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Fundamentals of Botany > Plant Tissues > Flashcards

Plant Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

are multicellular, primarily terrestrial eukaryotes with well-developed tissues

A

plants

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2
Q

due to photosynthesis, and it contains chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids, and other pigments, plants are considered as this

A

autotrophic

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3
Q

where plants store starch

A

chloroplasts

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4
Q

contains cellulose

A

cell wall

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5
Q

plant protect its development by providing it with water and nutrients within the female reproductive structure

A

embryo

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6
Q

plants alternate within this

A

2-generation life cycle

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7
Q

2 generation life cycle of plants

A

sporophyte
gametophyte

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8
Q

3 groups of nonvascular plants

A

Liverworts (hepatophyta)
Hornworts (anthocerophyta)
Mosses (bryophyta)

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9
Q

Liverworts

A

(hepatophyta)

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10
Q

hepatophyta

A

liverworts

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11
Q

Hornworts

A

(anthocerophyta)

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12
Q

anthoceropyta

A

hornworts

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13
Q

mosses

A

bryophyta

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14
Q

bryophyta

A

mosses

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15
Q

non-vascular plants lack these

A

vacular tissues

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16
Q

non-vascular plants do not have no true roots, stems, and leaves but they have these

A

stem-like, root-like, and leaf-like structures

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17
Q

non-vascular plants are usually small, and the largest is no more than what

A

20cm tall

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18
Q

where non-vascular plants are usually found

A

moist habitats

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19
Q

is the dominant, independent and photosynthetic in non-vascular plants

A

gametophyte

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20
Q

the dependent, attached in non-vascular plants and derives its nourishment from its counterpart

A

sporophyte

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21
Q

cuticle protects against:

A

desiccation
abrasion
fungal and bacterial attacks

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22
Q

found in moist areas because they do not have vascular tissues

A

mosses

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23
Q

enables plants to live in permafrost/desert conditions

A

vascular tissues

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24
Q

general pattern of reproduction among plants

A

alternation of generation

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25
Q

majority of plants belong in this stage (alternation of generation)

A

sporophyte (2n)

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26
Q

sporophytes undergo what to become a gametophyte

A

meiosis

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27
Q

plant stage where the plant produces the gametes

A

gametophyte

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28
Q

process where egg is fertilized by the sperm, the zygote forms

A

fertilization

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29
Q

seed germinates to become this

A

sporophyte

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30
Q

in bryophytes, what generation is dependent and independent?

A

sporophytes - dependent
gametophytes - independent

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31
Q

alternation of generation where it is the fruiting bodies

A

sporophytes

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32
Q

alternation of generation where it is the photosynthetic stage

A

gametophytes

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33
Q

what does “dependent” means in alternation of generation

A

if they are removed from the body, they die

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34
Q

Seedless vascular plants includes the following:

A

Ferns (pteridophyta)
Whisk ferns (Psilotophyta)
Quillworts
Club and spike mosses (lycodophyta)
Horsetail (equisetophyta)

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35
Q

Ferns (

A

pteridophyta

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36
Q

pteridophyta

A

ferns

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37
Q

Whisk ferns

A

psilotophyta

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38
Q

psilotophyta

A

whisk ferns

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39
Q

Quillworts

A

Isoetes

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40
Q

Isoetes

A

Quillworts

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41
Q

Club and spike mosses

A

lycodophyta

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42
Q

(lycodophyta)

A

club and spike mosses

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43
Q

Horsetail

A

(equisetophyta)

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44
Q

equisetophyta

A

horsetail

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45
Q

vascular tissues of vascular plants

A

xylem and phloem

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46
Q

vascular plants have these compared to non-vascular plants

A

true roots, stems, and leaves

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47
Q

in vascular plants, these are more dominant

A

sporophyte

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48
Q

in ferns (seedless vascular plants) which generation is dependent/independent

A

sporophytes - independent
gametophyte - independent

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49
Q

dependent on their counterparts in vascular plants (ssed vascular)

