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Fundamentals of Botany > Plant Cell Structure Part 2 > Flashcards

Plant Cell Structure Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

make and store needed compounds

A

plastids

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2
Q

started as a bacteria that were absorbed into plant cells

A

plastids and mitochondria

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3
Q

most important of all plastids, light -> sugar & oxygen

A

chloroplasts

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4
Q

organelles in animals do not give the cell shape

A

vacuole

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5
Q

plant cells push water into these organelles

A

central vacuole

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6
Q

structural and functional units of living structures

A

cell

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7
Q

scientist that reported thin slices of cork and other plant materials contained minute partitions separating cavities that are eventually named cells

A

Robert Hooke

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8
Q

discovered the microscope and “free cells” with nucleus

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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9
Q

discovered the cell substance (protoplasm)

A

Dujardin

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10
Q

stated that many living bodies must have parts of cellular tissue or formed by such tissue

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

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11
Q

described the nucleus as the central feature in plant cells, discovered the movement of microscopic particles

A

Robert Brown

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12
Q

stated that cells were the unit of structure in animals

A

Theodor Schwann

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13
Q

concluded that cells come only from other cells

A

Rudolf Virchow

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14
Q

stated that cells ensure continuity between one generation through mitosis

A

Alexander Flemming

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15
Q

who proposed the cell theory

A

Rudolf Virchow and Theodor Schwann

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16
Q

basic tenets of cell theory

A

all living organisms are made up of cell
the cell is the basic unit of structure of all living organisms
all cells come from pre-existing cells

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17
Q

how small are Rickettsia

A

0.3 to 0.5 micrometers

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18
Q

how small are prokaryotes (bacterial groups)

A

1 to 10 micrometers

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19
Q

example of cells that can be seen

A

“yolks” of eggs in most vertebrates

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20
Q

why are most of the cells are small

A

ratio of the volume of the cell’s nucleus to the volume of cytoplasm must not be so small for the nucleus to control the cytoplasm

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21
Q

as a roughly spherical cell becomes larger, the innermost regions become farther away from the membrane which makes diffusion ___

A

difficult

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22
Q

difference of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes have cell walls, only plant cells in eukaryotes have cell walls
prokaryotes does not have nucleus, nuclear membrane, nucleolus
prokaryotes only have ribosomes and cilia and flagella
prokaryotes have single, circular, w/o associated proteins in chromosomes
prokaryotes have RNA and DNA as its genetic material

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23
Q

why does cell volume work to limit cell size

A

as the cell enlargens, its volume increases more rapidly than its surface area does. Larger cell has a greater need for exchange of nutrients and wastes with the environment.

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24
Q

what cells can get large due to their elongated shape

A

muscle cells and neurons

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25
Q

three structural parts of an animal cell

A

plasma membrane
cytosol
nucleus

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26
Q

gatekeeper of the cell, outer limiting membrane in animal cells

A

plasma membrane

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27
Q

thick-semi fluid portion of the cytoplasm

A

cytosol

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28
Q

other term for cytosol

A

intracellular fluid

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29
Q

large, double membrane organelle that contains the chromosomal DNA of a eukaryotic cell

A

nucleus

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30
Q

highly organized stuctures with characteristic shapes that are highly specialized for specific cellular activities

A

organelles

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31
Q

temporary structures that contain secretions and storage products of the cell

A

inclusions

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32
Q

functions of cell membrane

A

-acts as separation between the internal components of the cell from the extracellular environment
-allows passage of selected molecules, regulating the exchange of substances between the cell’s protoplasm
-communicates with other cells

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33
Q

described the molecular arrangement of the plasma membrane and other membranes in living organisms

