Plant Cell Structure Part 1 Flashcards
rectangular and comparatively larger than animal cell
plant cell
what plant and animal cell shares, “body organs” of the cell
organelles
floating particles in the cell (cytoplasm)
proteins
the inside of the cell
cytoplasm
thick liquid inside the cell
cytosol
“skin” around the cell, keep inside in and outside out
cell membrane
gives the cell structure
cytoskeleton
organelles, create energy for the cell, powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
make new protein
ribosomes
has two types: rough and smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
has translocon pores
rough endoplasmic reticulum
does not have translocon pores
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes attach to these pores and push proteins onto the ER
translocon pores
sorts, packages, and ships protein
golgi apparatus
blobs where proteins are packaged
vesicles
protein with “feet”, pulls along the vesicles
kinesin
almost like train tracks where the vesicle walks in
microtubule
not permanent, can get taken apart and put together in diff. locations depending on the needs of the cell
microtubule
process where microtubules are being built and assembled from smaller parts
polymerization
proteins that make up the polymerization process
tubulin
microtubules are coming apart
depolymerization
contains DNA
nucleus
holes where the RNA leaves the nucleus
nuclear pore
cells garbage trucks and recycling centers breaks down protein
proteasome
three basic structures that cells of plants, animals, and related organisms have in common:
cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm
gives strength, shape, and protection to the cell
plasma membrane
regulates traffic flow of materials between the interior of the cell and its environment
plasma membrane
some membrane is provided with this at the atypical surface to increase area for absorption
microvilli
carbohydrate protein/carbohydrate-lipid complex acted as a cell coat for cell interaction that are sometimes present in some membranes
glycocalyx
plant cells have this, providing strength and rigidity of the cell
cell wall
gives support and resist outside pressures
cell wall
made of polysaccharide cellulose
cell wall
in fungi, cell wall is composed of this
chitin
not solid and they allow products to pass through them
cell walls
composes the plasma membrane with proteins arranged at random on the outer half, inner half of the lipid, or extend through
phospholipid bilayer
structure of phospholipid bilayer that was proposed in 1972
fluid mosaic model
two scientists who proposed the fluid mosaic model
Garth Nicholson
Jonathan Singer
nature of the membrane that allows the mobility of lipids and proteins within the membrane
semi-fluid
phospholipid molecule is composed of:
phosphate group
two fatty acid tails
which part of the phospholipid molecule is hydrophilic and polar
phosphate group
when immersed in water, the hydrophobic and nonpolar tail will force the structure into what
bilayer
where the water-loving heads are “protecting” the water fearing tails
bilayer
lack a true nucleus
prokaryotic cells
have a distinct nucleus
eukaryotic cells
linear units that contains the DNA
chromosomes
when DNA appear in non-linear units
chromatins
dense organelle that is found within the nucleus
nucleolus
formed inside before leaving into the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
nuclear membrane
double membrane, similar to the plasma membrane that consists of lipid layers
nuclear membrane
allow the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm and direct the activities of the cell
nuclear pore
governor of the cell
nucleus
area between the nucleus and plasma membrane
cytoplasm
contains many important structures, physiologically active organelles, which are permanent sub-cellular structures performing metabolic functions
cytoplasm
temporary sub-cellular structures performing non-metabolic functions
inclusions
example of inclusions
vacuoles
pigments
crystals
fat droplets
foreign particles
commonly referred to as the “ER”, series of membranes that is continuous with the nuclear membrane and can extend throughout the cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
two different types of ER depending on the presence of ribosomes attached to it:
rough ER, smooth ER
organelles where amino acids are bound together
ribosomes
commonly the site of protein synthesis within the cell
ribosomes
cylinder-like organelles composed of microtubules only found in animal cells
centrioles
also called golgi body, series of sacs that appear to be flattened and curled at the edges
golgi apparatus
processed and packaged at the golgi apparatus to send to the right addresses
proteins and lipids
often bulge and break away from drop-like sacs
outside sacs
drop-like sacs
secretory vesicles
produce vesicles, which contain mature proteins or lipids
trans face of golgi apparatus
is the end of the organelle where substances enter from the endoplasmic reticulum for processing
cis face of golgi apparatus
comes from golgi apparatus, also a drop-like sac that move about in the cytoplasm
lysosome
located in the lysosome used for digestion
enzyme
site for cellular respiration in which most of the energy by the cell is produced
mitochondrion
formed using the energy released by the mitochondria
ATP
green plant cells contain this double-membrane organelle
chloroplasts
main function of chloroplast
photosynthesis
pigment that makes the chloroplast green
chlorophyll
cytoskeleton is made up of:
microtubule
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
means empty space
vacuole
membrane-bound inclusions in the cytoplasm for storage of substances (water and food)
vacuole
