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Fundamentals of Botany > Plant Vegetative Structures > Flashcards

Plant Vegetative Structures Flashcards

1
Q

way of plants to reproduce asexually

A

vegetative propagation

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2
Q

used when crops plants either do not produce seeds or when the seeds produced are not viable or are of long dormancy

A

vegetative propagation

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3
Q

vegetative propagation relies on the use of vegetative plans such as

A

roots, stems, leaves

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4
Q

give rise to individuals

A

buds

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5
Q

examples of food crops that are propagated vegetatively

A

cassava
sweet potato
sugarcane
pineapple
banana
onion

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6
Q

plants that can grow from the stem

A

rose
hibiscus
money plant

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7
Q

the plant from which the stem is cut

A

mother plant

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8
Q

planted in the soil, it grows into a new plant

A

stem cutting

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9
Q

stems of plant that can grow into new plants

A

potato
ginger
onion

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10
Q

has buds called eyes, any part of this bearing an eye can grow into a new plant

A

potato

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11
Q

plants that store food from their roots

A

sweet potato
carrot
radish
turnip
dahlia

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12
Q

plants that grow plants from their leaves

A

bryophyllum plant

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13
Q

have buds in the notches along the margins, these buds develop into plantlets

A

bryophyllum plant

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14
Q

plants that grow from spores

A

ferns
mushroom
bread mold

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15
Q

found on the underside of a fern lead

A

spores

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16
Q

main and most advantage of vegetative propagation

A

the characteristics are identical to the parent plant

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17
Q

plants regenerated through vegetative reproduction

A

clone

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18
Q

agronomic characteristics

A

size and shape of harvestable components
storage quantities
quality (nutrient content, taste and smell, other chemical compositions)

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19
Q

portions of the plant that are cut and used for crop propagation

A

cuttings

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20
Q

upon cutting, they develop roots and give rise to new plants

A

cutting

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21
Q

include roots, stems, shoot buds, and leaves

A

vegetative parts

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22
Q

not directly involved in sexual reproduction

A

vegetative parts

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23
Q

how are vegetative parts used in asexual reproduction

A

cutting, budding, grafting

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24
Q

two distinct organ systems of vascular plants

A

root system
shoot system

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25
Q

generally grows above ground, where it absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis (consist of two portions)

A

shoot system

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26
Q

two portions of shoot system

A

vegetative (non-reproductive)
reproductive

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27
Q

portion of the shoot system that are comprised of leaves and stem

A

vegetative parts

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28
Q

portion of the shoot system that are comprised of flower and fruit

A

reproductive parts

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29
Q

supports the plants and absorbs water and minerals

A

root system

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30
Q

parts of a leaf

A

waxy cuticle
epidermal tissue
palisade mesophyll tissue
spongy mesophyll tissue
xylem and phloem tissue

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31
Q

part of the leaf protects the leaf

A

waxy cuticle

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32
Q

part of the leaf covers the surface of the leaf

A

epidermal tissue

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33
Q

part of the leaf carries out the photosynthesis

A

palisade mesophyll tissue

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34
Q

part of the leaf area of the gas exchange

A

spongy mesophyll tissue

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35
Q

transport substances around the plant

A

xylem and phloem tissue

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36
Q

continuous, organized masses of similar cells

A

tissue

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37
Q

specialized groups of cells that are a plan’ts growing points

A

meristems

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38
Q

site of rapid, almost continuous cell division

A

meristems

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39
Q

either divide or begin to differentiate into other tissues and organs

A

meristems

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40
Q

influences how plants divide an decide whether to become a tissue or organ

A

hormones and environmental conditions

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41
Q

are those tissues that contain nondividing cells

A

permanent tissues

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42
Q

modified to perform specific functions to help the plants

A

permanent tissues

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43
Q

function of permanent tissues

A

support
protection
photosynthesis
conduction of water, minerals, and nutrients

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44
Q

example of meristematic tissue

A

terminal meristem
cambium

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45
Q

is the growth region in plants found within the root tips and the tips of the new shoots and leaves