A

fluid mosaic model

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34
Q

pattern of many small pieces fitted together

A

mosaic

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35
Q

proteins are flowing like what in a sea of lipids

A

icebergs

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36
Q

percent of phospholipids in the cell membrane

A

75 percent

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37
Q

form the bilayer, the arrangement occurs because it is ampipathic

A

phospholipid bilayer

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38
Q

what part faces the watery cytosol and ECF

A

phosphate head

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39
Q

amphipathic occurring only on the membrane layer facing the ECF

A

glycolipids

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40
Q

what percent is glycolipid in the cell membrane

A

5 percent

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41
Q

function of glycolipids

A

adhesion among cells and tissues
cell-to-cel recognition and communicaton

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42
Q

exposed on brain and nerve cell membranes as antigens

A

gangliosides

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43
Q

serve as antigens on surfaces of RBCs for blood group interaction

A

glycosphingolipids

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44
Q

located among the phospholipids in both sides of the bilayer, strengthen the membrane but decrease its flexibility

A

cholesterol

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45
Q

how many percent is cholesterol in the membrane

A

20 percent

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46
Q

two types of membrane proteins in plasma membrane

A

integral and peripheral

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47
Q

extend across the phospholipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails, mostly glycoproteins

A

intrinsic/integral proteins

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48
Q

loosely attached to the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane and are easily separated from it

A

extrinsic/peripheral proteins

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49
Q

determine what functions a cell can perform

A

membrane proteins and glycoproteins

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50
Q

function of proteins

A

channel
cell identity markers
cytoskeleton anchor
transporter
enzymes
receptor

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51
Q

function of proteins that allows passage of specific molecules (K+ Cl-) to move through the pore

A

channel

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52
Q

function of proteins that carries specific substance across

A

transporter

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53
Q

function of proteins that catalyzes different reactions

A

enzymes

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54
Q

example of a transporter protein

A

amino acids

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55
Q

example of a enyzme protein

A

adenylyl cyclase

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56
Q

converts ATP to cAMP

A

adenylyl cyclase

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57
Q

function of protein that distinguishes cell from other cells

A

cell identity markers

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58
Q

example of cell identity marker protein

A

glycosphingolipids

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59
Q

function of proteins that recognizes specific molecules (e.g. hormones) and alter cell’s function in some ways

A

receptors

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60
Q

function of protein that attaches filaments and tubules inside the cell to the cell membrane to stabilize the structure and shape of the cells

A

cytoskeleton anchor

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61
Q

usually spherical or oval organelle and is the largest structure in the cell

A

nucleus

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62
Q

contains the hereditary units of the cell which control cellular structure and direct many cellular activities

A

nucleus

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63
Q

example of body cells that do not have a nucleus

A

mature RBCs

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64
Q

what fibers contain several nuclei

A

skeletal muscle fibers

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65
Q

separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

A

nuclear membrane

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66
Q

allow most ions and water-soluble molecules to shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm

A

nuclear pore (water-filled)

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67
Q

about ten times large in diameter than channels in the plasma membrane and thus permit larger passage of large molecules such as RNA and various proteins

A

nuclear pore

68
Q

nucleus unside a nucleus

A

nucleoli

69
Q

aggregation of proteins, DNA, and RNA that are not bounded by a membrane

A

nucleoli

70
Q

disperse and disappear during cell division and reorganize once new cells are formed

A

nucleoli

71
Q

sites of assembly of ribosomes which can contain rRNA

A

nucleoli

72
Q

type of RNA that plays a key role in protein synthesis

A

rRNA

73
Q

loosely packed DNA and associated proteins

A

chromatin

74
Q

process where DNA and certain proteins condense and coil into rod-shaped bodies

A

cell division

75
Q

tightly packed DNA during cell division

A

chromosomes

76
Q

through an electron microscope, chromatin appears like

A

beads on a string

77
Q

each bead consists of double-stranded DNA wrapped twice around a core of 8 proteins

A

nucleosome

78
Q

8 proteins where the nucleosome is wrapped twice around in

A

histones

79
Q

strings between heads, which folds an adjacent nucleosomes together

A

linker DNA

80
Q

histones that promote the folding of nucleosome into a large diameter structure

A

chromatin fiber

81
Q

before cell division, DNA duplicates and chromatin strands subsequently shorten and turn into this

A

chromatids

82
Q

pair of chromatids make a

A

chromosome

83
Q

specialized structures that have characteristic appearances and specific roles in growth, maintenance, repair, and control

A

organelles

84
Q

contains numerous ER and golgi complex to meet its function of production and secretion of bile

