Plant Vegetative Structures Flashcards
way of plants to reproduce asexually
vegetative propagation
used when crops plants either do not produce seeds or when the seeds produced are not viable or are of long dormancy
vegetative propagation
vegetative propagation relies on the use of vegetative plans such as
roots, stems, leaves
give rise to individuals
buds
examples of food crops that are propagated vegetatively
cassava
sweet potato
sugarcane
pineapple
banana
onion
plants that can grow from the stem
rose
hibiscus
money plant
the plant from which the stem is cut
mother plant
planted in the soil, it grows into a new plant
stem cutting
stems of plant that can grow into new plants
potato
ginger
onion
has buds called eyes, any part of this bearing an eye can grow into a new plant
potato
plants that store food from their roots
sweet potato
carrot
radish
turnip
dahlia
plants that grow plants from their leaves
bryophyllum plant
have buds in the notches along the margins, these buds develop into plantlets
bryophyllum plant
plants that grow from spores
ferns
mushroom
bread mold
found on the underside of a fern lead
spores
main and most advantage of vegetative propagation
the characteristics are identical to the parent plant
plants regenerated through vegetative reproduction
clone
agronomic characteristics
size and shape of harvestable components
storage quantities
quality (nutrient content, taste and smell, other chemical compositions)
portions of the plant that are cut and used for crop propagation
cuttings
upon cutting, they develop roots and give rise to new plants
cutting
include roots, stems, shoot buds, and leaves
vegetative parts
not directly involved in sexual reproduction
vegetative parts
how are vegetative parts used in asexual reproduction
cutting, budding, grafting
two distinct organ systems of vascular plants
root system
shoot system
generally grows above ground, where it absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis (consist of two portions)
shoot system
two portions of shoot system
vegetative (non-reproductive)
reproductive
portion of the shoot system that are comprised of leaves and stem
vegetative parts
portion of the shoot system that are comprised of flower and fruit
reproductive parts
supports the plants and absorbs water and minerals
root system
parts of a leaf
waxy cuticle
epidermal tissue
palisade mesophyll tissue
spongy mesophyll tissue
xylem and phloem tissue
part of the leaf protects the leaf
waxy cuticle
part of the leaf covers the surface of the leaf
epidermal tissue
part of the leaf carries out the photosynthesis
palisade mesophyll tissue
part of the leaf area of the gas exchange
spongy mesophyll tissue
transport substances around the plant
xylem and phloem tissue
continuous, organized masses of similar cells
tissue
specialized groups of cells that are a plan’ts growing points
meristems
site of rapid, almost continuous cell division
meristems
either divide or begin to differentiate into other tissues and organs
meristems
influences how plants divide an decide whether to become a tissue or organ
hormones and environmental conditions
are those tissues that contain nondividing cells
permanent tissues
modified to perform specific functions to help the plants
permanent tissues
function of permanent tissues
support
protection
photosynthesis
conduction of water, minerals, and nutrients
example of meristematic tissue
terminal meristem
cambium
is the growth region in plants found within the root tips and the tips of the new shoots and leaves
terminal meristem
ssue layer that provides partially undifferentiated cells for plant growth
cambium
example of permanent tissue
simple
complex
protective
examples of simple tissue
parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma
consist of nearly isodiametric cells, cells are thin-walled and living, contains a permanent nucleus and reserve food material, and inter-cellular spaces may be present
parenchyma cells
made up of isodiametric or elongated cells, unevenly thickened
collenchyma cells
collenchyma cells thickening may occur at the
corners
tangential walls
on the wall bordering the inter-cellular spaces
thickening of collenchyma cells at the corner
angular collenchyma
thickening of collenchyma cells at the tangential walls
lamellar collenchyma
thickening of collenchyma cells on the wall bordering inter-cellular spaces
lacunar collenchyma
retain protoplasts and are living
collenchyma cells
cells are elongated and many times longer than wide, end of the cells taper into sharp points, cell walls are thick with many slit-like pits
sclerenchyma cells
lumen or cell cavity is very narrow, cells lack protoplasm and are dead
sclerenchyma cells
example of complex tissue, generally made up of three kinds of cells
xylem
three kinds of cells in xylem
xylem elements
xylem parenchyma
xylem fibers
narrow, elongated cells with angular, spiral, scalariform, reticulate, and pitted thickening
tracheids
parts of the tracheids that are tapering
end walls
part of the tracheids that are in contact with neighboring tracheids
common pit
complex tissues made up of four types of cells
