Plant Cell Structure Part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
make and store needed compounds
A
plastids
2
Q
started as a bacteria that were absorbed into plant cells
A
plastids and mitochondria
3
Q
most important of all plastids, light -> sugar & oxygen
A
chloroplasts
4
Q
organelles in animals do not give the cell shape
A
vacuole
5
Q
plant cells push water into these organelles
A
central vacuole
6
Q
structural and functional units of living structures
A
cell
7
Q
scientist that reported thin slices of cork and other plant materials contained minute partitions separating cavities that are eventually named cells
A
Robert Hooke
8
Q
discovered the microscope and “free cells” with nucleus
A
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
9
Q
discovered the cell substance (protoplasm)
A
Dujardin
10
Q
stated that many living bodies must have parts of cellular tissue or formed by such tissue
A
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
11
Q
described the nucleus as the central feature in plant cells, discovered the movement of microscopic particles
A
Robert Brown
12
Q
stated that cells were the unit of structure in animals
A
Theodor Schwann
13
Q
concluded that cells come only from other cells
A
Rudolf Virchow
14
Q
stated that cells ensure continuity between one generation through mitosis
A
Alexander Flemming
15
Q
who proposed the cell theory
A
Rudolf Virchow and Theodor Schwann
16
Q
basic tenets of cell theory
A
all living organisms are made up of cell
the cell is the basic unit of structure of all living organisms
all cells come from pre-existing cells
17
Q
how small are Rickettsia
A
0.3 to 0.5 micrometers
18
Q
how small are prokaryotes (bacterial groups)
A
1 to 10 micrometers
19
Q
example of cells that can be seen
A
“yolks” of eggs in most vertebrates
20
Q
why are most of the cells are small
A
ratio of the volume of the cell’s nucleus to the volume of cytoplasm must not be so small for the nucleus to control the cytoplasm
21
Q
as a roughly spherical cell becomes larger, the innermost regions become farther away from the membrane which makes diffusion ___
A
difficult
22
Q
difference of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
A
prokaryotes have cell walls, only plant cells in eukaryotes have cell walls
prokaryotes does not have nucleus, nuclear membrane, nucleolus
prokaryotes only have ribosomes and cilia and flagella
prokaryotes have single, circular, w/o associated proteins in chromosomes
prokaryotes have RNA and DNA as its genetic material
23
Q
why does cell volume work to limit cell size
A
as the cell enlargens, its volume increases more rapidly than its surface area does. Larger cell has a greater need for exchange of nutrients and wastes with the environment.
24
Q
what cells can get large due to their elongated shape
A
muscle cells and neurons
25
three structural parts of an animal cell
plasma membrane
cytosol
nucleus
26
gatekeeper of the cell, outer limiting membrane in animal cells
plasma membrane
27
thick-semi fluid portion of the cytoplasm
cytosol
28
other term for cytosol
intracellular fluid
29
large, double membrane organelle that contains the chromosomal DNA of a eukaryotic cell
nucleus
30
highly organized stuctures with characteristic shapes that are highly specialized for specific cellular activities
organelles
31
temporary structures that contain secretions and storage products of the cell
inclusions
32
functions of cell membrane
-acts as separation between the internal components of the cell from the extracellular environment
-allows passage of selected molecules, regulating the exchange of substances between the cell's protoplasm
-communicates with other cells
33
described the molecular arrangement of the plasma membrane and other membranes in living organisms
fluid mosaic model
34
pattern of many small pieces fitted together
mosaic
35
proteins are flowing like what in a sea of lipids
icebergs
36
percent of phospholipids in the cell membrane
75 percent
37
form the bilayer, the arrangement occurs because it is ampipathic
phospholipid bilayer
38
what part faces the watery cytosol and ECF
phosphate head
39
amphipathic occurring only on the membrane layer facing the ECF
glycolipids
40
what percent is glycolipid in the cell membrane
5 percent
41
function of glycolipids
adhesion among cells and tissues
cell-to-cel recognition and communicaton
42
exposed on brain and nerve cell membranes as antigens
gangliosides
43
serve as antigens on surfaces of RBCs for blood group interaction
glycosphingolipids
44
located among the phospholipids in both sides of the bilayer, strengthen the membrane but decrease its flexibility
cholesterol
45
how many percent is cholesterol in the membrane
20 percent
46
two types of membrane proteins in plasma membrane
integral and peripheral
47
extend across the phospholipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails, mostly glycoproteins
intrinsic/integral proteins
48
loosely attached to the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane and are easily separated from it
extrinsic/peripheral proteins
49
determine what functions a cell can perform
membrane proteins and glycoproteins
50
function of proteins
channel
cell identity markers
cytoskeleton anchor
transporter
enzymes
receptor
51
function of proteins that allows passage of specific molecules (K+ Cl-) to move through the pore
