more dominant
sporophyte
in ferns (seedless vascular plants) which generation is dependent/independent
sporophytes - independent
gametophyte - independent
dependent on their counterparts in vascular plants (ssed vascular)
gametohpyte
cone bearing plants
gymnosperms
conifers or pine
pinophyte
pinophyte
confiers or pine
cycadophyte
cycads
cycads
cycadophyte
gingko
gingkophyta
gingkgophyta
gingko
gnetophyta
gnetophytes
gnetophytes
gnetophyta
fruit-bearing or flowering plants
angiosperms
flowering plants
magnoliophyta
dicot
magnoliopsida
magnoliopsida
dicot
liliopsida
monocot
more primitive than monocots
dicot
embryo has two cotyledon
dicot
dicot’s floral part are usually these
4 or 5, multiples of 4s and 5s
dicot’s stems are characterized by these
woody herbaceous stem
dicot’s leaves are characterized by these
oval or palmate leaves with netlike venation
the dicot’s root system
taproot system
more advanced than dicots
monocot
monocot’s embryo has how many cotyledon
one cotyledon
monocot’s floral parts are these
floral parts in 3 or multiples of 3
monocot’s stems are characterized by these
Herbaceous, soft and green stems
monocot’s leaves are these
narrow shaped leaves with parallel venation
monocot’s root system
fibrous system
system that is inserted into the soil
root system
system that is exposed
shoot system
Classified into primary and secondary tissues responsible for primary and secondary growth
vascular plant tissues
refers to increase in height
primary growth
refers to increase in diameter and formation of woody structure
secondary growth
Four types of vascular plant tissues:
Meristem/meristematic
Dermal
Ground fundamental
Vascular
also called embryonic or growth tissue
meristematic tissue
composed of unique, differentiated small actively dividing cells
meristematic tissue
thin walls and large nuclei
meristematic tissues
lack conspicuous vacuoles and intercellular spaces
meristematic tissues
types of meristematic tissues
terminal or apical
lateral
intercalary
meristematic tissues located at the tips of the root and stems
terminal or apical meristem
meristematic tissues responsible for establishing patterns and producing new, genetically healthy cells
terminal or apical meristem
in these, portions of apical meristems are separated from the apex during development, thus forming
intercalary meristems
lie below the node and at the base of the stem of grasses, disappear when transformed into permanent tissue
intercalary meristem
composed of initial cells that divide chiefly in one plane
lateral meristems
meristematic tissues that increase the diameter of the organ
lateral meristem
derivatives of meristem
protoderm
procambium
ground meristem
forms the dermal tissues; irreplaceable
protoderm
forms the vascular tissues
procambium
forms the ground tissues
ground meristem
cover the body of the plant
dermal tissues
functions of dermal tissue
the absorption of water and minerals,
secretion of cuticle,
protection against herbivores,
control gas exchange
tissues that have few intercellular spaces
dermal tissues
composition of dermal tissues
cuticle
epidermal cells
trichomes
two types of dermal tissues
epiderm
periderm
composed of fatty mineral, waterproof cutin
cuticle
covers the cuticle
epicuticular wax
cuticles becomes the outer covering of these, particularly the upper surface
leaves
cuticle protects the plants from these
desiccation and microbes
in leaves and young green stems, the only intercellular spaces are the stomata surrounded by guard cells
epidermal cells
responsible for gas exchange and cellular recognition in dermal tissues
epidermal cells
unicellular or multicellular outgrowths from the epidermal cell
trichomes
example of trichomes
cotton, fibers, menthol of peppermint, and root hairs
dermal tissue part responsible for nutrition and absorption and protection from herbivores and humans
trichomes
fate of epidermis
short-lived in many plants
the epidermis is replaced by this
periderm
form the bulk of the softer parts of plants
fundamental ground tissue
includes the pith and cortex of the stem, leaf tissues except for epidermis and veins, and major portions of fruits
fundamental ground tissues
ground tissues function
storage
basic metabolism
support
parenchyma is derived from the Greek words
para - “beside”
chein - “to pour in”
most common and most abundant plant tissue
parenchyma
occur in all organs of higher plants, have long-lived protoplast, large vacuoles, and thin walls (ground tissues)
parenchyma
types of parenchymal cells
chlorenchyma
aerenchyma
transfer cells
storage parenchyma
covers the entire plant
epiderm
found in developing seeds, very important in increasing surface area of absorption
root hairs
meaning of trichomes
trichos - “hair”
present in lower epidermis especially in dicots, regulates the opening (stomates)
guard cells
periderm is made up of
cork
cork cambium
living phloem
part of periderm that is dead at maturity, important for waterproofing
cork cells
produces the bark when the original part is removed
cork cambium
openings/gaps in the bark
lenticels
openings/gaps in the bark due to overpopulation of cork in the cork cambium, functions in gas exchange
lenticels
parenchyma cells that contains chloroplast
chlorenchyma
parenchyma with prominent intercellular spaces to improve gas exchange and provide maximum support
aerenchyma
which parenchymal cells is found in the spongy layer of the leaf
aerenchyma cells
parenchyma specialized for transport of solutes
transfer cells
▪ occur in areas of high solute transport along the conducting cells of xylem and phloem
transfer cells
collenchyma is derived from this Greek word
colla - “glue”
composed of elongated cells with unevenly thickened stretchable cell walls, cell is often in strands or as a cylinder beneath the epidermis
collenchyma
most specialized and most abundant ground tissue
parenchyma
