Photosynthesis Flashcards
1
Q
kind of light that shines own on us every day, contains different colors of light
A
white light
2
Q
wavelength that plants do not use when they photosynthesize
A
green
3
Q
favored the evolution of a green pigment called chlorophyll
A
natural selection
4
Q
pigment that does not absorb green light because green light was already being absorbed by other photosynthesizers in the ocean
A
chlorophyll
5
Q
provides food for the biosphere, oxygen for cellular respiration, and various significant products
A
photosynthesis
6
Q
in these, photosynthesis takes place within membrane-bound organelles
A
flowering plants
7
Q
organelles that contain membranous thylakoids surrounded by a fluid
A
chloroplasts
8
Q
surrounds the membranous thylakoids
A
stroma
9
Q
one of the two sets of reactions of photosynthesis where the solar energy is captured by the pigments in the thylakoid membrane
A
light reactions
10
Q
one of the two sets of reactions where carbon dioxide is reduced by enzymes to a carbohydrate in the stroma
A
calvin cycle reactions
11
Q
used by plants that are in the visible light range when they carry on photosynthesis
A
solar energy
12
Q
produced by light reactions in the thylakoid membrane
A
Adenosine Triphosphate and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide + Hydrogen
13
Q
used by Calvin cycle reactions to reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate
A
ATP and NADH
14
Q
used by plants which are distinguishable by the manner in which CO2 is fixed
A
C3, C4, or CAM photosynthesis
15
Q
converts solar energy into the chemical energy of a carbohydrate
A
photosynthesis
16
Q
photosynthetic organism that includes land plants, algae, cyanobacteria, produces their own food
A
autotrophs
17
Q
produced by photosynthesis in enormous amounts
A
carbohydrate
18
Q
photosynthesizers in the biosphere would be able to load these number of cars with coal
A
100 cars per second
19
Q
can synthesize carbohydrates, feed not only themselves but also consumers
A
producers
20
Q
term called for consumers which take in performed organic molecules
A
heterotrophs
21
Q
both used by autotrophs and heterotrophs that were produced by photosynthesis
A
organic molecules
22
Q
functions of organic molecules
A
source of building blocks for growth and repair
source of chemical energy for cellular work
23
Q
produced as a by-product, also required by organisms when they carry out cellular respiration
A
oxygen
24
Q
rises high into the atmosphere, where it forms an ozone shield that filters out ultraviolet radiation and makes terrestrial life possible
A
oxygen
25
happened several hundred million years ago, hence why coals are called fossil fuel
coal formation
26
today's trees are commonly used as these
fuel
27
produced from fermentation of plant materials which can be used directly to fuel automobiles or as a gasoline additive
ethanol
28
products of photosynthesis are source of:
building materials
fabrics
paper
pharmaceuticals
29
photosynthetic organisms include:
plants (trees, green plants, mosses)
protists (euglena, diatoms, kelp)
cyanobacteria
30
type of bacterium that lives in water, damp soil, and rocks
cyanobacteria
31
takes place in the green portions of the plants
photosynthesis
32
specialized for photosynthesis
mesophyll tissue
33
raw materials for photosynthesis
water and carbon dioxide
34
absorb water, which then move in vascular tissue up the stem
roots
35
small openings in the leaf where carbon dioxide in the air enters
stomata
36
where water and carbon dioxide diffuse after entering the leaf
chloroplast
37
greek word where chloroplast is derived
chloros (green) and plastos (formed and molded)
38
surrounds the chloroplasts and its semifluid interior
double membrane
39
semifluid interior of the chloroplast
stroma
40
Greek word for stroma
stroma (bed, mattress)
41
flattened sacs formed from a membrane system
thylakoids
42
greek word for thylakoids
thylakos (sack) and eides (like, resembling)
43
stacked thylakoid forming this, called because they looked like seeds to early microscopists
grana
44
thought to be connected to the space of every other thylakoid within a chloroplasts, thereby forming an inner compartment within chloroplasts
space of each thylakoid
45
inner compartment within chloroplasts
thylakoid space
46
inside the thylakoid membrane that are capable of absorbing solar energy
chlorophyll and other pigments
47
contains an enzyme-rich solution where carbon dioxide is first attached to an organic compound then reduced to a carbohydrate
stroma
48
thylakoid membranes making up the grana is equal to
absorption of solar energy
49
carbohydrate with the stroma of a chloroplast is equal to
reduction of carbon dioxide
50
in the form of glucose, is the chief source of energy
carbohydrate
51
where the water enters the leaf
leaf veins
52
where carbon dioxide enters the leaf, diffusing into chloroplasts
stomata
53
two major parts of chloroplasts
grana and stroma
54
made up of thylakoids (membrane contains photosynthetic pigment such as chlorophyll a and b)
grana
55
semifluid interior where carbon dioxide is enzymatically reduced to a carbohydrate
stroma
56
overall equation of the process of photosynthesis is as follows:
CO2 + 2H2O -> CH2O+ O2 + H2O
57
this would turn into glucose if the equation were multiplied by six
carbohydrate (CH2O)
58
the overall equation shows that photosynthesis is what type of reaction
oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, movement of electrons
59
loss of electrons
oxidation
60
gain of electrons
reduction
61
are accompanied by hydrogen ions so that oxidation is the loss of hydrogen atoms (H+ + e-)
electrons
62
gain of hydrogen atoms
reduction
63
simplified equation means; C2O = ? , Water = ?