A

gametohpyte

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50
Q

cone bearing plants

A

gymnosperms

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51
Q

conifers or pine

A

pinophyte

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52
Q

pinophyte

A

confiers or pine

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53
Q

cycadophyte

A

cycads

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54
Q

cycads

A

cycadophyte

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55
Q

gingko

A

gingkophyta

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56
Q

gingkgophyta

A

gingko

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57
Q

gnetophyta

A

gnetophytes

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58
Q

gnetophytes

A

gnetophyta

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59
Q

fruit-bearing or flowering plants

A

angiosperms

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60
Q

flowering plants

A

magnoliophyta

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61
Q

dicot

A

magnoliopsida

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62
Q

magnoliopsida

A

dicot

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63
Q

liliopsida

A

monocot

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64
Q

more primitive than monocots

A

dicot

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65
Q

embryo has two cotyledon

A

dicot

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66
Q

dicot’s floral part are usually these

A

4 or 5, multiples of 4s and 5s

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67
Q

dicot’s stems are characterized by these

A

woody herbaceous stem

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68
Q

dicot’s leaves are characterized by these

A

oval or palmate leaves with netlike venation

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69
Q

the dicot’s root system

A

taproot system

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70
Q

more advanced than dicots

A

monocot

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71
Q

monocot’s embryo has how many cotyledon

A

one cotyledon

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72
Q

monocot’s floral parts are these

A

floral parts in 3 or multiples of 3

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73
Q

monocot’s stems are characterized by these

A

Herbaceous, soft and green stems

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74
Q

monocot’s leaves are these

A

narrow shaped leaves with parallel venation

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75
Q

monocot’s root system

A

fibrous system

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76
Q

system that is inserted into the soil

A

root system

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77
Q

system that is exposed

A

shoot system

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78
Q

Classified into primary and secondary tissues responsible for primary and secondary growth

A

vascular plant tissues

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79
Q

refers to increase in height

A

primary growth

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80
Q

refers to increase in diameter and formation of woody structure

A

secondary growth

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81
Q

Four types of vascular plant tissues:

A

Meristem/meristematic
Dermal
Ground fundamental
Vascular

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82
Q

also called embryonic or growth tissue

A

meristematic tissue

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83
Q

composed of unique, differentiated small actively dividing cells

A

meristematic tissue

84
Q

thin walls and large nuclei

A

meristematic tissues

85
Q

lack conspicuous vacuoles and intercellular spaces

A

meristematic tissues

86
Q

types of meristematic tissues

A

terminal or apical
lateral
intercalary

87
Q

meristematic tissues located at the tips of the root and stems

A

terminal or apical meristem

88
Q

meristematic tissues responsible for establishing patterns and producing new, genetically healthy cells

A

terminal or apical meristem

89
Q

in these, portions of apical meristems are separated from the apex during development, thus forming

A

intercalary meristems

90
Q

lie below the node and at the base of the stem of grasses, disappear when transformed into permanent tissue

A

intercalary meristem

91
Q

composed of initial cells that divide chiefly in one plane

A

lateral meristems

92
Q

meristematic tissues that increase the diameter of the organ

A

lateral meristem

93
Q

derivatives of meristem

A

protoderm
procambium
ground meristem

94
Q

forms the dermal tissues; irreplaceable

A

protoderm

95
Q

forms the vascular tissues

A

procambium

96
Q

forms the ground tissues

A

ground meristem

97
Q

cover the body of the plant

A

dermal tissues

98
Q

functions of dermal tissue

A

the absorption of water and minerals,
secretion of cuticle,
protection against herbivores,
control gas exchange

99
Q

tissues that have few intercellular spaces

A

dermal tissues

100
Q

composition of dermal tissues

A

cuticle
epidermal cells
trichomes

101
Q

two types of dermal tissues

A

epiderm
periderm

102
Q

composed of fatty mineral, waterproof cutin

A

cuticle

103
Q

covers the cuticle

A

epicuticular wax

104
Q

cuticles becomes the outer covering of these, particularly the upper surface

A

leaves

105
Q

cuticle protects the plants from these

A

desiccation and microbes

106
Q

in leaves and young green stems, the only intercellular spaces are the stomata surrounded by guard cells

A

epidermal cells

107
Q

responsible for gas exchange and cellular recognition in dermal tissues

A

epidermal cells

108
Q

unicellular or multicellular outgrowths from the epidermal cell

A

trichomes

109
Q

example of trichomes

A

cotton, fibers, menthol of peppermint, and root hairs

110
Q

dermal tissue part responsible for nutrition and absorption and protection from herbivores and humans