channel
52
function of proteins that carries specific substance across
transporter
53
function of proteins that catalyzes different reactions
enzymes
54
example of a transporter protein
amino acids
55
example of a enyzme protein
adenylyl cyclase
56
converts ATP to cAMP
adenylyl cyclase
57
function of protein that distinguishes cell from other cells
cell identity markers
58
example of cell identity marker protein
glycosphingolipids
59
function of proteins that recognizes specific molecules (e.g. hormones) and alter cell's function in some ways
receptors
60
function of protein that attaches filaments and tubules inside the cell to the cell membrane to stabilize the structure and shape of the cells
cytoskeleton anchor
61
usually spherical or oval organelle and is the largest structure in the cell
nucleus
62
contains the hereditary units of the cell which control cellular structure and direct many cellular activities
nucleus
63
example of body cells that do not have a nucleus
mature RBCs
64
what fibers contain several nuclei
skeletal muscle fibers
65
separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
nuclear membrane
66
allow most ions and water-soluble molecules to shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm
nuclear pore (water-filled)
67
about ten times large in diameter than channels in the plasma membrane and thus permit larger passage of large molecules such as RNA and various proteins
nuclear pore
68
nucleus unside a nucleus
nucleoli
69
aggregation of proteins, DNA, and RNA that are not bounded by a membrane
nucleoli
70
disperse and disappear during cell division and reorganize once new cells are formed
nucleoli
71
sites of assembly of ribosomes which can contain rRNA
nucleoli
72
type of RNA that plays a key role in protein synthesis
rRNA
73
loosely packed DNA and associated proteins
chromatin
74
process where DNA and certain proteins condense and coil into rod-shaped bodies
cell division
75
tightly packed DNA during cell division
chromosomes
76
through an electron microscope, chromatin appears like
beads on a string
77
each bead consists of double-stranded DNA wrapped twice around a core of 8 proteins
nucleosome
78
8 proteins where the nucleosome is wrapped twice around in
histones
79
strings between heads, which folds an adjacent nucleosomes together
linker DNA
80
histones that promote the folding of nucleosome into a large diameter structure
chromatin fiber
81
before cell division, DNA duplicates and chromatin strands subsequently shorten and turn into this
chromatids
82
pair of chromatids make a
chromosome
83
specialized structures that have characteristic appearances and specific roles in growth, maintenance, repair, and control
organelles
84
contains numerous ER and golgi complex to meet its function of production and secretion of bile
liver cell
85
do not have mitochondria that would consume oxygen
mature red blood cell
86
universally present within animal cells except in mature red blood cells
mitochondria
87
capable of self-replication i.e. they have to divide to increase in number in response to cellular need for ATP and cell division
mitochondria
88
mitochondrion consists of two membran es:
outer mitochondrial and inner mitochondrial membrane
89
which membrane of the mitochondria is smooth
outer mitochondrial membrane
90
which membrane of the mitochondria is arrange in a series of folds
inner mitochondrial membrane
91
series of folds in mitochondria
cristae
92
central cavity of a mitochondrion that is enclosed by the inner membrane and cristae
matrix
93
tiny spheres that contain rRNA and several ribosomal proteins
ribosomes
94
two types of ribosomes
free and attached ribosomes
95
manufacture proteins for domestic use
free ribosomes
96
manufacture proteins for export use
attached ribosomes
97
example of free proteins
membrane proteins and enzymes (catalase)
98
form perixosomes
catalase
99
example of attached proteins
secretory proteins (enzymes and hormones)
100
system of membrane-enclosed channels of varying shapes called cistern/cisternae
endoplasmic reticulum
101
function of rough endoplasmic reticulum
protein synthesis
glycosylation
102
addition of carbohydrate groups to glycoproteins
glycosylation
103
function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lipid synthesis
drug detoxification
carbohydrate metabolism
calcium storage
104
addition of OH groups increasing solubility of hydrophobic drugs in water so they can easily be exerted from the body
hydroxylation
105
breakdown of glycogen by glucose-6-phosphatase
carbohydrate metabolism
106
stores and releases calcium during relaxation and contraction respectively
sacroplasmic reticulum
107
what do muscle cells do to calcium when it relaxes
reduces
108
what do muscle cells do to calcium when it contracts
stores
109
membrane-bound enzyme that breaks down glycogen
glucose-6-phosphatase
110
difference between cristae and cisternae
cristae (mitochondria), cisternae (endoplasmic reticulum, golgi)
cristae (contains proteins, including ATP and cytochrome), cisternae (enzymes)
111
located near the nucleus, consists of 4-6 flattened sacs called cisternae stacked upon each other like a pile of plates with expanded bulges in the end
golgi complex
112
shuttle protein and lipid products among the cisterns for further processing and modification
vesicles
113
route of proteins to be exported