A

liver cell

85
Q

do not have mitochondria that would consume oxygen

A

mature red blood cell

86
Q

universally present within animal cells except in mature red blood cells

A

mitochondria

87
Q

capable of self-replication i.e. they have to divide to increase in number in response to cellular need for ATP and cell division

A

mitochondria

88
Q

mitochondrion consists of two membran es:

A

outer mitochondrial and inner mitochondrial membrane

89
Q

which membrane of the mitochondria is smooth

A

outer mitochondrial membrane

90
Q

which membrane of the mitochondria is arrange in a series of folds

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

91
Q

series of folds in mitochondria

A

cristae

92
Q

central cavity of a mitochondrion that is enclosed by the inner membrane and cristae

A

matrix

93
Q

tiny spheres that contain rRNA and several ribosomal proteins

A

ribosomes

94
Q

two types of ribosomes

A

free and attached ribosomes

95
Q

manufacture proteins for domestic use

A

free ribosomes

96
Q

manufacture proteins for export use

A

attached ribosomes

97
Q

example of free proteins

A

membrane proteins and enzymes (catalase)

98
Q

form perixosomes

A

catalase

99
Q

example of attached proteins

A

secretory proteins (enzymes and hormones)

100
Q

system of membrane-enclosed channels of varying shapes called cistern/cisternae

A

endoplasmic reticulum

101
Q

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

protein synthesis
glycosylation

102
Q

addition of carbohydrate groups to glycoproteins

A

glycosylation

103
Q

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

lipid synthesis
drug detoxification
carbohydrate metabolism
calcium storage

104
Q

addition of OH groups increasing solubility of hydrophobic drugs in water so they can easily be exerted from the body

A

hydroxylation

105
Q

breakdown of glycogen by glucose-6-phosphatase

A

carbohydrate metabolism

106
Q

stores and releases calcium during relaxation and contraction respectively

A

sacroplasmic reticulum

107
Q

what do muscle cells do to calcium when it relaxes

A

reduces

108
Q

what do muscle cells do to calcium when it contracts

A

stores

109
Q

membrane-bound enzyme that breaks down glycogen

A

glucose-6-phosphatase

110
Q

difference between cristae and cisternae

A

cristae (mitochondria), cisternae (endoplasmic reticulum, golgi)
cristae (contains proteins, including ATP and cytochrome), cisternae (enzymes)

111
Q

located near the nucleus, consists of 4-6 flattened sacs called cisternae stacked upon each other like a pile of plates with expanded bulges in the end

A

golgi complex

112
Q

shuttle protein and lipid products among the cisterns for further processing and modification

A

vesicles

113
Q

route of proteins to be exported

A

ribosomes -> RER -> transport vesicles -> golgi complex -> secretory vesicles -> released via exocytosis

114
Q

membrane-enclosed vesicles that form in the Golgi complex

A

lysosomes

115
Q

function of lysosomes

A

intracellular digestion
autophagy
autolysis
extracellular digestion

116
Q

function of lysosomes where enzymes digest bacteria and other substances

A

intracellular digestion

117
Q

examples of intracellular digestion

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis

118
Q

vesicles that arise during phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and endocytosis

A

phagosomes (phagocytic vesicles)
pinocytic vesicles
endosomes

119
Q

function of lysosomes where the cell’s own structure are recycled

A

autophagy

120
Q

function of lysosomes wherein it acts as “suicide bags” during apoptosis

A

autolysis

121
Q

cells themselves die in order to go about normal development

A

apoptosis

122
Q

function of lysosomes where lysosomal enzymes released at the sites of injury help digest cellular debris, which prepares the injured area for effective repair

A

extracellular digestion

123
Q

similar in structure to lysosomes and is capable of self-replication like mitochondria

A

peroxisomes

124
Q

found in numerous kidney and liver cells

A

peroxisomes

125
Q

functions of peroxisomes

A

hydrogen peroxide metabolism
detoxification of harmful compounds
oxidation of fatty acids

