Plant Vegetative Structures Flashcards
1
Q
way of plants to reproduce asexually
A
vegetative propagation
2
Q
used when crops plants either do not produce seeds or when the seeds produced are not viable or are of long dormancy
A
vegetative propagation
3
Q
vegetative propagation relies on the use of vegetative plans such as
A
roots, stems, leaves
4
Q
give rise to individuals
A
buds
5
Q
examples of food crops that are propagated vegetatively
A
cassava
sweet potato
sugarcane
pineapple
banana
onion
6
Q
plants that can grow from the stem
A
rose
hibiscus
money plant
7
Q
the plant from which the stem is cut
A
mother plant
8
Q
planted in the soil, it grows into a new plant
A
stem cutting
9
Q
stems of plant that can grow into new plants
A
potato
ginger
onion
10
Q
has buds called eyes, any part of this bearing an eye can grow into a new plant
A
potato
11
Q
plants that store food from their roots
A
sweet potato
carrot
radish
turnip
dahlia
12
Q
plants that grow plants from their leaves
A
bryophyllum plant
13
Q
have buds in the notches along the margins, these buds develop into plantlets
A
bryophyllum plant
14
Q
plants that grow from spores
A
ferns
mushroom
bread mold
15
Q
found on the underside of a fern lead
A
spores
16
Q
main and most advantage of vegetative propagation
A
the characteristics are identical to the parent plant
17
Q
plants regenerated through vegetative reproduction
A
clone
18
Q
agronomic characteristics
A
size and shape of harvestable components
storage quantities
quality (nutrient content, taste and smell, other chemical compositions)
19
Q
portions of the plant that are cut and used for crop propagation
A
cuttings
20
Q
upon cutting, they develop roots and give rise to new plants
A
cutting
21
Q
include roots, stems, shoot buds, and leaves
A
vegetative parts
22
Q
not directly involved in sexual reproduction
A
vegetative parts
23
Q
how are vegetative parts used in asexual reproduction
A
cutting, budding, grafting
24
Q
two distinct organ systems of vascular plants
A
root system
shoot system
25
generally grows above ground, where it absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis (consist of two portions)
shoot system
26
two portions of shoot system
vegetative (non-reproductive)
reproductive
27
portion of the shoot system that are comprised of leaves and stem
vegetative parts
28
portion of the shoot system that are comprised of flower and fruit
reproductive parts
29
supports the plants and absorbs water and minerals
root system
30
parts of a leaf
waxy cuticle
epidermal tissue
palisade mesophyll tissue
spongy mesophyll tissue
xylem and phloem tissue
31
part of the leaf protects the leaf
waxy cuticle
32
part of the leaf covers the surface of the leaf
epidermal tissue
33
part of the leaf carries out the photosynthesis
palisade mesophyll tissue
34
part of the leaf area of the gas exchange
spongy mesophyll tissue
35
transport substances around the plant
xylem and phloem tissue
36
continuous, organized masses of similar cells
tissue
37
specialized groups of cells that are a plan'ts growing points
meristems
38
site of rapid, almost continuous cell division
meristems
39
either divide or begin to differentiate into other tissues and organs
meristems
40
influences how plants divide an decide whether to become a tissue or organ
hormones and environmental conditions
41
are those tissues that contain nondividing cells
permanent tissues
42
modified to perform specific functions to help the plants
permanent tissues
43
function of permanent tissues
support
protection
photosynthesis
conduction of water, minerals, and nutrients
44
example of meristematic tissue
terminal meristem
cambium
45
is the growth region in plants found within the root tips and the tips of the new shoots and leaves
terminal meristem
46
ssue layer that provides partially undifferentiated cells for plant growth
cambium
47
example of permanent tissue
simple
complex
protective
48
examples of simple tissue
parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma
49
consist of nearly isodiametric cells, cells are thin-walled and living, contains a permanent nucleus and reserve food material, and inter-cellular spaces may be present
parenchyma cells
50
made up of isodiametric or elongated cells, unevenly thickened
collenchyma cells
51
collenchyma cells thickening may occur at the
corners
tangential walls
on the wall bordering the inter-cellular spaces
52
thickening of collenchyma cells at the corner
angular collenchyma
53
thickening of collenchyma cells at the tangential walls
lamellar collenchyma
54
thickening of collenchyma cells on the wall bordering inter-cellular spaces
lacunar collenchyma
55
retain protoplasts and are living
collenchyma cells
56
cells are elongated and many times longer than wide, end of the cells taper into sharp points, cell walls are thick with many slit-like pits
sclerenchyma cells
57
lumen or cell cavity is very narrow, cells lack protoplasm and are dead
sclerenchyma cells
58
example of complex tissue, generally made up of three kinds of cells
xylem
59
three kinds of cells in xylem
xylem elements
xylem parenchyma
xylem fibers
60
narrow, elongated cells with angular, spiral, scalariform, reticulate, and pitted thickening
tracheids
61
parts of the tracheids that are tapering
end walls
62
part of the tracheids that are in contact with neighboring tracheids
common pit
63
complex tissues made up of four types of cells