A

trichomes

111
Q

fate of epidermis

A

short-lived in many plants

112
Q

the epidermis is replaced by this

A

periderm

113
Q

form the bulk of the softer parts of plants

A

fundamental ground tissue

114
Q

includes the pith and cortex of the stem, leaf tissues except for epidermis and veins, and major portions of fruits

A

fundamental ground tissues

115
Q

ground tissues function

A

storage
basic metabolism
support

116
Q

parenchyma is derived from the Greek words

A

para - “beside”
chein - “to pour in”

117
Q

most common and most abundant plant tissue

A

parenchyma

118
Q

occur in all organs of higher plants, have long-lived protoplast, large vacuoles, and thin walls (ground tissues)

A

parenchyma

119
Q

types of parenchymal cells

A

chlorenchyma
aerenchyma
transfer cells
storage parenchyma

120
Q

covers the entire plant

A

epiderm

121
Q

found in developing seeds, very important in increasing surface area of absorption

A

root hairs

122
Q

meaning of trichomes

A

trichos - “hair”

123
Q

present in lower epidermis especially in dicots, regulates the opening (stomates)

A

guard cells

124
Q

periderm is made up of

A

cork
cork cambium
living phloem

125
Q

part of periderm that is dead at maturity, important for waterproofing

A

cork cells

126
Q

produces the bark when the original part is removed

A

cork cambium

127
Q

openings/gaps in the bark

A

lenticels

128
Q

openings/gaps in the bark due to overpopulation of cork in the cork cambium, functions in gas exchange

A

lenticels

129
Q

parenchyma cells that contains chloroplast

A

chlorenchyma

130
Q

parenchyma with prominent intercellular spaces to improve gas exchange and provide maximum support

A

aerenchyma

131
Q

which parenchymal cells is found in the spongy layer of the leaf

A

aerenchyma cells

132
Q

parenchyma specialized for transport of solutes

A

transfer cells

133
Q

▪ occur in areas of high solute transport along the conducting cells of xylem and phloem

A

transfer cells

134
Q

collenchyma is derived from this Greek word

A

colla - “glue”

135
Q

composed of elongated cells with unevenly thickened stretchable cell walls, cell is often in strands or as a cylinder beneath the epidermis

A

collenchyma

136
Q

most specialized and most abundant ground tissue

A

parenchyma

137
Q

thick stretchable cells where it stains red under the microscope

A

collenchyma

138
Q

form bundle sheat and cylinders and provides flexible support to the growing regions of the plant

A

collenchyma

139
Q

ground tissue that is dead at maturity, have thick secondary walls with lignin, support the mature regions of the plan

A

sclerenchyma

140
Q

the word Sclerenchyma is derived from the Greek word

A

skleros - “hard”

141
Q

type of sclerenchyma

A

sclereids
fibers

142
Q

relatively short cells with variable shapes, usually occur in singly or small groups (types of sclerenchyma)

A

sclereids

143
Q

type of sclerenchyma characterized by long slender cells with sufficient tensile strength, occur in strands or bundles

A

fibers

144
Q

composed of several kinds of cells that differ in structure and in function, specialized for long-distance transport of water and dissolved solutes

A

vascular tissues

145
Q

vascular tissues contain

A

transfer cells
secretor cells
fibers

146
Q

the word Phloem is derived from the Greek word

A

phlos - “bark”

147
Q

principal food-conducting tissue in vascular plant

A

phloem

148
Q

Transports dissolved organic materials in all directions throughout the plant

A

phloem

149
Q

materials moving through the phloem are in a what pressure

A

positive pressure

150
Q

composition of phloem

A

primary phloem
secondary phloem
conducting cells

151
Q

phloem conducts food and other materials in what directions

A

upwards, downwards, laterally

152
Q

found in all vascular plants except angiosperms (phloem component)

A

sieve cells

153
Q

phloem component with albuminous cells

A

sieve cells

154
Q

apomorphy of angiosperms (phloem components)

A

sieve tube

155
Q

has sieve areas only

A

sieve cells

156
Q

has both sieve areas and plates

A

sieve tubes

157
Q

phloem component with companion cells

A

sieve tube members

158
Q

boss of the sieve tube

A

companion cell

159
Q

companion cell is important in what

A

loading/unloading sugar

160
Q

vascular tissues in roots

A

vascular cylinder

161
Q

vascular tissues in stems

A

vascular bundles

162
Q

vascular tissues in leaves

A

vein

163
Q

component of phloem that differentiates from procambium, have primary cell well that are not highly modified

