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Fundamentals of Botany > Plant Hormones and Tropisms Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Plant Hormones and Tropisms Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

unequal growth due to contact with solid objects

A

thigmotropism

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2
Q

Greek words for thigmotropism

A

Thigma, tropos

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3
Q

Thigma means

A

touch

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4
Q

example of thigmotropism

A

coiling of tendril

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5
Q

grows straight until it touches something, then the cells in contact with an object, grow less while those on the opposite side elongate

A

flowering plant

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6
Q

can be quite rapid; a tendril has been observed to encircle an object within 10 minutes

A

thigmotropism

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7
Q

can bring about a response that lasts for several days

A

thigmotropism

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8
Q

thigmotropism can be delayed in the dark, and this will only respond when illuminated

A

tendrils

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9
Q

after the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to the photoreceptor, what happens to the photoreceptor

A

triggers a transduction pathway, in some unknown way, leads to the entry of auxin into the cell

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10
Q

rather than light can cause thigmotropism, therefore the need for light may simply be a need for ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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11
Q

touch response related to thigmotropism but the entire plant responds to the presence of environmental stimuli, such as wind or rain

A

thigmorphogenesis

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12
Q

what happens to a tree growing in a windy location

A

shorter, thicker trunk

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13
Q

such as rubbing a plant with a stick can inhibit cellular elongation a produce a sturdier plant with increased amounts of support tissue

A

mechanical simulation

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14
Q

dependent on turgor pressure changes in plant cells

A

turgor movements

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15
Q

do not involve growth and are not related to the source of the stimulus

A

turgor movements

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16
Q

turgor movements can result from

A

touch
shaking
thermal simulation

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17
Q

a sensitive plant which has compound leaves, meaning that each leaf contains many leaflets

A

mimosa pudica (makahiya)

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18
Q

has a progressive response to the stimulus that takes only a second or two

A

mimosa

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19
Q

thickening, a portion of flowering plant that is involved in controlling turgor movement

A

pulvinus

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20
Q

lose potassium ions and then water follows by osmosis that causes the leaf folding

A

motor cells

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21
Q

what happens to the leaflets of the leaf when the pulvinus cells lose turgor

A

collapse

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22
Q

cause the response to move from one leaflet to another after a leaflet collapse

A

electrical mechanism

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23
Q

speed of electrical charge measured and its transmission

A

1 cm/s

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24
Q

closes its trap in less than 1 second when three hairs at the base of the trap (trigger hairs) are touched by an insect

A

venus flytrap

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25
Q

where the electrical charge is propagated in venus flytrap

A

lobes of the leaf

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26
Q

what causes the electrical charge that is propagated in the venus flytrap (cells near the outer region)

A

Cells located near the center near the outer region of the lobes rapidly secrete hydrogen ions into their cell walls, loosening them and allowing the walls to swell rapidly by osmosis

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27
Q

what causes the electrical charge that is propagated in the venus flytrap (cells in the inner portion)

A

The cells in the inner portion of the lobes and the midrib rapidly lose ions, leading to a loss of water by osmosis and collapse of these cells

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28
Q

examples include leaves closing at night, occur in circadian rhythms

A

sleep movements

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29
Q

24-hour cycles

A

circadian rhythms

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30
Q

circadian rhythms can be observed because at night the leaves fold upward into a shape resembling hands at prayer

A

prayer plant

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31
Q

plant that opens its flowers in the early part of the day and closes them at night

A

morning glory

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32
Q

morning glory

A

Ipomea leptophylla

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33
Q

in most plants, this is open in the morning and close at night

A

stomata

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34
Q

to qualify as circadian rhythm the activity must:

A

occur every 24 hours
take place in the absence of external stimuli (such as dim light)
be able to reset if external cues are provided

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35
Q

the internal mechanism by which a circadian rhythm is maintained in the absence of appropriate environmental stimuli

A

biological clock

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36
Q

Are synchronized by external stimuli to 24-hour rhythm

A

biological clock

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37
Q

the length of daylight compared to length of darkness, sets the biological clock

A

photoperiod

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38
Q

Also indicates seasonal changes better than temperature changes

A

photoperiod

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39
Q

as little no to effect in the biological clock

A

temperature

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40
Q

work with Arabidopsis and other organisms suggest that biological clock involves the transcription of this

A

clock genes

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41
Q

one model proposes that the information-transfer system from DNA to RNA to enzyme to metabolite, with all of its feedback controls, is intrinsically what and could be the basis for biological clocks

A

cyclical

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42
Q

describe the information transfer system (DNA -> metabolite)

