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Fundamentals of Botany > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

kind of light that shines own on us every day, contains different colors of light

A

white light

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2
Q

wavelength that plants do not use when they photosynthesize

A

green

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3
Q

favored the evolution of a green pigment called chlorophyll

A

natural selection

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4
Q

pigment that does not absorb green light because green light was already being absorbed by other photosynthesizers in the ocean

A

chlorophyll

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5
Q

provides food for the biosphere, oxygen for cellular respiration, and various significant products

A

photosynthesis

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6
Q

in these, photosynthesis takes place within membrane-bound organelles

A

flowering plants

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7
Q

organelles that contain membranous thylakoids surrounded by a fluid

A

chloroplasts

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8
Q

surrounds the membranous thylakoids

A

stroma

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9
Q

one of the two sets of reactions of photosynthesis where the solar energy is captured by the pigments in the thylakoid membrane

A

light reactions

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10
Q

one of the two sets of reactions where carbon dioxide is reduced by enzymes to a carbohydrate in the stroma

A

calvin cycle reactions

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11
Q

used by plants that are in the visible light range when they carry on photosynthesis

A

solar energy

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12
Q

produced by light reactions in the thylakoid membrane

A

Adenosine Triphosphate and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide + Hydrogen

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13
Q

used by Calvin cycle reactions to reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate

A

ATP and NADH

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14
Q

used by plants which are distinguishable by the manner in which CO2 is fixed

A

C3, C4, or CAM photosynthesis

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15
Q

converts solar energy into the chemical energy of a carbohydrate

A

photosynthesis

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16
Q

photosynthetic organism that includes land plants, algae, cyanobacteria, produces their own food

A

autotrophs

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17
Q

produced by photosynthesis in enormous amounts

A

carbohydrate

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18
Q

photosynthesizers in the biosphere would be able to load these number of cars with coal

A

100 cars per second

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19
Q

can synthesize carbohydrates, feed not only themselves but also consumers

A

producers

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20
Q

term called for consumers which take in performed organic molecules

A

heterotrophs

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21
Q

both used by autotrophs and heterotrophs that were produced by photosynthesis

A

organic molecules

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22
Q

functions of organic molecules

A

source of building blocks for growth and repair
source of chemical energy for cellular work

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23
Q

produced as a by-product, also required by organisms when they carry out cellular respiration

A

oxygen

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24
Q

rises high into the atmosphere, where it forms an ozone shield that filters out ultraviolet radiation and makes terrestrial life possible

A

oxygen

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25
Q

happened several hundred million years ago, hence why coals are called fossil fuel

A

coal formation

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26
Q

today’s trees are commonly used as these

A

fuel

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27
Q

produced from fermentation of plant materials which can be used directly to fuel automobiles or as a gasoline additive

A

ethanol

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28
Q

products of photosynthesis are source of:

A

building materials
fabrics
paper
pharmaceuticals

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29
Q

photosynthetic organisms include:

A

plants (trees, green plants, mosses)
protists (euglena, diatoms, kelp)
cyanobacteria

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30
Q

type of bacterium that lives in water, damp soil, and rocks

A

cyanobacteria

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31
Q

takes place in the green portions of the plants

A

photosynthesis

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32
Q

specialized for photosynthesis

A

mesophyll tissue

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33
Q

raw materials for photosynthesis

A

water and carbon dioxide

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34
Q

absorb water, which then move in vascular tissue up the stem

A

roots

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35
Q

small openings in the leaf where carbon dioxide in the air enters

A

stomata

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36
Q

where water and carbon dioxide diffuse after entering the leaf

A

chloroplast

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37
Q

greek word where chloroplast is derived

A

chloros (green) and plastos (formed and molded)

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38
Q

surrounds the chloroplasts and its semifluid interior

A

double membrane

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39
Q

semifluid interior of the chloroplast

A

stroma

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40
Q

Greek word for stroma

A

stroma (bed, mattress)

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41
Q

flattened sacs formed from a membrane system

A

thylakoids

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42
Q

greek word for thylakoids

A

thylakos (sack) and eides (like, resembling)

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43
Q

stacked thylakoid forming this, called because they looked like seeds to early microscopists

A

grana

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44
Q

thought to be connected to the space of every other thylakoid within a chloroplasts, thereby forming an inner compartment within chloroplasts

