Plant Cell Structure Part 1 Flashcards
1
Q
rectangular and comparatively larger than animal cell
A
plant cell
2
Q
what plant and animal cell shares, “body organs” of the cell
A
organelles
3
Q
floating particles in the cell (cytoplasm)
A
proteins
4
Q
the inside of the cell
A
cytoplasm
5
Q
thick liquid inside the cell
A
cytosol
6
Q
“skin” around the cell, keep inside in and outside out
A
cell membrane
7
Q
gives the cell structure
A
cytoskeleton
8
Q
organelles, create energy for the cell, powerhouse of the cell
A
mitochondria
9
Q
make new protein
A
ribosomes
10
Q
has two types: rough and smooth
A
endoplasmic reticulum
11
Q
has translocon pores
A
rough endoplasmic reticulum
12
Q
does not have translocon pores
A
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
13
Q
ribosomes attach to these pores and push proteins onto the ER
A
translocon pores
14
Q
sorts, packages, and ships protein
A
golgi apparatus
15
Q
blobs where proteins are packaged
A
vesicles
16
Q
protein with “feet”, pulls along the vesicles
A
kinesin
17
Q
almost like train tracks where the vesicle walks in
A
microtubule
18
Q
not permanent, can get taken apart and put together in diff. locations depending on the needs of the cell
A
microtubule
19
Q
process where microtubules are being built and assembled from smaller parts
A
polymerization
20
Q
proteins that make up the polymerization process
A
tubulin
21
Q
microtubules are coming apart
A
depolymerization
22
Q
contains DNA
A
nucleus
23
Q
holes where the RNA leaves the nucleus
A
nuclear pore
24
Q
cells garbage trucks and recycling centers breaks down protein
A
proteasome
25
three basic structures that cells of plants, animals, and related organisms have in common:
cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm
26
gives strength, shape, and protection to the cell
plasma membrane
27
regulates traffic flow of materials between the interior of the cell and its environment
plasma membrane
28
some membrane is provided with this at the atypical surface to increase area for absorption
microvilli
29
carbohydrate protein/carbohydrate-lipid complex acted as a cell coat for cell interaction that are sometimes present in some membranes
glycocalyx
30
plant cells have this, providing strength and rigidity of the cell
cell wall
31
gives support and resist outside pressures
cell wall
32
made of polysaccharide cellulose
cell wall
33
in fungi, cell wall is composed of this
chitin
34
not solid and they allow products to pass through them
cell walls
35
composes the plasma membrane with proteins arranged at random on the outer half, inner half of the lipid, or extend through
phospholipid bilayer
36
structure of phospholipid bilayer that was proposed in 1972
fluid mosaic model
37
two scientists who proposed the fluid mosaic model
Garth Nicholson
Jonathan Singer
38
nature of the membrane that allows the mobility of lipids and proteins within the membrane
semi-fluid
39
phospholipid molecule is composed of:
phosphate group
two fatty acid tails
40
which part of the phospholipid molecule is hydrophilic and polar
phosphate group
41
when immersed in water, the hydrophobic and nonpolar tail will force the structure into what
bilayer
42
where the water-loving heads are "protecting" the water fearing tails
bilayer
43
lack a true nucleus
prokaryotic cells
44
have a distinct nucleus
eukaryotic cells
45
linear units that contains the DNA
chromosomes
46
when DNA appear in non-linear units
chromatins
47
dense organelle that is found within the nucleus
nucleolus
48
formed inside before leaving into the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
49
surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
nuclear membrane
50
double membrane, similar to the plasma membrane that consists of lipid layers
nuclear membrane
51
allow the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm and direct the activities of the cell
nuclear pore
52
governor of the cell
nucleus
53
area between the nucleus and plasma membrane
cytoplasm
54
contains many important structures, physiologically active organelles, which are permanent sub-cellular structures performing metabolic functions
cytoplasm
55
temporary sub-cellular structures performing non-metabolic functions
inclusions
56
example of inclusions
vacuoles
pigments
crystals
fat droplets
foreign particles
57
commonly referred to as the "ER", series of membranes that is continuous with the nuclear membrane and can extend throughout the cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
58
two different types of ER depending on the presence of ribosomes attached to it:
rough ER, smooth ER
59
organelles where amino acids are bound together
ribosomes
60
commonly the site of protein synthesis within the cell
ribosomes
61
cylinder-like organelles composed of microtubules only found in animal cells
centrioles
62
also called golgi body, series of sacs that appear to be flattened and curled at the edges
golgi apparatus
63
processed and packaged at the golgi apparatus to send to the right addresses
proteins and lipids
64
often bulge and break away from drop-like sacs
outside sacs
65
drop-like sacs
secretory vesicles
66
produce vesicles, which contain mature proteins or lipids
trans face of golgi apparatus
67
is the end of the organelle where substances enter from the endoplasmic reticulum for processing
cis face of golgi apparatus
68
comes from golgi apparatus, also a drop-like sac that move about in the cytoplasm
lysosome
69
located in the lysosome used for digestion
enzyme
70
site for cellular respiration in which most of the energy by the cell is produced
mitochondrion
71
formed using the energy released by the mitochondria
ATP
72
green plant cells contain this double-membrane organelle
chloroplasts
73
main function of chloroplast
photosynthesis
74
pigment that makes the chloroplast green
chlorophyll
75
cytoskeleton is made up of:
microtubule
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
76
means empty space
vacuole
77
membrane-bound inclusions in the cytoplasm for storage of substances (water and food)
vacuole
78