A

terminal meristem

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46
Q

ssue layer that provides partially undifferentiated cells for plant growth

A

cambium

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47
Q

example of permanent tissue

A

simple
complex
protective

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48
Q

examples of simple tissue

A

parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma

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49
Q

consist of nearly isodiametric cells, cells are thin-walled and living, contains a permanent nucleus and reserve food material, and inter-cellular spaces may be present

A

parenchyma cells

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50
Q

made up of isodiametric or elongated cells, unevenly thickened

A

collenchyma cells

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51
Q

collenchyma cells thickening may occur at the

A

corners
tangential walls
on the wall bordering the inter-cellular spaces

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52
Q

thickening of collenchyma cells at the corner

A

angular collenchyma

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53
Q

thickening of collenchyma cells at the tangential walls

A

lamellar collenchyma

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54
Q

thickening of collenchyma cells on the wall bordering inter-cellular spaces

A

lacunar collenchyma

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55
Q

retain protoplasts and are living

A

collenchyma cells

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56
Q

cells are elongated and many times longer than wide, end of the cells taper into sharp points, cell walls are thick with many slit-like pits

A

sclerenchyma cells

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57
Q

lumen or cell cavity is very narrow, cells lack protoplasm and are dead

A

sclerenchyma cells

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58
Q

example of complex tissue, generally made up of three kinds of cells

A

xylem

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59
Q

three kinds of cells in xylem

A

xylem elements
xylem parenchyma
xylem fibers

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60
Q

narrow, elongated cells with angular, spiral, scalariform, reticulate, and pitted thickening

A

tracheids

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61
Q

parts of the tracheids that are tapering

A

end walls

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62
Q

part of the tracheids that are in contact with neighboring tracheids

A

common pit

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63
Q

complex tissues made up of four types of cells

A

phloem

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64
Q

four types of cells that make up phloem tissue

A

sieve elements
companion cells
phloem parenchyma
phloem fibers

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65
Q

are elongated and are two types

A

sieve elements

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66
Q

have sieve plates both on sieve walls

A

sieve cells

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67
Q

have sieve plates at the end of the cells

A

sieve tubes

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68
Q

adjacent to the sieve element in phloem tissues

A

elongated companion cells with a prominent nucleus

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69
Q

each organ (roots, stems, and leaves) include all three types of tissues

A

ground, vascular, dermal

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70
Q

covers and protects the plant, controls gas exchange, and water absorption

A

dermal tissue

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71
Q

covered by a waxy cuticle in stems and leaves to prevent evaporative water loss

A

dermal tissue

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72
Q

not covered by a waxy cuticle which would prevent absorption of water

A

root epidermis

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73
Q

specialized pores that allow gas exchange through holes in the cuticle

A

stomata

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74
Q

extensions of root epidermal cells, increase the surface area of the root, greatly contributing to the absorption of water and minerals

A

root hairs

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75
Q

small hairlike or spikey outgrowths of epidermal tissue, may be present on the stem and leaves, and aid in defense against herbivores

A

trichomes

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76
Q

carries out different functions based on the cell type and location in the plant

A

ground tissue

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77
Q

ground tissue responsible for the site of photosynthesis in the leaves and storage in the roots

A

parenchyma

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78
Q

shoot support in areas of active growth

A

collenchyma

79
Q

shoot support in areas where growth has ceased

A

sclerenchyma

80
Q

functions of ground tissue

A

provides a supporting matrix for the vascular tissue
structural support for the stem
help to store water and sugars

81
Q

transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant

A

vascular tissue

82
Q

two specialized conducting tissues of vascular tissue

A

xylem and phloem

83
Q

transports water and nutrients from the roots to the different parts of the plant

A

xylem tissues

84
Q

transport organic compounds from the site of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant

A

phloem tissues

85
Q

always lie adjacent to each other in a vascular bundle

A

xylem and phloem

86
Q

underground part of the plant

A

root system

87
Q

underground main axis of the plant body

A

root

88
Q

where does the root grow from

A

prolongation of the radicle of the embryo

89
Q

characteristic of a root

A

positively geotropic
negatively phototropic

90
Q

directional growth of an organism in response to gravity

A

geotropic

91
Q

ability of plant to re-orient the shoot toward the direction of the light source

A

phototropic

92
Q

not differentiated into nodes and internodes

A

root

93
Q

non-chlorophyllous or brown coloured, does not possess leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits

