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Fundamentals of Botany > Plant Cell Structure Part 1 > Flashcards

Plant Cell Structure Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

rectangular and comparatively larger than animal cell

A

plant cell

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2
Q

what plant and animal cell shares, “body organs” of the cell

A

organelles

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3
Q

floating particles in the cell (cytoplasm)

A

proteins

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4
Q

the inside of the cell

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

thick liquid inside the cell

A

cytosol

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6
Q

“skin” around the cell, keep inside in and outside out

A

cell membrane

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7
Q

gives the cell structure

A

cytoskeleton

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8
Q

organelles, create energy for the cell, powerhouse of the cell

A

mitochondria

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9
Q

make new protein

A

ribosomes

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10
Q

has two types: rough and smooth

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

has translocon pores

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

does not have translocon pores

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

ribosomes attach to these pores and push proteins onto the ER

A

translocon pores

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14
Q

sorts, packages, and ships protein

A

golgi apparatus

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15
Q

blobs where proteins are packaged

A

vesicles

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16
Q

protein with “feet”, pulls along the vesicles

A

kinesin

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17
Q

almost like train tracks where the vesicle walks in

A

microtubule

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18
Q

not permanent, can get taken apart and put together in diff. locations depending on the needs of the cell

A

microtubule

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19
Q

process where microtubules are being built and assembled from smaller parts

A

polymerization

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20
Q

proteins that make up the polymerization process

A

tubulin

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21
Q

microtubules are coming apart

A

depolymerization

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22
Q

contains DNA

A

nucleus

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23
Q

holes where the RNA leaves the nucleus

A

nuclear pore

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24
Q

cells garbage trucks and recycling centers breaks down protein

A

proteasome

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25
Q

three basic structures that cells of plants, animals, and related organisms have in common:

A

cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm

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26
Q

gives strength, shape, and protection to the cell

A

plasma membrane

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27
Q

regulates traffic flow of materials between the interior of the cell and its environment

A

plasma membrane

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28
Q

some membrane is provided with this at the atypical surface to increase area for absorption

A

microvilli

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29
Q

carbohydrate protein/carbohydrate-lipid complex acted as a cell coat for cell interaction that are sometimes present in some membranes

A

glycocalyx

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30
Q

plant cells have this, providing strength and rigidity of the cell

A

cell wall

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31
Q

gives support and resist outside pressures

A

cell wall

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32
Q

made of polysaccharide cellulose

A

cell wall

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33
Q

in fungi, cell wall is composed of this

A

chitin

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34
Q

not solid and they allow products to pass through them

A

cell walls

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35
Q

composes the plasma membrane with proteins arranged at random on the outer half, inner half of the lipid, or extend through

A

phospholipid bilayer

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36
Q

structure of phospholipid bilayer that was proposed in 1972

A

fluid mosaic model

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37
Q

two scientists who proposed the fluid mosaic model

A

Garth Nicholson
Jonathan Singer

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38
Q

nature of the membrane that allows the mobility of lipids and proteins within the membrane

A

semi-fluid

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39
Q

phospholipid molecule is composed of:

A

phosphate group
two fatty acid tails

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40
Q

which part of the phospholipid molecule is hydrophilic and polar

A

phosphate group

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41
Q

when immersed in water, the hydrophobic and nonpolar tail will force the structure into what

A

bilayer

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42
Q

where the water-loving heads are “protecting” the water fearing tails

A

bilayer

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43
Q

lack a true nucleus

A

prokaryotic cells

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44
Q

have a distinct nucleus

A

eukaryotic cells

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45
Q

linear units that contains the DNA

A

chromosomes

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46
Q

when DNA appear in non-linear units

A

chromatins

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47
Q

dense organelle that is found within the nucleus

A

nucleolus

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48
Q

formed inside before leaving into the cytoplasm

A

Ribosomes

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49
Q

surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells

A

nuclear membrane

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50
Q

double membrane, similar to the plasma membrane that consists of lipid layers

A

nuclear membrane

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51
Q

allow the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm and direct the activities of the cell

A

nuclear pore

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52
Q

governor of the cell

A

nucleus

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53
Q

area between the nucleus and plasma membrane

A

cytoplasm

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54
Q

contains many important structures, physiologically active organelles, which are permanent sub-cellular structures performing metabolic functions

