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Fundamentals of Botany > Transport of Materials > Flashcards

Transport of Materials Flashcards

1
Q

examples of passive transport

A

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis
filtration

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2
Q

type of passive transport where it moves a substance from an area of higher concentration down its concentration gradient

A

diffusion

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3
Q

example of substance that can easily diffuse

A

oxygen
carbon dioxide
steroids
vitamins (A,D,E,K)
Urea
Glycerol
Small alcohol
Ammonia

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4
Q

why does cholesterol and lipids can easily pass through the cell membrane?

A

they have the same nature as the bilayer

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5
Q

one of the great multitaskers of biology

A

cell membrane

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6
Q

determines what molecule can move into or out of the cell and is mainly responsible for maintaining the delicate homeostasis of each cell

A

phospholipid bilayer

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7
Q

simplest transport across a membrane, does not require the cell to expend any energy and involves a substance diffusing down its concentration gradient across a membrane

A

simple diffusion

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8
Q

region of space over which the concentration of a substance changes and substances will naturally move down their gradients, from an area of higher to an area of lower concentration

A

concentration gradient

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9
Q

type of substances that is easier to pass through the semi-permeable membrane

A

small, no charge

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10
Q

example of diffusion

A

gas exhange
perfume

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11
Q

type of facilitated diffusion

A

carrier-mediated
channel

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12
Q

integral proteins that are specific for transporting certain polar molecules or classes of molecules, such as sugars and amino acids, that are too large to pass through the membrane channels

A

carrier

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12
Q

property of the carrier that allows it to first envelop and then release the transported substance, shielding it en route from the nonpolar regions of the membrane

A

alterations in the shape

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13
Q

transmembrane proteins that transport substances, usually ions or water through aqueous channels from one size of the other c

A

channels

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14
Q

are selective due to pore size and the charges of the amino acids lining the channel

A

channels

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15
Q

always open and simply allow ions for water to move according to concentration gradients

A

leakage channels

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16
Q

controlled (opened or close) by chemical or electrical signals

A

gated channels

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17
Q

diffusion that is helped along (facilitated by) a membrane transport channel

A

facilitated diffusion

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18
Q

proteins with carbohydrates that allow molecules to pass through the membrane

A

glycoproteins

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19
Q

net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

A

osmosis

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20
Q

important in many biological processes, as it often takes place at the same time that solutes diffuse or are transprted

A

osmosis

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21
Q

refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cells’ internal volume

A

tonicity

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22
Q

meaning of tono

A

tension

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23
Q

more dilute than cells cells placed in this solution enlarge rapidly as water rush inside

A

hypotonic solution

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24
Q

percentage of salt and water inside the cell

A

0.9 NaCl
99.1 water

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25
Q

have the same concentration of non-penetrating solutes as those found in the cell

A

isotonic solution

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26
Q

higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes that seen in the cell, cells immersed in this solution lose water and shrink

A

hypertonic solution

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27
Q

process where red blood cell is destroyed due to immersion in a hypotonic solution

A

hemolysis

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28
Q

term to call a plant cell immersed in a hypotonic solution

A

turgid (normal)

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29
Q

term to call a plant cell immersed in a isotonic solution

A

flaccid

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30
Q

term to call a plant cell immersed in a hypertonic solution

A

shriveled

31
Q

describes an object’s shape, especially a leaf or shell, as being round-toothed or having a scalloped edge after the exposure of a cell to a hypertonic solution1

A

crenation

32
Q

happens when physical pressure pushes fluid through a selectively permeable membrane

A

filtration

33
Q

drives filtration

A

pressure

34
Q

example of biological filter

A

kidneys

35
Q

the cell membrane permits only those substances which are soluble and could easily pass through its pores.

A

filtration

36
Q

examples of active transport

A

primary AT
secondary AT
bulk transport

37
Q

types of bulk transport

A

exocytosis
endocytosis

38
Q

type of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis

39
Q

like facilitated diffusion, requires carrier proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances

A

active transport

40
Q

driving force of facilitated diffusion

A

kinetic energy

41
Q

move solutes most importantly ions “uphill” against a concentration gradient

A

active transporters/ solute pumps

42
Q

what type of cells does not have sodium-potassium pumps

A

plant cells

43
Q

what are the pumps in plants are releasing

A

Hydrogen
Calcium

44
Q

what helps pumps in plants to release hydrogen and calcium

A

ATP

45
Q

what happens to the ATP when the Na binds to the protein

A

ATP breaks down into ADP and a high-energy phosphate group

46
Q

what part of the ATP breakdown products powers the pump protein to change its shape

A

phosphate group

47
Q

what happens to the Na when the pump protein is powered

A

expelled into the ECF

48
Q

kind of pump that is seen into the vacuole’s membrane

A

hydrogen pump

49
Q

release the proton outwards the cell

A

hydrogen pump

50
Q

what happens when the protein changes in shape after the Na is expelled into the ICF

A

favors the binding of K in the ECF

51
Q

difference between primary and secondary transport

A

primary - derived from ATP breakdown, chemical energy
secondary - derived from electrochemical energy stored in the ionic concentration differences

52
Q

move one type of molecule in one direction

A

uniporters

53
Q

move several molecules in one direction through the use of kinetic energy

A

symporters

54
Q

move different molecules in opposite directions

A

antiporters

55
Q

another mechanism to receive nutrients going inside the cell

A

secondary active transport

56
Q

pumps sodium and potassium in different directions

A

sodium-potassium pump

57
Q

result of different concentrations inside and outside the cell

A

resting membrane potential

58
Q

ratio of sodium going out and potassium going in

A

3:2

59
Q

will move inside the cell due to the concentration gradient

A

high concentration

60
Q

what happens to the hydrogen ion in secondary active transport

A

bind to the protein to be released

61
Q

when a vesicle fuses with the membrane at the cell surface, its contents are deposited outside the cell and the vesicle membrane parts become part of the cell surface

A

vesicle transport

62
Q

numerous organelles produce these that move through the cell, either remaining discrete or fuse with other organelles or vesicles

A

vesicles

63
Q

membrane _______ prevents two compartments from fusing

A

dissimilarity

64
Q

example of dissimilarity of membrane

A

nucleus = mitochondria or cholorplast

65
Q

cell eating

A

phagocytosis

66
Q

meaning of phago

A

to eat

67
Q

meaning of pino

A

to drink

68
Q

process in which a cell internalizes non-particulate materials such as proteins by engulfing them in an energy-dependent manner

A

endocytosis

69
Q

extends from the cell to surround the particle to be taken into the cell by phagocytosis

A

pseudopods

70
Q

formed after the pseudopods fuse with the particles

A

phagosome

71
Q

waits for the liquid to enter

A

pinocytosis

72
Q

membrane forms inward to form this

A

pinocytic vesicle

73
Q

uptake of substances by the cell is targeted to a single type of substance that binds at the receptor on the external cell membrane

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

74
Q

bind to the receptor in receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

ligand

75
Q

release larger molecules that might be used by other cells

A

exocytosis

76
Q

membrane of the secretory vesicles fuses with that of the plasma membrane and secretory product is released into the exterior of the cell

A

exocytosis

Fundamentals of Botany (25 decks)

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