A

root

94
Q

produced from main axis in accropetal succession

A

tap root

95
Q

formed from inner region of the main axis

A

lateral roots

96
Q

made up of lateral roots and tap roots

A

endogenous organs

97
Q

small hair-like outgrowth present in the tips of lateral roots and main axis

A

root hairs

98
Q

example of exogenous organs

A

root hairs

99
Q

root hairs are found in what

A

mesophytes and xerophytes

100
Q

root hairs are absent in what

A

hydrophytes

101
Q

protective layer present around the root tip

A

root cap

102
Q

also called calyptra, well developed in mesophytes and xerophytes but absent in hydrophytes

A

root cap

103
Q

dead tissue that makes up the root cap

A

calyptrogen

104
Q

preset in free-floating hydrophytes

A

root pockets

105
Q

in these plants, two types of root systems are present

A

angiosperms

106
Q

root systems

A

tap root system
fibrous root system (adventitious)

107
Q

central main axis of root

A

tap root system

108
Q

produced obliquely in all directions from tap root in accropetal succession

A

lateral roots

109
Q

tye of root system that are most commonly found in dicots

A

lateral roots

110
Q

bunch of new roots produced from the base of the stem

A

fibers

111
Q

made up of fibrous roots

A

fibrous root system

112
Q

not formed from a radicle, most commonly found in monocotyledons

A

fibrous roots

113
Q

functions of a root system

A

anchorage
absorption of water and minerals from the soil
conduction of absorbed water and minerals to the shoot system

114
Q

roots provide this function to the plant by fixing in in to the soil

A

anchorage

115
Q

where most roots are

A

underground

116
Q

some plants have these which can emerge above ground from the shoot

A

adventitious roots

117
Q

have a main root that grows down vertically, and from which smaller lateral roots arise

A

tap root systems

118
Q

penetrate deep into the soil and are advantageous for plants growing in dry soils, typical of dicots

A

tap root system

119
Q

located closer to the surface and have a dense network of roots

A

fibrous root system

120
Q

can help prevent soil erosion, typical of monocot and grasses

A

fibrous system

121
Q

root structure that stores starch

A

bulbous root

122
Q

root structure that are forms of above-ground roots that provide additional support to anchor the plant

A

aerial root and prop root

123
Q

root structure that are adapted for sugar/starch storage

A

tap root

124
Q

aerial part of the plant body (system)

A

shoot system

125
Q

where is the shoot system developed from the embryo

A

plumule

126
Q

characteristics of a shoot system

A

positively phototropic
negatively geotropic

127
Q

central axis of the shoot system

A

stem

128
Q

grow vertically in the plant body

A

stem

129
Q

color of young stems

A

green

130
Q

color of woody stems

A

brown

131
Q

maintains the vertical growth of the stem

A

apical bud

132
Q

developed from nodes

A

leaves

132
Q

divisible into nodes and internodes

A

apical bud

133
Q

upper angle existing between the leaves and the stem

A

axil

134
Q

developed in the axil of the leaf

A

axillary buds

135
Q

develop branches either horizontally or obliquely

A

axillary buds

136
Q

function of the shoot system

A

expose the foliage to sunlight for efficient photosynthesis
conducts water and mineral salts absorbed by roots to the leaves
conducts synthesized food from the leaves to other structures of the plant

137
Q

part of the shoot system of the plant that function as a support to the plant, holding leaves, flowers, and buds

A

stems

138
Q

connects roots to the leaves, transport absorbed water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant

A

stems

139
Q

example of stems that grow underground

A

potato
ginger

140
Q

variety of stem that are soft and typically green

A

herbaceous stem

141
Q

variety of stem that are hard and wooded

A

woody stem

142
Q

variety of stem that have a single stem

A

unbranched stem

143
Q

variety of stem that ave divisions and side stems

A

bracnhed stems

144
Q

whether above or below, are characterized by the presence of nodes and internodes

A

plant stems

145
Q

points of attachment for leaves and flowers

A

nodes

146
Q

regions of stem between two nodes

A

internode

147
Q

tip of the shoot contains this

A

apical meristem

148
Q

usually found in the area between the base of a leaf where it can give rise to a branch or flower