A

cytoplasm

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55
Q

temporary sub-cellular structures performing non-metabolic functions

A

inclusions

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56
Q

example of inclusions

A

vacuoles
pigments
crystals
fat droplets
foreign particles

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57
Q

commonly referred to as the “ER”, series of membranes that is continuous with the nuclear membrane and can extend throughout the cytoplasm

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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58
Q

two different types of ER depending on the presence of ribosomes attached to it:

A

rough ER, smooth ER

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59
Q

organelles where amino acids are bound together

A

ribosomes

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60
Q

commonly the site of protein synthesis within the cell

A

ribosomes

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61
Q

cylinder-like organelles composed of microtubules only found in animal cells

A

centrioles

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62
Q

also called golgi body, series of sacs that appear to be flattened and curled at the edges

A

golgi apparatus

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63
Q

processed and packaged at the golgi apparatus to send to the right addresses

A

proteins and lipids

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64
Q

often bulge and break away from drop-like sacs

A

outside sacs

65
Q

drop-like sacs

A

secretory vesicles

66
Q

produce vesicles, which contain mature proteins or lipids

A

trans face of golgi apparatus

67
Q

is the end of the organelle where substances enter from the endoplasmic reticulum for processing

A

cis face of golgi apparatus

68
Q

comes from golgi apparatus, also a drop-like sac that move about in the cytoplasm

A

lysosome

69
Q

located in the lysosome used for digestion

A

enzyme

70
Q

site for cellular respiration in which most of the energy by the cell is produced

A

mitochondrion

71
Q

formed using the energy released by the mitochondria

A

ATP

72
Q

green plant cells contain this double-membrane organelle

A

chloroplasts

73
Q

main function of chloroplast

A

photosynthesis

74
Q

pigment that makes the chloroplast green

A

chlorophyll

75
Q

cytoskeleton is made up of:

A

microtubule
microfilaments
intermediate filaments

76
Q

means empty space

A

vacuole

77
Q

membrane-bound inclusions in the cytoplasm for storage of substances (water and food)

A

vacuole

78
Q

tend to be larger in cells, plays an important role in osmotic pressure in animals, important in intracellular digestion and exretion of waste product

A

vacuole

79
Q

defining characteristics of a plant cell

A

cellulosic cell wall

80
Q

polysaccharides that makes up the cell walls

A

cellulose

81
Q

firm structure that is formed by the crystallization of cellulose

A

microfibril

82
Q

fiber-like strand that wrap the whole cell particularly the plasma membrane

A

microfibril

83
Q

assist the addition of cellulose molecules into the microfibril layer

A

intrinsic proteins

84
Q

produce a polysaccharide called hemicellulose

A

dictyosomes

85
Q

transported through a vesicle, outward the cell membrane and released toward the microfibrils as “glue” that will keep the crystallized cellulose together

A

hemicellulose

86
Q

sticky substance that glues cell walls of two different plant cells

A

middle lamella

87
Q

polysaccharide that composes the middle lamella

A

pectin

88
Q

can be present in advanced and higher plants that is located between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane and is thicker due to the presence of lignin

A

secondary cell wall

89
Q

resistant to chemicals, fungal, or bacterial attacks

A

lignin

90
Q

permanent once formed and deposited, never degraded

A

primary and secondary cell wall

91
Q

all biological membranes are composed of _____ and _____

A

phospholipid molecule layers and proteins

92
Q

the plasma membrane is what percent protein and lipid molecule

A

60% protein, 40% lipid molecule

93
Q

most of the proteins have these that expose themselves into the surfaces of the cell membrane

A

hydrophilic regions

94
Q

reasons why the plasma membrane is called fluid-mosaic

A

various heterogenous proteins

95
Q

molecules that have a hydrophilic and hydrophobic part

A

ampipathic

96
Q

green plant cell membranes contain these

A

double-membrane chloroplasts

97
Q

chloroplast cells are green because of this pigment

A

chlorophyll

98
Q

have an outer and inner membrane (ex include chloroplast, chromoplast, leucoplast)

A

plastids

99
Q

example of a plastid where the inner membrane is extensive and highly folded

A

chloroplasts

100
Q

single membrane found inside the chloroplast

A

thylakoid

101
Q

multiple membranes of flattened thylakoid vesicles that are stacked

A

grana

102
Q

provides room for many copies of each enzyme (chloroplast)