phloem
four types of cells that make up phloem tissue
sieve elements
companion cells
phloem parenchyma
phloem fibers
are elongated and are two types
sieve elements
have sieve plates both on sieve walls
sieve cells
have sieve plates at the end of the cells
sieve tubes
adjacent to the sieve element in phloem tissues
elongated companion cells with a prominent nucleus
each organ (roots, stems, and leaves) include all three types of tissues
ground, vascular, dermal
covers and protects the plant, controls gas exchange, and water absorption
dermal tissue
covered by a waxy cuticle in stems and leaves to prevent evaporative water loss
dermal tissue
not covered by a waxy cuticle which would prevent absorption of water
root epidermis
specialized pores that allow gas exchange through holes in the cuticle
stomata
extensions of root epidermal cells, increase the surface area of the root, greatly contributing to the absorption of water and minerals
root hairs
small hairlike or spikey outgrowths of epidermal tissue, may be present on the stem and leaves, and aid in defense against herbivores
trichomes
carries out different functions based on the cell type and location in the plant
ground tissue
ground tissue responsible for the site of photosynthesis in the leaves and storage in the roots
parenchyma
shoot support in areas of active growth
collenchyma
shoot support in areas where growth has ceased
sclerenchyma
functions of ground tissue
provides a supporting matrix for the vascular tissue
structural support for the stem
help to store water and sugars
transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant
vascular tissue
two specialized conducting tissues of vascular tissue
xylem and phloem
transports water and nutrients from the roots to the different parts of the plant
xylem tissues
transport organic compounds from the site of photosynthesis to other parts of the plant
phloem tissues
always lie adjacent to each other in a vascular bundle
xylem and phloem
underground part of the plant
root system
underground main axis of the plant body
root
where does the root grow from
prolongation of the radicle of the embryo
characteristic of a root
positively geotropic
negatively phototropic
directional growth of an organism in response to gravity
geotropic
ability of plant to re-orient the shoot toward the direction of the light source
phototropic
not differentiated into nodes and internodes
root
non-chlorophyllous or brown coloured, does not possess leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits
root
produced from main axis in accropetal succession
tap root
formed from inner region of the main axis
lateral roots
made up of lateral roots and tap roots
endogenous organs
small hair-like outgrowth present in the tips of lateral roots and main axis
root hairs
example of exogenous organs
root hairs
root hairs are found in what
mesophytes and xerophytes
root hairs are absent in what
hydrophytes
protective layer present around the root tip
root cap
also called calyptra, well developed in mesophytes and xerophytes but absent in hydrophytes
root cap
dead tissue that makes up the root cap
calyptrogen
preset in free-floating hydrophytes
root pockets
in these plants, two types of root systems are present
angiosperms
root systems
tap root system
fibrous root system (adventitious)
central main axis of root
tap root system
produced obliquely in all directions from tap root in accropetal succession
lateral roots
tye of root system that are most commonly found in dicots
lateral roots
bunch of new roots produced from the base of the stem
fibers
made up of fibrous roots
fibrous root system
not formed from a radicle, most commonly found in monocotyledons
fibrous roots
functions of a root system
anchorage
absorption of water and minerals from the soil
conduction of absorbed water and minerals to the shoot system
roots provide this function to the plant by fixing in in to the soil
anchorage
where most roots are
underground
some plants have these which can emerge above ground from the shoot
adventitious roots
have a main root that grows down vertically, and from which smaller lateral roots arise
tap root systems
penetrate deep into the soil and are advantageous for plants growing in dry soils, typical of dicots
tap root system
located closer to the surface and have a dense network of roots
fibrous root system
can help prevent soil erosion, typical of monocot and grasses
fibrous system
root structure that stores starch
bulbous root
root structure that are forms of above-ground roots that provide additional support to anchor the plant
aerial root and prop root
root structure that are adapted for sugar/starch storage
tap root
aerial part of the plant body (system)
shoot system
where is the shoot system developed from the embryo
plumule
characteristics of a shoot system
positively phototropic
negatively geotropic
central axis of the shoot system
stem
grow vertically in the plant body
stem
color of young stems
green
color of woody stems
brown
maintains the vertical growth of the stem
apical bud
developed from nodes
leaves
divisible into nodes and internodes
apical bud