tend to be larger in cells, plays an important role in osmotic pressure in animals, important in intracellular digestion and exretion of waste product
vacuole
defining characteristics of a plant cell
cellulosic cell wall
polysaccharides that makes up the cell walls
cellulose
firm structure that is formed by the crystallization of cellulose
microfibril
fiber-like strand that wrap the whole cell particularly the plasma membrane
microfibril
assist the addition of cellulose molecules into the microfibril layer
intrinsic proteins
produce a polysaccharide called hemicellulose
dictyosomes
transported through a vesicle, outward the cell membrane and released toward the microfibrils as “glue” that will keep the crystallized cellulose together
hemicellulose
sticky substance that glues cell walls of two different plant cells
middle lamella
polysaccharide that composes the middle lamella
pectin
can be present in advanced and higher plants that is located between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane and is thicker due to the presence of lignin
secondary cell wall
resistant to chemicals, fungal, or bacterial attacks
lignin
permanent once formed and deposited, never degraded
primary and secondary cell wall
all biological membranes are composed of _____ and _____
phospholipid molecule layers and proteins
the plasma membrane is what percent protein and lipid molecule
60% protein, 40% lipid molecule
most of the proteins have these that expose themselves into the surfaces of the cell membrane
hydrophilic regions
reasons why the plasma membrane is called fluid-mosaic
various heterogenous proteins
molecules that have a hydrophilic and hydrophobic part
ampipathic
green plant cell membranes contain these
double-membrane chloroplasts
chloroplast cells are green because of this pigment
chlorophyll
have an outer and inner membrane (ex include chloroplast, chromoplast, leucoplast)
plastids
example of a plastid where the inner membrane is extensive and highly folded
chloroplasts
single membrane found inside the chloroplast
thylakoid
multiple membranes of flattened thylakoid vesicles that are stacked
grana
provides room for many copies of each enzyme (chloroplast)
inner membrane
part of the membrane lipid layer of chloroplasts
photosynthetic pigment
interconnected by thylakoid membranes and the liquid stroma
grana
number of chloroplasts in green algae remains ___
constant
range of the number of chloroplasts in higher plants
30 to 200
how big are chloroplasts
4 to 5 micrometers
plants growing in shade have ___ chloroplast
larger
plate-shaped chloroplast
chlorella
cup shaped chloroplast
chlamydomonas
ribbon shaped and spirally-ciled
spirogyra
star shaped
zygnema
spherical or ovoidal
higher plants
disc-shaped, surrounds the chloroplast
chloroplast envelop
which membrane of the chloroplast is freely permeable
outer membrane
which membrane of the chloroplast is selectively permeable
inner membrane
proteins that regulate the passage of molecules like sugars in and out of the molecule
integral membrane proteins
encloses a protein-rich substance called stroma (chloroplast)
inner membrane
the fluid inside contains a host of enzymes, plastid, DNA, RNA, and ribosomes
stroma
membrane system within the stroma
thylakoids
chloroplast is divided into three distinct internal compartments
intermembrane space
stroma
thylakoid lumen
space between inner and outer membranes of the chloroplast envelope
intermembrane space
lies inside the envelope but outside the thylakoid membrane
stroma
network of membrane-bound flattened discs
thylakoid membrane
membranes of thylakoids
fret membranes
tubular membranes that interconnects the grana
inter-granal lamellae
how many granal clusters does a chloroplast have
10 to 30
how many thylakoids in a single granum
20 to 60
thylakoid membrane is made up of:
20 to 30 percent lipids
70 to 80 percent proteins
granular structures embedded in the membrane
granules that are responsible for capturing photons of solar electromagnetic radiation and act as photosynthetic units
quantasomes
multi-protein complex in larger granules
photosystem II (PS II)
multi-protein complex in smaller granules
photosystem I (PS I)
lack PS II but contain only PS I
inter granal lamellae
green pigments (A and B)
Chlorophyll A and B
yellow to red pigments
Carotenoids
inner mitochonrial membrane is folded into this
plate-like cristae
intrinsic proteins embedded in the crista membrane
respiratory enzymes
proteins in the outer membrane of mitochondria
porins
tunnel proteins that form a hole in outer membrane
porins
occur in the inner membrane of mitochondria
electron transport chain
fold in the inner membrane (mitochondria)
crista
folds, collection of crista
cristae
space between the outer and inner membrane
intermembrane space
does not have porins so there are different concentrations (mitochondria)
inner membrane
synthesizes ATP
ATP synthase
has much higher protein concentrations, more viscous than cytosol
matrix
occurs in the matrix
krebs cycle
what makes a plant cell unique
cell wall, bigger vacuoles, chloroplasts
one adult plant has this that takes up 30% of the cell’s volume
vacuole
function of the vacuole
stores waste and water, exerts an outward pressure
earliest plant fossils found
400 million years ago
reproduce by making a bunch of spores and sheds
lycophytes
some lycophytes evolved into this but are now extinct
scale trees
used to call scale tree forests because of the trees’ density that they covered the earth and eventually fossilized into coal
coal forests
period named after carbon, an epoch where there are rich deposits of coal
carboniferous period
didn’t develop until the end of cretaceous period
angiosperms
who can digest cellulose
termites, cows, koalas, horses
term for cellulose and lignin
roughage