thick stretchable cells where it stains red under the microscope
collenchyma
form bundle sheat and cylinders and provides flexible support to the growing regions of the plant
collenchyma
ground tissue that is dead at maturity, have thick secondary walls with lignin, support the mature regions of the plan
sclerenchyma
the word Sclerenchyma is derived from the Greek word
skleros - “hard”
type of sclerenchyma
sclereids
fibers
relatively short cells with variable shapes, usually occur in singly or small groups (types of sclerenchyma)
sclereids
type of sclerenchyma characterized by long slender cells with sufficient tensile strength, occur in strands or bundles
fibers
composed of several kinds of cells that differ in structure and in function, specialized for long-distance transport of water and dissolved solutes
vascular tissues
vascular tissues contain
transfer cells
secretor cells
fibers
the word Phloem is derived from the Greek word
phlos - “bark”
principal food-conducting tissue in vascular plant
phloem
Transports dissolved organic materials in all directions throughout the plant
phloem
materials moving through the phloem are in a what pressure
positive pressure
composition of phloem
primary phloem
secondary phloem
conducting cells
phloem conducts food and other materials in what directions
upwards, downwards, laterally
found in all vascular plants except angiosperms (phloem component)
sieve cells
phloem component with albuminous cells
sieve cells
apomorphy of angiosperms (phloem components)
sieve tube
has sieve areas only
sieve cells
has both sieve areas and plates
sieve tubes
phloem component with companion cells
sieve tube members
boss of the sieve tube
companion cell
companion cell is important in what
loading/unloading sugar
vascular tissues in roots
vascular cylinder
vascular tissues in stems
vascular bundles
vascular tissues in leaves
vein
component of phloem that differentiates from procambium, have primary cell well that are not highly modified
primary phloem
primary phloem can be
protophloem
metaphloem
phloem located in elongating region
protophloem
phloem located in non-elongating region
metaphloem
constitutes the inner layer of bark (composition of phloem)
secondary phloem
called sieve elements
conducting cells
Lack nucleus and alive at maturity, Have thin primary cell wall with sieve areas perforated by sieve pores
conducting cells in phloem
more primitive than sieve tube members, long and have tapered, overlapping ends
sieve cells
more evolutionary advanced; shorter and wider, arranged from end-to-end
sieve tube members
Have larger sieve areas, associated with at least one companion cell
sieve tube members
in sieve tube regulate the loading and unloading of carbohydrates
companion cell
the word xylem is derived from the Greek word
xylos - “wood”
Principal water-conducting tissue in vascular plants
xylem
Transports water upward from the roots up to the leaves
xylem
water in xylem moves up in a what pressure
negative pressure
composition of xylem
primary xylem
secondary xylem
conducting cells in xylem
lined with casparian strip (border the sides of endodermal cells)
endodermis
forces fluids outside through plasma membrane (selective absorption)
casparian strip
made up of lignin/suberin (both are waterproofing materials)
endodermis
differentiates from procambium, have a secondary cell that are highly modified
primary xylem
xylem located in elongating region
protoxylem
xylem located in nonelongating region
metaxylem
commonly called wood, cells are more abundant and in different frequencies
secondary xylem
elongated, dead cells with thick, lignified cell wall (composition of xylem)
conducting cells
most primitive and least specialized, long slender cells with tapered, overlapping ends that are major water-conducting vessels in non-flowering plants
tracheids
more evolutionary advanced than tracheids, found in angiosperms
vessel elements
has a perforation plate and diameter to tracheid are 10x larger
vessel elements
allow water to flow through while providing support for the vessel
perforation plate
origin, nature, and major function of epidermis
protoderm
simple, living, usually one layer
protection
origin, nature, and major function of parenchyma
ground meristem
simple, living, multi layered
storage and synthesis
origin, nature, and major function of collenchyma
ground meristem
simple, living multilayered
support
origin, nature, and major function of scelerenchyma
ground meristem
simple, unliving multilayered
support, flexibility, hardness
origin, nature, and major function of endodermis
ground meristem
simple living and non-living, one layer
directs passage of water and minerals into root xylem
origin, nature, and major function of pericycle
procambium
simple, living, one layer
production of branch roots
origin, nature, and major function of primary xylem
procambium
complex, mostly non-living, multilayered
water transport
origin, nature, and major function of primary phloem
procambium
complex, mostly non-living, multilayered
food transport
origin, nature, and major function of vascular cambium
procambium
simple, living, one layer
production of secondary xylem and phloem
origin, nature, and major function of secondary xylem
vascular cambium
complex, mostly non-livin, multilayered
water transport
origin, nature, and major function of secondary phloem
vascular cambium
complex, mostly living multilayered
food transport
origin, nature, and major function of cork
cork cambium
simple, non-living, multilayered
protection and support
origin, nature, and major function of phelloderm
cork cambium
simple, living, one to two layers
protection and support
are multicellular, primarily terrestrial eukaryotes with well-developed tissues
plants
plants are grouped as
nonvascular
vascular seedless
seed vascular
different types of tissues
meristematic
dermal
ground
vascular