A

primary phloem

164
Q

primary phloem can be

A

protophloem
metaphloem

165
Q

phloem located in elongating region

A

protophloem

166
Q

phloem located in non-elongating region

A

metaphloem

167
Q

constitutes the inner layer of bark (composition of phloem)

A

secondary phloem

168
Q

called sieve elements

A

conducting cells

169
Q

Lack nucleus and alive at maturity, Have thin primary cell wall with sieve areas perforated by sieve pores

A

conducting cells in phloem

170
Q

more primitive than sieve tube members, long and have tapered, overlapping ends

A

sieve cells

171
Q

more evolutionary advanced; shorter and wider, arranged from end-to-end

A

sieve tube members

172
Q

Have larger sieve areas, associated with at least one companion cell

A

sieve tube members

173
Q

in sieve tube regulate the loading and unloading of carbohydrates

A

companion cell

174
Q

the word xylem is derived from the Greek word

A

xylos - “wood”

175
Q

Principal water-conducting tissue in vascular plants

A

xylem

176
Q

Transports water upward from the roots up to the leaves

A

xylem

177
Q

water in xylem moves up in a what pressure

A

negative pressure

178
Q

composition of xylem

A

primary xylem
secondary xylem
conducting cells in xylem

179
Q

lined with casparian strip (border the sides of endodermal cells)

A

endodermis

180
Q

forces fluids outside through plasma membrane (selective absorption)

A

casparian strip

181
Q

made up of lignin/suberin (both are waterproofing materials)

A

endodermis

182
Q

differentiates from procambium, have a secondary cell that are highly modified

A

primary xylem

183
Q

xylem located in elongating region

A

protoxylem

184
Q

xylem located in nonelongating region

A

metaxylem

185
Q

commonly called wood, cells are more abundant and in different frequencies

A

secondary xylem

186
Q

elongated, dead cells with thick, lignified cell wall (composition of xylem)

A

conducting cells

187
Q

most primitive and least specialized, long slender cells with tapered, overlapping ends that are major water-conducting vessels in non-flowering plants

A

tracheids

188
Q

more evolutionary advanced than tracheids, found in angiosperms

A

vessel elements

189
Q

has a perforation plate and diameter to tracheid are 10x larger

A

vessel elements

190
Q

allow water to flow through while providing support for the vessel

A

perforation plate

191
Q

origin, nature, and major function of epidermis

A

protoderm
simple, living, usually one layer
protection

192
Q

origin, nature, and major function of parenchyma

A

ground meristem
simple, living, multi layered
storage and synthesis

193
Q

origin, nature, and major function of collenchyma

A

ground meristem
simple, living multilayered
support

194
Q

origin, nature, and major function of scelerenchyma

A

ground meristem
simple, unliving multilayered
support, flexibility, hardness

195
Q

origin, nature, and major function of endodermis

A

ground meristem
simple living and non-living, one layer
directs passage of water and minerals into root xylem

196
Q

origin, nature, and major function of pericycle

A

procambium
simple, living, one layer
production of branch roots

197
Q

origin, nature, and major function of primary xylem

A

procambium
complex, mostly non-living, multilayered
water transport

198
Q

origin, nature, and major function of primary phloem

A

procambium
complex, mostly non-living, multilayered
food transport

199
Q

origin, nature, and major function of vascular cambium

A

procambium
simple, living, one layer
production of secondary xylem and phloem

200
Q

origin, nature, and major function of secondary xylem

A

vascular cambium
complex, mostly non-livin, multilayered
water transport

201
Q

origin, nature, and major function of secondary phloem

A

vascular cambium
complex, mostly living multilayered
food transport

202
Q

origin, nature, and major function of cork

A

cork cambium
simple, non-living, multilayered
protection and support

203
Q

origin, nature, and major function of phelloderm

A

cork cambium
simple, living, one to two layers
protection and support

204
Q

are multicellular, primarily terrestrial eukaryotes with well-developed tissues

A

plants

205
Q

plants are grouped as

A

nonvascular
vascular seedless
seed vascular

206
Q

different types of tissues

A

meristematic
dermal
ground
vascular

Fundamentals of Botany (25 decks)

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