tend to be larger in cells, plays an important role in osmotic pressure in animals, important in intracellular digestion and exretion of waste product
vacuole
79
defining characteristics of a plant cell
cellulosic cell wall
80
polysaccharides that makes up the cell walls
cellulose
81
firm structure that is formed by the crystallization of cellulose
microfibril
82
fiber-like strand that wrap the whole cell particularly the plasma membrane
microfibril
83
assist the addition of cellulose molecules into the microfibril layer
intrinsic proteins
84
produce a polysaccharide called hemicellulose
dictyosomes
85
transported through a vesicle, outward the cell membrane and released toward the microfibrils as "glue" that will keep the crystallized cellulose together
hemicellulose
86
sticky substance that glues cell walls of two different plant cells
middle lamella
87
polysaccharide that composes the middle lamella
pectin
88
can be present in advanced and higher plants that is located between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane and is thicker due to the presence of lignin
secondary cell wall
89
resistant to chemicals, fungal, or bacterial attacks
lignin
90
permanent once formed and deposited, never degraded
primary and secondary cell wall
91
all biological membranes are composed of _____ and _____
phospholipid molecule layers and proteins
92
the plasma membrane is what percent protein and lipid molecule
60% protein, 40% lipid molecule
93
most of the proteins have these that expose themselves into the surfaces of the cell membrane
hydrophilic regions
94
reasons why the plasma membrane is called fluid-mosaic
various heterogenous proteins
95
molecules that have a hydrophilic and hydrophobic part
ampipathic
96
green plant cell membranes contain these
double-membrane chloroplasts
97
chloroplast cells are green because of this pigment
chlorophyll
98
have an outer and inner membrane (ex include chloroplast, chromoplast, leucoplast)
plastids
99
example of a plastid where the inner membrane is extensive and highly folded
chloroplasts
100
single membrane found inside the chloroplast
thylakoid
101
multiple membranes of flattened thylakoid vesicles that are stacked
grana
102
provides room for many copies of each enzyme (chloroplast)
inner membrane
103
part of the membrane lipid layer of chloroplasts
photosynthetic pigment
104
interconnected by thylakoid membranes and the liquid stroma
grana
105
number of chloroplasts in green algae remains ___
constant
106
range of the number of chloroplasts in higher plants
30 to 200
107
how big are chloroplasts
4 to 5 micrometers
108
plants growing in shade have ___ chloroplast
larger
109
plate-shaped chloroplast
chlorella
110
cup shaped chloroplast
chlamydomonas
111
ribbon shaped and spirally-ciled
spirogyra
112
star shaped
zygnema
113
spherical or ovoidal
higher plants
114
disc-shaped, surrounds the chloroplast
chloroplast envelop
115
which membrane of the chloroplast is freely permeable
outer membrane
116
which membrane of the chloroplast is selectively permeable
inner membrane
117
proteins that regulate the passage of molecules like sugars in and out of the molecule
integral membrane proteins
118
encloses a protein-rich substance called stroma (chloroplast)
inner membrane
119
the fluid inside contains a host of enzymes, plastid, DNA, RNA, and ribosomes
stroma
120
membrane system within the stroma
thylakoids
121
chloroplast is divided into three distinct internal compartments
intermembrane space
stroma
thylakoid lumen
122
space between inner and outer membranes of the chloroplast envelope
intermembrane space
123
lies inside the envelope but outside the thylakoid membrane
stroma
124
network of membrane-bound flattened discs
thylakoid membrane
125
membranes of thylakoids
fret membranes
126
tubular membranes that interconnects the grana
inter-granal lamellae
127
how many granal clusters does a chloroplast have
10 to 30
128
how many thylakoids in a single granum
20 to 60
129
thylakoid membrane is made up of:
20 to 30 percent lipids
70 to 80 percent proteins
granular structures embedded in the membrane
130
granules that are responsible for capturing photons of solar electromagnetic radiation and act as photosynthetic units
quantasomes
131
multi-protein complex in larger granules
photosystem II (PS II)
132
multi-protein complex in smaller granules
photosystem I (PS I)
133
lack PS II but contain only PS I
inter granal lamellae
134
green pigments (A and B)
Chlorophyll A and B
135
yellow to red pigments
Carotenoids
136
inner mitochonrial membrane is folded into this
plate-like cristae
137
intrinsic proteins embedded in the crista membrane
respiratory enzymes
138
proteins in the outer membrane of mitochondria
porins
139
tunnel proteins that form a hole in outer membrane
porins
140
occur in the inner membrane of mitochondria
electron transport chain
141
fold in the inner membrane (mitochondria)
crista
142
folds, collection of crista
cristae
143
space between the outer and inner membrane
intermembrane space
144
does not have porins so there are different concentrations (mitochondria)
inner membrane
145
synthesizes ATP
ATP synthase
146
has much higher protein concentrations, more viscous than cytosol
matrix
147
occurs in the matrix
krebs cycle
148
what makes a plant cell unique
cell wall, bigger vacuoles, chloroplasts
149
one adult plant has this that takes up 30% of the cell's volume
vacuole
150
function of the vacuole
stores waste and water, exerts an outward pressure
151
earliest plant fossils found
400 million years ago
152
reproduce by making a bunch of spores and sheds
lycophytes
153
some lycophytes evolved into this but are now extinct
scale trees
154
used to call scale tree forests because of the trees' density that they covered the earth and eventually fossilized into coal
coal forests
155
period named after carbon, an epoch where there are rich deposits of coal
carboniferous period
156
didn't develop until the end of cretaceous period
angiosperms
157
who can digest cellulose
termites, cows, koalas, horses
158
term for cellulose and lignin
roughage