upper angle existing between the leaves and the stem
axil
developed in the axil of the leaf
axillary buds
develop branches either horizontally or obliquely
axillary buds
function of the shoot system
expose the foliage to sunlight for efficient photosynthesis
conducts water and mineral salts absorbed by roots to the leaves
conducts synthesized food from the leaves to other structures of the plant
part of the shoot system of the plant that function as a support to the plant, holding leaves, flowers, and buds
stems
connects roots to the leaves, transport absorbed water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant
stems
example of stems that grow underground
potato
ginger
variety of stem that are soft and typically green
herbaceous stem
variety of stem that are hard and wooded
woody stem
variety of stem that have a single stem
unbranched stem
variety of stem that ave divisions and side stems
bracnhed stems
whether above or below, are characterized by the presence of nodes and internodes
plant stems
points of attachment for leaves and flowers
nodes
regions of stem between two nodes
internode
tip of the shoot contains this
apical meristem
usually found in the area between the base of a leaf where it can give rise to a branch or flower
axillary bud
main sites for photosynthesis
leaves
usually green, due to the presence of chlorophyll in the leaf cells, some leaves have different colors caused by other plant pigments that mask the green chlorophyll
leaves
in this kind of leaf, typical leaves are attached to the plant stem by a petiole
eudicot leaf
attached directly to the plant stem
leaves
run through the veins in the leaf which also provide structural support
vascular tissue
qualities of leaves that are adapted to specific environments
thickness
shape
size of leaves
quality of leaf that help a plant species maximize its chance of survival in a particular habitat
variation
type of plant specie that thrive in cold environments lie spruce, fir, and pine that have leaves that are reduced in size and needle-like in appearance
coniferous plant species
plant species that have a shrunken stomata and smaller surface area, aiding in the prevention of water loss
coniferous plant species
in hot climates, plants such as these have leaves that are reduced to spines, which in combination with their succulent stems, help to conserve water
cacti
have leaves with wide lamina that can float on the surface of the water, and a thick waxy cuticle on the leaf surface that repels water
aquatic plants
primary function of roots
anchorage
absoprtion
secondary function of roots
storage
hormone synthesis
releasing root exudates
adventitious roots
roots that perform secondary functions which was driven by adaptation
metamorphosed roots
type of roots that develop from the upper part of the stem, provides structural support to the trunk
stilt roots
descending from the seedlings on top of tress, these roots eventually strangle the host tree
strangling roots
type of roots that allow gas exchange for plant species with submerged roots
knee roots and pneumatophores
act as support to the climbing stems of some epiphytes
clasping roots
serves as an additional support to tall trees with shallow root system
buttress roots
stores food to be used when food becomes scarce
root tuber
primary functions of a stem
axial support
hold other organs in place
conduits/channels of fluids
secondary functions of a stem
food storage
asexual reproduction
site of photosynthesis
additional support
protection/defense
examples of aerial metamorphosed stems
tendrils
thorns
cladodes
phylloclades
example of sub-aerial types
runners
stolon
offset
sucker
example of underground stems
rhizome
corm
bulb
tuber
fleshy non-green stem with distinct nodes and internodes
rhizome
condensed and vertical direction with flattened base, with distinct circular nodes and internodes
corm
highly condensed discoid stem with fleshy scale leaves
bulb
swollen tip of lateral stem with small depression called as eye
tuber
originated from axillary bud, runs horizontall on the ground
runners
originated from basal underground stem, grows horizontally under the soil and emerges upwards
sucker
originated from the base of the main stem, grows aerially and bends downwards to touch the ground
stolon
originated from the leaf axil, grows horizontally and produces a rosette of leaves
offset
green, thread-like and leafless stems specialized for supporting climbing stems
stem tendrils
sharp modified stem which is subtended by a leaf
thorns
dorsoventrally flattened plant organ, derived from leaf primordial of shoot apex
leaf
primary functions of leaves
photosynthesis
transpiration
secondary functions of leaves
defense
association with flower
additional support
storage
reproduction
insect catching leaf
leafs are categorized in
leaf organization
leaf shapes
leaf attachment
leaf arrangement/phyllotaxy
leaf venation
number of leaf blades
leaf organization
overall shape of a blade
leaf shape
attachment to the axis/stem
leaf attachment
placement of adjacent leaves on the nodes
leaf arrangement/phyllotaxy
sequence of vein orders
leaf venation