A

space of each thylakoid

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45
Q

inner compartment within chloroplasts

A

thylakoid space

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46
Q

inside the thylakoid membrane that are capable of absorbing solar energy

A

chlorophyll and other pigments

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47
Q

contains an enzyme-rich solution where carbon dioxide is first attached to an organic compound then reduced to a carbohydrate

A

stroma

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48
Q

thylakoid membranes making up the grana is equal to

A

absorption of solar energy

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49
Q

carbohydrate with the stroma of a chloroplast is equal to

A

reduction of carbon dioxide

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50
Q

in the form of glucose, is the chief source of energy

A

carbohydrate

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51
Q

where the water enters the leaf

A

leaf veins

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52
Q

where carbon dioxide enters the leaf, diffusing into chloroplasts

A

stomata

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53
Q

two major parts of chloroplasts

A

grana and stroma

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54
Q

made up of thylakoids (membrane contains photosynthetic pigment such as chlorophyll a and b)

55
Q

semifluid interior where carbon dioxide is enzymatically reduced to a carbohydrate

56
Q

overall equation of the process of photosynthesis is as follows:

A

CO2 + 2H2O -> CH2O+ O2 + H2O

57
Q

this would turn into glucose if the equation were multiplied by six

A

carbohydrate (CH2O)

58
Q

the overall equation shows that photosynthesis is what type of reaction

A

oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, movement of electrons

59
Q

loss of electrons

60
Q

gain of electrons

61
Q

are accompanied by hydrogen ions so that oxidation is the loss of hydrogen atoms (H+ + e-)

62
Q

gain of hydrogen atoms

63
Q

simplified equation means; C2O = ? , Water = ?

A

Carbon dioxide = reduced
Water = oxidized

64
Q

to reduce carbon dioxide, it takes

A

hydrogen atoms and energy

65
Q

will be directly used during photosynthesis

A

solar energy

66
Q

converted from solar energy, energy currency of cells, and when cells need something these are used

67
Q

used to generate the ATP needed to reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate

A

solar energy

68
Q

represents the food produced by land plants, algae, and cyanobacteria that feeds the biosphere

A

carbohydrate

69
Q

coenzyme of oxidation-reduction (redox coenzyme) that is active during photosynthesis

70
Q

NADP when reduced, it accepts

A

two electrons, one hydrogen atom

71
Q

NADP when oxidized

A

gives up its electrons

72
Q

occurs when a sprig of Elodea is placed in a beaker due to the release of oxygen after undergoing photosynthesis

73
Q

experiment of his found that the oxygen given off by photosynthesizers comes from water

A

C.B. van Niel from Stanford University

74
Q

what happens when water splits,

A

oxygen is released
hydrogen atoms (H+ + e-) are taken up by NADPH

75
Q

reduces carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate

76
Q

first to suggest in 1905 that enzymes must be involved in the reduction of carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate

A

F.F. Blackman

77
Q

are named because they only occur when solar energy is available

A

light reactions

78
Q

overall equation of photosynthesis gives no hint that this is present in the thylakoid membranes, is largely responsible for absorbing the solar energy that drives photosynthesis

A

cholorophyll

79
Q

during the light reactions

A

solar energy energizes electrons that move down an ETC
as electrons move down, energy is released and captured for the production of ATP
energized electrons are taken up by the NADP, which becomes NADPH

80
Q

equation used to summarize the light reactions where solar energy is converted into chemical energy

A

solar energy -> chemical energy (ATP, NADPH)

81
Q

received a noble prize for discovering enzymatic reactions that reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrate in the stroma of chloroplast

A

Melvin Calvin

82
Q

used tracers to discover the cycle of reactions that reduce CO2 to a carbohydrate

A

Melvin Calvin

83
Q

speed the reduction of carbon dioxide during both day and night

84
Q

where the reduction takes place

A

semi-fluid substance of the stroma

85
Q

during the calvin cycle reactions

A

CO2 is taken up and then reduced to a carbohydrate then later be converted to glucose
ATP and NADPH formed during the light reactions are used to reduce carbon dioxide

86
Q

during light reactions:

A

solar energy is absorbed
water is split (oxygen is released)
ATP and NADPH are produced

87
Q

during calvin cycle reactions:

A

CO2 is absorbed
CO2 is reduced to carbohydrates using ATP and NADPH
Takes ADP + P and NADP+ back to light reactions