A

inner membrane

103
Q

part of the membrane lipid layer of chloroplasts

A

photosynthetic pigment

104
Q

interconnected by thylakoid membranes and the liquid stroma

A

grana

105
Q

number of chloroplasts in green algae remains ___

A

constant

106
Q

range of the number of chloroplasts in higher plants

A

30 to 200

107
Q

how big are chloroplasts

A

4 to 5 micrometers

108
Q

plants growing in shade have ___ chloroplast

A

larger

109
Q

plate-shaped chloroplast

A

chlorella

110
Q

cup shaped chloroplast

A

chlamydomonas

111
Q

ribbon shaped and spirally-ciled

A

spirogyra

112
Q

star shaped

A

zygnema

113
Q

spherical or ovoidal

A

higher plants

114
Q

disc-shaped, surrounds the chloroplast

A

chloroplast envelop

115
Q

which membrane of the chloroplast is freely permeable

A

outer membrane

116
Q

which membrane of the chloroplast is selectively permeable

A

inner membrane

117
Q

proteins that regulate the passage of molecules like sugars in and out of the molecule

A

integral membrane proteins

118
Q

encloses a protein-rich substance called stroma (chloroplast)

A

inner membrane

119
Q

the fluid inside contains a host of enzymes, plastid, DNA, RNA, and ribosomes

A

stroma

120
Q

membrane system within the stroma

A

thylakoids

121
Q

chloroplast is divided into three distinct internal compartments

A

intermembrane space
stroma
thylakoid lumen

122
Q

space between inner and outer membranes of the chloroplast envelope

A

intermembrane space

123
Q

lies inside the envelope but outside the thylakoid membrane

A

stroma

124
Q

network of membrane-bound flattened discs

A

thylakoid membrane

125
Q

membranes of thylakoids

A

fret membranes

126
Q

tubular membranes that interconnects the grana

A

inter-granal lamellae

127
Q

how many granal clusters does a chloroplast have

A

10 to 30

128
Q

how many thylakoids in a single granum

A

20 to 60

129
Q

thylakoid membrane is made up of:

A

20 to 30 percent lipids
70 to 80 percent proteins
granular structures embedded in the membrane

130
Q

granules that are responsible for capturing photons of solar electromagnetic radiation and act as photosynthetic units

A

quantasomes

131
Q

multi-protein complex in larger granules

A

photosystem II (PS II)

132
Q

multi-protein complex in smaller granules

A

photosystem I (PS I)

133
Q

lack PS II but contain only PS I

A

inter granal lamellae

134
Q

green pigments (A and B)

A

Chlorophyll A and B

135
Q

yellow to red pigments

A

Carotenoids

136
Q

inner mitochonrial membrane is folded into this

A

plate-like cristae

137
Q

intrinsic proteins embedded in the crista membrane

A

respiratory enzymes

138
Q

proteins in the outer membrane of mitochondria

A

porins

139
Q

tunnel proteins that form a hole in outer membrane

A

porins

140
Q

occur in the inner membrane of mitochondria

A

electron transport chain

141
Q

fold in the inner membrane (mitochondria)

A

crista

142
Q

folds, collection of crista

A

cristae

143
Q

space between the outer and inner membrane

A

intermembrane space

144
Q

does not have porins so there are different concentrations (mitochondria)

A

inner membrane

145
Q

synthesizes ATP

A

ATP synthase

146
Q

has much higher protein concentrations, more viscous than cytosol

A

matrix

147
Q

occurs in the matrix

A

krebs cycle

148
Q

what makes a plant cell unique

A

cell wall, bigger vacuoles, chloroplasts

149
Q

one adult plant has this that takes up 30% of the cell’s volume

A

vacuole

150
Q

function of the vacuole

A

stores waste and water, exerts an outward pressure

151
Q

earliest plant fossils found

A

400 million years ago

152
Q

reproduce by making a bunch of spores and sheds

A

lycophytes

153
Q

some lycophytes evolved into this but are now extinct

A

scale trees

154
Q

used to call scale tree forests because of the trees’ density that they covered the earth and eventually fossilized into coal

A

coal forests

155
Q

period named after carbon, an epoch where there are rich deposits of coal

A

carboniferous period

156
Q

didn’t develop until the end of cretaceous period

A

angiosperms

157
Q

who can digest cellulose

A

termites, cows, koalas, horses

158
Q

term for cellulose and lignin

A

roughage

Fundamentals of Botany (25 decks)

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