phloem
64
four types of cells that make up phloem tissue
sieve elements
companion cells
phloem parenchyma
phloem fibers
65
are elongated and are two types
sieve elements
66
have sieve plates both on sieve walls
sieve cells
67
have sieve plates at the end of the cells
sieve tubes
68
adjacent to the sieve element in phloem tissues
elongated companion cells with a prominent nucleus
69
each organ (roots, stems, and leaves) include all three types of tissues
ground, vascular, dermal
70
covers and protects the plant, controls gas exchange, and water absorption
dermal tissue
71
covered by a waxy cuticle in stems and leaves to prevent evaporative water loss
dermal tissue
72
not covered by a waxy cuticle which would prevent absorption of water
root epidermis
73
specialized pores that allow gas exchange through holes in the cuticle
stomata
74
extensions of root epidermal cells, increase the surface area of the root, greatly contributing to the absorption of water and minerals
root hairs
75
small hairlike or spikey outgrowths of epidermal tissue, may be present on the stem and leaves, and aid in defense against herbivores
trichomes
76
carries out different functions based on the cell type and location in the plant
ground tissue
77
ground tissue responsible for the site of photosynthesis in the leaves and storage in the roots
parenchyma
78
shoot support in areas of active growth
collenchyma
79
shoot support in areas where growth has ceased
sclerenchyma
80
functions of ground tissue
provides a supporting matrix for the vascular tissue
structural support for the stem
help to store water and sugars
81
transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant
vascular tissue
82
two specialized conducting tissues of vascular tissue
xylem and phloem
83
transports water and nutrients from the roots to the different parts of the plant
xylem tissues
84
transport organic compounds from the site of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant
phloem tissues
85
always lie adjacent to each other in a vascular bundle
xylem and phloem
86
underground part of the plant
root system
87
underground main axis of the plant body
root
88
where does the root grow from
prolongation of the radicle of the embryo
89
characteristic of a root
positively geotropic
negatively phototropic
90
directional growth of an organism in response to gravity
geotropic
91
ability of plant to re-orient the shoot toward the direction of the light source
phototropic
92
not differentiated into nodes and internodes
root
93
non-chlorophyllous or brown coloured, does not possess leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits
root
94
produced from main axis in accropetal succession
tap root
95
formed from inner region of the main axis
lateral roots
96
made up of lateral roots and tap roots
endogenous organs
97
small hair-like outgrowth present in the tips of lateral roots and main axis
root hairs
98
example of exogenous organs
root hairs
99
root hairs are found in what
mesophytes and xerophytes
100
root hairs are absent in what
hydrophytes
101
protective layer present around the root tip
root cap
102
also called calyptra, well developed in mesophytes and xerophytes but absent in hydrophytes
root cap
103
dead tissue that makes up the root cap
calyptrogen
104
preset in free-floating hydrophytes
root pockets
105
in these plants, two types of root systems are present
angiosperms
106
root systems
tap root system
fibrous root system (adventitious)
107
central main axis of root
tap root system
108
produced obliquely in all directions from tap root in accropetal succession
lateral roots
109
tye of root system that are most commonly found in dicots
lateral roots
110
bunch of new roots produced from the base of the stem
fibers
111
made up of fibrous roots
fibrous root system
112
not formed from a radicle, most commonly found in monocotyledons
fibrous roots
113
functions of a root system
anchorage
absorption of water and minerals from the soil
conduction of absorbed water and minerals to the shoot system
114
roots provide this function to the plant by fixing in in to the soil
anchorage
115
where most roots are
underground
116
some plants have these which can emerge above ground from the shoot
adventitious roots
117
have a main root that grows down vertically, and from which smaller lateral roots arise
tap root systems
118
penetrate deep into the soil and are advantageous for plants growing in dry soils, typical of dicots
tap root system
119
located closer to the surface and have a dense network of roots
fibrous root system
120
can help prevent soil erosion, typical of monocot and grasses
fibrous system
121
root structure that stores starch
bulbous root
122
root structure that are forms of above-ground roots that provide additional support to anchor the plant
aerial root and prop root
123
root structure that are adapted for sugar/starch storage
tap root
124
aerial part of the plant body (system)
shoot system
125
where is the shoot system developed from the embryo
plumule
126
characteristics of a shoot system
positively phototropic
negatively geotropic
127
central axis of the shoot system
stem
128
grow vertically in the plant body
stem
129
color of young stems
green
130
color of woody stems
brown
131
maintains the vertical growth of the stem
apical bud
132
developed from nodes
leaves
132
divisible into nodes and internodes