ribosomes -> RER -> transport vesicles -> golgi complex -> secretory vesicles -> released via exocytosis
114
membrane-enclosed vesicles that form in the Golgi complex
lysosomes
115
function of lysosomes
intracellular digestion
autophagy
autolysis
extracellular digestion
116
function of lysosomes where enzymes digest bacteria and other substances
intracellular digestion
117
examples of intracellular digestion
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
118
vesicles that arise during phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and endocytosis
phagosomes (phagocytic vesicles)
pinocytic vesicles
endosomes
119
function of lysosomes where the cell's own structure are recycled
autophagy
120
function of lysosomes wherein it acts as "suicide bags" during apoptosis
autolysis
121
cells themselves die in order to go about normal development
apoptosis
122
function of lysosomes where lysosomal enzymes released at the sites of injury help digest cellular debris, which prepares the injured area for effective repair
extracellular digestion
123
similar in structure to lysosomes and is capable of self-replication like mitochondria
peroxisomes
124
found in numerous kidney and liver cells
peroxisomes
125
functions of peroxisomes
hydrogen peroxide metabolism
detoxification of harmful compounds
oxidation of fatty acids
126
generate hydrogen peroxide
oxidase
127
degrades hydrogen peroxide
catalase
128
detoxifies methanol, ethanol, formic acid, formaldehyde, nitrites, phenols
catalase
129
shorten fatty acids in preparation for subsequent metabolism in mitochondrion to produce acetyl coenzyme A
peroxisomes
130
complex internal network of filamentous proteins in cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
131
cellular shape and has a capability to carry out coordinated movements
cytoskeleton
132
responsible for the movement of whole cells such as phagocytes and movement of organelles and chemicals within the cells
cytoskeleton
133
three main types of protein filaments
microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments
134
hollow cylindrical structures about 25nm in diameter
microtubules
135
protein that assembles microtubules
tubulin
136
functions of microtubules
support and shape cells with microfilaments
acts as "conveyor belts", "road", or "tracts"
assist in movement of pseudopods
form structure of flagella, cilia and centrioless
137
composed of rope-like protein strands which are 8-12nm in diameter
intermediate filaments
138
exceptionally strong and tough and are resistance to tensile forces and are relatively insoluble
intermediate filaments
139
functions of intermediate filaments
mechanical stability due to plectin crossbridges
structural reinforcement inside cells
holds organelles in place
associate closely with microtubules to give shape to the cell
140
bind intermediate filaments together, also binds microtubules and microfilaments
plectin
141
twisted double strands, each consisting of a string of protein (actin) subunits about 8nm in diameter
microfilaments
142
function of microfilaments
plays a key role in contractility and motility
143
slide past one another to produce contraction (shortening) of muscle fiber
muscle tissue
144
what are the thin filaments and thick filaments in muscle tissues
actin filaments (thin), myosin filaments (thick)
145
actin in non-muscle cells provide support and shape to assist in:
cell movement (phagocytic)
movement within cell (phagocytosis and phinocytosis)
146
latin for eyelash
cilia
147
latin for whip
flagella
148
slender extensions of the plasma membrane
cilia and flagella
149
how many fused pairs of microtubules does cilia and flagella have
9 fused pair
150
how many unfused pairs of microtubules does cilia and flagella have
2 unfused pair
151
difference between cilia and flagella in length
50-75 micrometer long (flagella)
10-25 micrometer long (cilia)
152
difference between cilia and flagella in number
few (flagella)
numerous (cilia)
153
difference between cilia and flagella in motion
undulate and continuous bending (flagella)
stiff rowing during the Powerstroke (cilia)
without distinct power and return strokes (flagella)
flexible return stroke that brings it to original position (cilia)
153
difference between cilia and flagella in direction of force
perpendicular to the plasma membrane (flagella)
parallel to the plasma membrane (cilia)
154
examples of ciliated protozoans
paramecium
dinidium
euplotes
155
example of flagellated protozoans
euglena
trypansoma
dinoflagellates
156
example of flagellated cells
sperm cells
157
cells that propel substances along their surfaces
ciliated cells
158
examples of ciliated cells
gills of oysters
oviducts of females
respiratory tracts of most land vertebrates
159
dense area of cytoplasmic material near the nucleus
centrosome
160
pair of cylindrical structures found within the centrosome
centrioles
161
each centriole is composed of:
nine clusters of three microtubules arranged in a circular pattern
162
function of centrioles
centers for organizing microtubules in nondividing cell
organizes the mitotic spindle during cell division
163
fluid-filled sacs surrounded by single membrane
vacuoles
164
temporary features of the cell, formed during phagocytosis
food vacuole
165
freshwater organisms have this in order to withstand a hypotonic environment
contractile vacuoles