A

axillary bud

149
Q

main sites for photosynthesis

A

leaves

150
Q

usually green, due to the presence of chlorophyll in the leaf cells, some leaves have different colors caused by other plant pigments that mask the green chlorophyll

A

leaves

151
Q

in this kind of leaf, typical leaves are attached to the plant stem by a petiole

A

eudicot leaf

152
Q

attached directly to the plant stem

A

leaves

153
Q

run through the veins in the leaf which also provide structural support

A

vascular tissue

154
Q

qualities of leaves that are adapted to specific environments

A

thickness
shape
size of leaves

155
Q

quality of leaf that help a plant species maximize its chance of survival in a particular habitat

A

variation

156
Q

type of plant specie that thrive in cold environments lie spruce, fir, and pine that have leaves that are reduced in size and needle-like in appearance

A

coniferous plant species

157
Q

plant species that have a shrunken stomata and smaller surface area, aiding in the prevention of water loss

A

coniferous plant species

158
Q

in hot climates, plants such as these have leaves that are reduced to spines, which in combination with their succulent stems, help to conserve water

A

cacti

159
Q

have leaves with wide lamina that can float on the surface of the water, and a thick waxy cuticle on the leaf surface that repels water

A

aquatic plants

160
Q

primary function of roots

A

anchorage
absoprtion

161
Q

secondary function of roots

A

storage
hormone synthesis
releasing root exudates
adventitious roots

162
Q

roots that perform secondary functions which was driven by adaptation

A

metamorphosed roots

163
Q

type of roots that develop from the upper part of the stem, provides structural support to the trunk

A

stilt roots

164
Q

descending from the seedlings on top of tress, these roots eventually strangle the host tree

A

strangling roots

165
Q

type of roots that allow gas exchange for plant species with submerged roots

A

knee roots and pneumatophores

166
Q

act as support to the climbing stems of some epiphytes

A

clasping roots

167
Q

serves as an additional support to tall trees with shallow root system

A

buttress roots

168
Q

stores food to be used when food becomes scarce

A

root tuber

169
Q

primary functions of a stem

A

axial support
hold other organs in place
conduits/channels of fluids

170
Q

secondary functions of a stem

A

food storage
asexual reproduction
site of photosynthesis
additional support
protection/defense

171
Q

examples of aerial metamorphosed stems

A

tendrils
thorns
cladodes
phylloclades

172
Q

example of sub-aerial types

A

runners
stolon
offset
sucker

173
Q

example of underground stems

A

rhizome
corm
bulb
tuber

174
Q

fleshy non-green stem with distinct nodes and internodes

A

rhizome

175
Q

condensed and vertical direction with flattened base, with distinct circular nodes and internodes

A

corm

176
Q

highly condensed discoid stem with fleshy scale leaves

A

bulb

177
Q

swollen tip of lateral stem with small depression called as eye

A

tuber

178
Q

originated from axillary bud, runs horizontall on the ground

A

runners

179
Q

originated from basal underground stem, grows horizontally under the soil and emerges upwards

A

sucker

180
Q

originated from the base of the main stem, grows aerially and bends downwards to touch the ground

A

stolon

181
Q

originated from the leaf axil, grows horizontally and produces a rosette of leaves

A

offset

182
Q

green, thread-like and leafless stems specialized for supporting climbing stems

A

stem tendrils

183
Q

sharp modified stem which is subtended by a leaf

A

thorns

184
Q

dorsoventrally flattened plant organ, derived from leaf primordial of shoot apex

A

leaf

185
Q

primary functions of leaves

A

photosynthesis
transpiration

186
Q

secondary functions of leaves

A

defense
association with flower
additional support
storage
reproduction
insect catching leaf

187
Q

leafs are categorized in

A

leaf organization
leaf shapes
leaf attachment
leaf arrangement/phyllotaxy
leaf venation

188
Q

number of leaf blades

A

leaf organization

189
Q

overall shape of a blade

A

leaf shape

190
Q

attachment to the axis/stem

A

leaf attachment

191
Q

placement of adjacent leaves on the nodes

A

leaf arrangement/phyllotaxy

192
Q

sequence of vein orders

A

leaf venation

Fundamentals of Botany (25 decks)

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