apical bud
133
upper angle existing between the leaves and the stem
axil
134
developed in the axil of the leaf
axillary buds
135
develop branches either horizontally or obliquely
axillary buds
136
function of the shoot system
expose the foliage to sunlight for efficient photosynthesis
conducts water and mineral salts absorbed by roots to the leaves
conducts synthesized food from the leaves to other structures of the plant
137
part of the shoot system of the plant that function as a support to the plant, holding leaves, flowers, and buds
stems
138
connects roots to the leaves, transport absorbed water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant
stems
139
example of stems that grow underground
potato
ginger
140
variety of stem that are soft and typically green
herbaceous stem
141
variety of stem that are hard and wooded
woody stem
142
variety of stem that have a single stem
unbranched stem
143
variety of stem that ave divisions and side stems
bracnhed stems
144
whether above or below, are characterized by the presence of nodes and internodes
plant stems
145
points of attachment for leaves and flowers
nodes
146
regions of stem between two nodes
internode
147
tip of the shoot contains this
apical meristem
148
usually found in the area between the base of a leaf where it can give rise to a branch or flower
axillary bud
149
main sites for photosynthesis
leaves
150
usually green, due to the presence of chlorophyll in the leaf cells, some leaves have different colors caused by other plant pigments that mask the green chlorophyll
leaves
151
in this kind of leaf, typical leaves are attached to the plant stem by a petiole
eudicot leaf
152
attached directly to the plant stem
leaves
153
run through the veins in the leaf which also provide structural support
vascular tissue
154
qualities of leaves that are adapted to specific environments
thickness
shape
size of leaves
155
quality of leaf that help a plant species maximize its chance of survival in a particular habitat
variation
156
type of plant specie that thrive in cold environments lie spruce, fir, and pine that have leaves that are reduced in size and needle-like in appearance
coniferous plant species
157
plant species that have a shrunken stomata and smaller surface area, aiding in the prevention of water loss
coniferous plant species
158
in hot climates, plants such as these have leaves that are reduced to spines, which in combination with their succulent stems, help to conserve water
cacti
159
have leaves with wide lamina that can float on the surface of the water, and a thick waxy cuticle on the leaf surface that repels water
aquatic plants
160
primary function of roots
anchorage
absoprtion
161
secondary function of roots
storage
hormone synthesis
releasing root exudates
adventitious roots
162
roots that perform secondary functions which was driven by adaptation
metamorphosed roots
163
type of roots that develop from the upper part of the stem, provides structural support to the trunk
stilt roots
164
descending from the seedlings on top of tress, these roots eventually strangle the host tree
strangling roots
165
type of roots that allow gas exchange for plant species with submerged roots
knee roots and pneumatophores
166
act as support to the climbing stems of some epiphytes
clasping roots
167
serves as an additional support to tall trees with shallow root system
buttress roots
168
stores food to be used when food becomes scarce
root tuber
169
primary functions of a stem
axial support
hold other organs in place
conduits/channels of fluids
170
secondary functions of a stem
food storage
asexual reproduction
site of photosynthesis
additional support
protection/defense
171
examples of aerial metamorphosed stems
tendrils
thorns
cladodes
phylloclades
172
example of sub-aerial types
runners
stolon
offset
sucker
173
example of underground stems
rhizome
corm
bulb
tuber
174
fleshy non-green stem with distinct nodes and internodes
rhizome
175
condensed and vertical direction with flattened base, with distinct circular nodes and internodes
corm
176
highly condensed discoid stem with fleshy scale leaves
bulb
177
swollen tip of lateral stem with small depression called as eye
tuber
178
originated from axillary bud, runs horizontall on the ground
runners
179
originated from basal underground stem, grows horizontally under the soil and emerges upwards
sucker
180
originated from the base of the main stem, grows aerially and bends downwards to touch the ground
stolon
181
originated from the leaf axil, grows horizontally and produces a rosette of leaves
offset
182
green, thread-like and leafless stems specialized for supporting climbing stems
stem tendrils
183
sharp modified stem which is subtended by a leaf
thorns
184
dorsoventrally flattened plant organ, derived from leaf primordial of shoot apex
leaf
185
primary functions of leaves
photosynthesis
transpiration
186
secondary functions of leaves
defense
association with flower
additional support
storage
reproduction
insect catching leaf
187
leafs are categorized in
leaf organization
leaf shapes
leaf attachment
leaf arrangement/phyllotaxy
leaf venation
188
number of leaf blades
leaf organization
189
overall shape of a blade
leaf shape
190
attachment to the axis/stem
leaf attachment
191
placement of adjacent leaves on the nodes
leaf arrangement/phyllotaxy
192
sequence of vein orders
leaf venation