A

DNA -> RNA -> Enzyme -> Metabolite

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43
Q

control sleep movements, the opening and closing of stomata, the discharge of floral fragrances, and the metabolic activities associated with photosynthesis

A

genes

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44
Q

also influences seasonal cycles that depend on day/night lengths, including the regulation of flowering

A

biological clock

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45
Q

outwardly very similar in all species

A

circadian rhythms

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46
Q

not the same in all species

A

clock genes

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47
Q

many physiological changes in flowering plants are related to this in day length

A

seasonal change

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48
Q

example of physiological change in flowering plants related to seasonal changes

A

seed germination
breaking of bud dormancy
onset of senescence

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49
Q

a physiological response prompted by changes in the length of day or night in a 24-hour daily cycle

A

photoperiodism

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50
Q

in some plants, photoperiodism can influence what

A

flowering

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51
Q

flowers in the spring

A

violets
tulips

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52
Q

flowers in the fall

A

goldenrod and asters

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53
Q

requires the participation of a biological clock (can measure time), and activity of a plant photoreceptor (phytochrome)

A

photoperiodism

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54
Q

measure time

A

biological clock

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55
Q

Greek words for photoperiodism

A

photos and periodus

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56
Q

photos mean

A

light

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57
Q

periodus means

A

course

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58
Q

blue-green leaf pigment that is present in the cytoplasm of plant cells

A

phytochrome

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59
Q

Greek words for phytochrome

A

phyton chroma

60
Q

phyton means

A

plant

61
Q

chroma means

A

color

62
Q

composed of two identical proteins

A

phytochrome

63
Q

portion of the phytochrome where the light-sensitive region is located

A

larger portion

64
Q

can be said to act like a light switch because, like a light switch, it can be in the down (inactive) position or in the up (active) position

A

phytochrome

65
Q

prevalent in daylight that activates phytochrome, and it assumes its active conformation known as Pfr

A

red light

66
Q

active conformation of phytochrome

A

Pfr

67
Q

when it moves to the nucleus, it interacts with specific proteins, such as a transcription factor

A

Pfr

68
Q

activates certain genes and inactivates others (phytochrome)

A

Pfr and transcription factor

69
Q

active form of phytochrome is called this way because it absorbs far-red light.

A

Pfr

70
Q

prevalent in the evening and it serves to change Pfr to Pr

A

far red light

71
Q

inactive form of phytochrome

A

Pr

72
Q

a conversion cycle that is known to control various growth functions in plants

A

Pr -> Pfr

73
Q

promotes seed germination and inhibits shoot elongation

A

Pfr

74
Q

indicates to some seeds that sunlight is present and conditions are favorable for seed germination

A

prescence of far red

75
Q

Reason why some seeds are only partly covered with soil when planted

A

to expose and activate Pfr

76
Q

plants inhibited by light, so they must be planted deeper

A

arabidopsis seeds

77
Q

what happens to seedlings that grow in the dark characterized by the: shoots increasing in length and leaves remaining small

A

etiolate

78
Q

only when this happen does the seedling grow normally

A

conversion of Pr to Pfr

79
Q

Flowering plants can be divided into three groups on the basis of their flowering status:

A

short-day plants
long-day plants
day neutral plants

80
Q

flower when the day length is shorter than a critical length

A

short day plants

81
Q

example of short day plants

A

cocklebur
goldenrod
poinsettia
chrysanthemum

82
Q

length is longer than a critical length

A

long day plants

83
Q

long day plants

A

wheat
barley
rose
iris
clover

84
Q

are not dependent on day length for flowering

A

day neutral plants

85
Q

example of day neutral plants

A

tomato
cucumber

86
Q

criterion for designating plants as short-day or long-day

A

critical number

87
Q

has a critical length of 14 hours

A

spinach

88
Q

scientists discovered that it will not flower if required long dark period is interrupted by a brief flash of white light

A

cocklebur

89
Q

will flower if an overly long dark period is interrupted by brief flash of white light

A

long day plant

90
Q

which length controls flowering

A

length of dark period

91
Q

when night is longer than a critical length, this kind of plant flowers

A

short day plant

92
Q

The plant does not flower when the night is shorter than the critical length

A

short day plant

93
Q

Does not flower if the longer-than-critical-length is interrupted by flash of light

A

short day plant

94
Q

When the night is shorter than critical length, clover flowers

A

long day plant

95
Q

The plant does not flower when the night is longer than a critical length

A

long day plant

96
Q

does flower when a slightly longer-than-critical-length night is interrupted by a flash of light

A

long day plant

97
Q

irreversible changes in cell size and plant organs due to cell enlargement and division

A

growth

98
Q

transition from embryonic stages up to its later stages in maturation.