126
Q

generate hydrogen peroxide

A

oxidase

127
Q

degrades hydrogen peroxide

A

catalase

128
Q

detoxifies methanol, ethanol, formic acid, formaldehyde, nitrites, phenols

A

catalase

129
Q

shorten fatty acids in preparation for subsequent metabolism in mitochondrion to produce acetyl coenzyme A

A

peroxisomes

130
Q

complex internal network of filamentous proteins in cytoplasm

A

cytoskeleton

131
Q

cellular shape and has a capability to carry out coordinated movements

A

cytoskeleton

132
Q

responsible for the movement of whole cells such as phagocytes and movement of organelles and chemicals within the cells

A

cytoskeleton

133
Q

three main types of protein filaments

A

microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments

134
Q

hollow cylindrical structures about 25nm in diameter

A

microtubules

135
Q

protein that assembles microtubules

A

tubulin

136
Q

functions of microtubules

A

support and shape cells with microfilaments
acts as “conveyor belts”, “road”, or “tracts”
assist in movement of pseudopods
form structure of flagella, cilia and centrioless

137
Q

composed of rope-like protein strands which are 8-12nm in diameter

A

intermediate filaments

138
Q

exceptionally strong and tough and are resistance to tensile forces and are relatively insoluble

A

intermediate filaments

139
Q

functions of intermediate filaments

A

mechanical stability due to plectin crossbridges
structural reinforcement inside cells
holds organelles in place
associate closely with microtubules to give shape to the cell

140
Q

bind intermediate filaments together, also binds microtubules and microfilaments

A

plectin

141
Q

twisted double strands, each consisting of a string of protein (actin) subunits about 8nm in diameter

A

microfilaments

142
Q

function of microfilaments

A

plays a key role in contractility and motility

143
Q

slide past one another to produce contraction (shortening) of muscle fiber

A

muscle tissue

144
Q

what are the thin filaments and thick filaments in muscle tissues

A

actin filaments (thin), myosin filaments (thick)

145
Q

actin in non-muscle cells provide support and shape to assist in:

A

cell movement (phagocytic)
movement within cell (phagocytosis and phinocytosis)

146
Q

latin for eyelash

A

cilia

147
Q

latin for whip

A

flagella

148
Q

slender extensions of the plasma membrane

A

cilia and flagella

149
Q

how many fused pairs of microtubules does cilia and flagella have

A

9 fused pair

150
Q

how many unfused pairs of microtubules does cilia and flagella have

A

2 unfused pair

151
Q

difference between cilia and flagella in length

A

50-75 micrometer long (flagella)
10-25 micrometer long (cilia)

152
Q

difference between cilia and flagella in number

A

few (flagella)
numerous (cilia)

153
Q

difference between cilia and flagella in motion

A

undulate and continuous bending (flagella)
stiff rowing during the Powerstroke (cilia)

without distinct power and return strokes (flagella)
flexible return stroke that brings it to original position (cilia)

153
Q

difference between cilia and flagella in direction of force

A

perpendicular to the plasma membrane (flagella)
parallel to the plasma membrane (cilia)

154
Q

examples of ciliated protozoans

A

paramecium
dinidium
euplotes

155
Q

example of flagellated protozoans

A

euglena
trypansoma
dinoflagellates

156
Q

example of flagellated cells

A

sperm cells

157
Q

cells that propel substances along their surfaces

A

ciliated cells

158
Q

examples of ciliated cells

A

gills of oysters
oviducts of females
respiratory tracts of most land vertebrates

159
Q

dense area of cytoplasmic material near the nucleus

A

centrosome

160
Q

pair of cylindrical structures found within the centrosome

A

centrioles

161
Q

each centriole is composed of:

A

nine clusters of three microtubules arranged in a circular pattern

162
Q

function of centrioles

A

centers for organizing microtubules in nondividing cell
organizes the mitotic spindle during cell division

163
Q

fluid-filled sacs surrounded by single membrane

A

vacuoles

164
Q

temporary features of the cell, formed during phagocytosis

A

food vacuole

165
Q

freshwater organisms have this in order to withstand a hypotonic environment

A

contractile vacuoles

Fundamentals of Botany (25 decks)

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