88
Q

can be described in terms of its wavelength and energy content

A

solar energy

89
Q

shortest wavelength

A

gamma rays

90
Q

longest wavelength

A

radio waves

91
Q

utilize two photosystems: photosystem II (PS II) and photosystem I (PS I)

A

light reactions

92
Q

named for the order in which they were discovered, not for the order they occur in the thylakoid membrane or participate in the photosynthesis process

A

photosystem

93
Q

photosystems consist of:

A

pigment complex (molecules of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids)
electron acceptor molecules within the thylakoid membrane

94
Q

the pigment complex serves as this for gathering solar energy

95
Q

followed by electrons during light reactions that begins with photosystem II

A

non-cyclic pathway

96
Q

absorbs solar energy, then passed from one pigment to another unit until it is concentrated in a particular pair of chlorophyll a molecules

A

photosystem II

97
Q

pair of chlorophyll a molecules where solar energy is concentrated

A

reaction center

98
Q

become energized that they escape from the reaction center and move to nearby electron acceptor molecules

99
Q

would disintegrate without replacement electrons and these are removed from the water

100
Q

splits and release oxygen to the atmosphere

101
Q

used within our mitochondria

102
Q

stay in the thylakoid space and contribute to the formation of hydrogen ion gradient

A

hydrogen ions

103
Q

sends energized electrons, received from a reaction center down an electron transport chain (ETC)

A

electron acceptor

104
Q

where energy is captured and stored in ETC

A

hydrogen ion gradient

105
Q

when the ions flow down an electrochemical gradient through what complex, ATP production occurs

A

ATP synthase complex

106
Q

most of the radiation reaching earth

A

visible-light range

107
Q

screened out by the ozone layer in the atmosphere

A

higher-energy wavelength

108
Q

screened out by the water vapor and carbon dioxide before they reach Earth’s surface

A

lower-energy wavelength

109
Q

radiation that is most prevalent in the environment

A

visible light

110
Q

organic processes that are chemically adapted to light

A

vision
photosynthesis

111
Q

absorb wavelengths of light

A

pigment molecules

112
Q

capability of absorbing various portions of visible light

A

absorption spectrum

113
Q

differ by the type of chlorophyll they contain

A

photosynthetic organs

114
Q

play prominent roles in photosynthesis in plants

A

chlorophyll a and b

115
Q

absorb violet, blue, and red light better than other colors

A

chlorophyll a and b

116
Q

transmitted and reflected by chlorophyll, plants appear this color

A

green light

117
Q

play an accessory role in photosynthesis in plants

A

carotenoids

118
Q

because of their shade of yellow and orange, are able to absorb light in what range

A

violet-blue-green range

119
Q

what range does chlorophyll a absorbs

A

violet-blue-orange-red

120
Q

what range does chlorophyll b asborbs

A

violet-blue-orange

121
Q

pigment became noticeable in the fall when chlorophyll breaks down

A

carotenoids

122
Q

how to identify the absorption spectrum of a particular pigment,

A

purified sample is exposed to different wavelengths inside a spectrophotometer

123
Q

measures the amount of light that passes through the sample that passes through the sample, and from this it is possible to calculate how much is absorbed

A

spectrophotometer

124
Q

amount of light absorbed is plotted into a graph and the result is what

A

record of pigment’s absorption spectrum

125
Q

used by Calvin cycle reactions in the stroma to reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate

126
Q

when it absorbs solar energy, energized electrons leave its reaction center and are captured by electron acceptors

A

PS I pigment complex

127
Q

pass their electrrons to NADP+ molecules

A

electron acceptors

128
Q

will be used by the calvin reactions in the stroma to reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate

129
Q

difference between PS II and PS I in terms of involvement in cyclic phosporylation

A

PS II - involved
PS I - non-cyclic

130
Q

difference between PS II and PS I in terms of i type of chlorophyll

A

PS II - P700 chlorophyll a
PS I - P680 chlorophyll b

131
Q

difference between PS II and PS I in terms of location

A

PS II - outer surface of thylakoid
PS I - inner surface of thylakoid

132
Q

difference between PS II and PS I in terms of photolysis occurence

A

PS II - no photolysis
PS I - photolysis occurs

133
Q

difference between PS II and PS I in terms of oxygen production

A

PS II - no oxygen production
PS I - oxygen production occurs

134
Q

difference between PS II and PS I in terms of NADPH production

A

PS II - NADPH production
PS I - no NADPH production

Fundamentals of Botany (25 decks)

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