A

development

99
Q

development includes the following:

A

growth
morphogenesis
differentiation

100
Q

kind of growth wherein an organism stops growing as it reach a certain size

A

determinate

101
Q

a kind of growth wherein cell keeps on dividing indefinitely

A

indeterminate

102
Q

refers from the activity of apical meristems in which cell division is followed by progressive cell enlargement, typically elongation

A

primary growth

103
Q

involves two lateral meristems: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium

A

secondary growth

104
Q

gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem

A

vascular cambium

105
Q

produces the periderm, consisting of many cork cells

A

cork cambium

106
Q

lateral meristem that gives rise to the secondary xylem and secondary phloem

A

vascular cambium

107
Q

external factors that affect growth

A

sunlight
wind
gravity
water

108
Q

responses to environmental stimuli

A

tropic
nastic
taxis

109
Q

growth response oriented with regard to the stimulus

A

tropic

110
Q

stereotyped nongrowth response that is not oriented with regard to the stimulus

A

nastic

111
Q

– response in which a cell swims toward (positive ) or away (negative) a stimulus

A

taxis

112
Q

example of tropic response

A

phototropism
gravitropism
thigmotropism
chemotropism

113
Q

nastic responses

A

photonasty
thigmonasty
nyctinasty
thermonasty

114
Q

organic chemicals produced in one part of the plant and then transported to other parts, where they initiate a respond

A

plant hormones

115
Q

identify the hormone:

abscission suppression
apical dominance
cell elongation
root formation in cuttings

A

auxin

116
Q

identify the hormone
-bud activation
- cell division
- fruit/embryo development
- prevents leaf senescence

A

cytokinin

117
Q

-converts some juveniles into adult condition and vice versa
- release seed from dormancy
- stem elongation
- stimulates pollen tube growth

A

gibberellins

118
Q

-initiation of dormancy
- resistance to stress condition
- stomatal closure

A

abscisic acid

119
Q

-fruit ripening and abscission
- initiation of root hairs
- latex production
- formation of aerenchyma in submerged roots

A

ethylene

120
Q

level of organization where plant responses that promote survival and reproductive success have evolved through natural selection

A

species level

121
Q

level of organization where some part or the entire plant responds to a stimulus

A

organismal level

122
Q

level of organization where receptors receive signals, transduction pathways transform them, and genes or metabolic pathways react to them

A

cellular level

123
Q

use a reception-transduction-response pathway when they respond to a stimulus

A

flowering plants

124
Q

involved in phototropism and gravitropism. When a plant is exposed to light, auxin moves laterally from the bright to the shad side of the stem

A

auxin-controlled cell elongation

125
Q

causes stem elongation between nodes.

A

giberellin

126
Q

After this hormone binds to a plasma membrane receptor, a DNA-binding protein activates a gene leading to the production of amylase

A

giberellin

127
Q

an enzyme that speeds the breakdown of amylase

A

amylase

128
Q

cause cell division, the effects of which are especially obvious when plant tissues are grown in culture

A

cytokinin

129
Q

two plant growth inhibitors

A

ABA and ethylene

130
Q

well known for causing stomata to close

A

ABA

131
Q

known for fruits to ripen

A

ethylene

132
Q

when flowering plants respond to stimuli this occurs

A

growth and/or movement

133
Q

growth responses toward or away a unidirectional stimuli

A

tropism

134
Q

not directional

A

nastic movements

135
Q

due to this some parts respond to touch and some perform sleep movement

A

turgor pressure

136
Q

believed to be controlled by a biological clock

A

circadian rhythms

137
Q

pigment involved in photoperiodism, the ability of plants to sense the length of the day and night during a 24-hour period

A

phytochrome

138
Q

phytochrome activation can lead to

A

seed germination
shoot elongation
flowering of plants

139
Q

causes phytochrome to exist as Pfr

A

day light (red light)

140
Q

phytochrome during the night can be reconverted to this by metabolic processes

A

Pr

141
Q

flower only when the days are shorter than a critical length

A

short day plants

142
Q

flower only when the days are longer than a critical length

A

long day plants

143
Q

have defenses against predators and parasites

A

flowering plants

144
Q

routinely produced that protects plants from herbivores, particularly insects

A

secondary metabolites

145
Q

causes plants to produce systemin

A

wounding

146
Q

travels about the plant and causes cells to produce proteinase inhibitors that destroy an insects digestive enzymes

A

systemin

147
Q

plants have permanent relationships with them, will attack predators

A

ants

Fundamentals of Botany (25 decks)

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