Carbon dioxide = reduced
Water = oxidized
64
to reduce carbon dioxide, it takes
hydrogen atoms and energy
65
will be directly used during photosynthesis
solar energy
66
converted from solar energy, energy currency of cells, and when cells need something these are used
ATP
67
used to generate the ATP needed to reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate
solar energy
68
represents the food produced by land plants, algae, and cyanobacteria that feeds the biosphere
carbohydrate
69
coenzyme of oxidation-reduction (redox coenzyme) that is active during photosynthesis
NADP
70
NADP when reduced, it accepts
two electrons, one hydrogen atom
71
NADP when oxidized
gives up its electrons
72
occurs when a sprig of Elodea is placed in a beaker due to the release of oxygen after undergoing photosynthesis
bubbling
73
experiment of his found that the oxygen given off by photosynthesizers comes from water
C.B. van Niel from Stanford University
74
what happens when water splits,
oxygen is released
hydrogen atoms (H+ + e-) are taken up by NADPH
75
reduces carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate
NADPH
76
first to suggest in 1905 that enzymes must be involved in the reduction of carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate
F.F. Blackman
77
are named because they only occur when solar energy is available
light reactions
78
overall equation of photosynthesis gives no hint that this is present in the thylakoid membranes, is largely responsible for absorbing the solar energy that drives photosynthesis
cholorophyll
79
during the light reactions
solar energy energizes electrons that move down an ETC
as electrons move down, energy is released and captured for the production of ATP
energized electrons are taken up by the NADP, which becomes NADPH
80
equation used to summarize the light reactions where solar energy is converted into chemical energy
solar energy -> chemical energy (ATP, NADPH)
81
received a noble prize for discovering enzymatic reactions that reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrate in the stroma of chloroplast
Melvin Calvin
82
used tracers to discover the cycle of reactions that reduce CO2 to a carbohydrate
Melvin Calvin
83
speed the reduction of carbon dioxide during both day and night
enzymes
84
where the reduction takes place
semi-fluid substance of the stroma
85
during the calvin cycle reactions
CO2 is taken up and then reduced to a carbohydrate then later be converted to glucose
ATP and NADPH formed during the light reactions are used to reduce carbon dioxide
86
during light reactions:
solar energy is absorbed
water is split (oxygen is released)
ATP and NADPH are produced
87
during calvin cycle reactions:
CO2 is absorbed
CO2 is reduced to carbohydrates using ATP and NADPH
Takes ADP + P and NADP+ back to light reactions
88
can be described in terms of its wavelength and energy content
solar energy
89
shortest wavelength
gamma rays
90
longest wavelength
radio waves
91
utilize two photosystems: photosystem II (PS II) and photosystem I (PS I)
light reactions
92
named for the order in which they were discovered, not for the order they occur in the thylakoid membrane or participate in the photosynthesis process
photosystem
93
photosystems consist of:
pigment complex (molecules of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids)
electron acceptor molecules within the thylakoid membrane
94
the pigment complex serves as this for gathering solar energy
antenna
95
followed by electrons during light reactions that begins with photosystem II
non-cyclic pathway
96
absorbs solar energy, then passed from one pigment to another unit until it is concentrated in a particular pair of chlorophyll a molecules
photosystem II
97
pair of chlorophyll a molecules where solar energy is concentrated
reaction center
98
become energized that they escape from the reaction center and move to nearby electron acceptor molecules
electrons
99
would disintegrate without replacement electrons and these are removed from the water
PS II
100
splits and release oxygen to the atmosphere
water
101
used within our mitochondria
oxygen
102
stay in the thylakoid space and contribute to the formation of hydrogen ion gradient
hydrogen ions
103
sends energized electrons, received from a reaction center down an electron transport chain (ETC)
electron acceptor
104
where energy is captured and stored in ETC
hydrogen ion gradient
105
when the ions flow down an electrochemical gradient through what complex, ATP production occurs
ATP synthase complex
106
most of the radiation reaching earth
visible-light range
107
screened out by the ozone layer in the atmosphere
higher-energy wavelength
108
screened out by the water vapor and carbon dioxide before they reach Earth's surface
lower-energy wavelength
109
radiation that is most prevalent in the environment
visible light
110
organic processes that are chemically adapted to light
vision
photosynthesis
111
absorb wavelengths of light
pigment molecules
112
capability of absorbing various portions of visible light
absorption spectrum
113
differ by the type of chlorophyll they contain
photosynthetic organs
114
play prominent roles in photosynthesis in plants
chlorophyll a and b
115
absorb violet, blue, and red light better than other colors
chlorophyll a and b
116
transmitted and reflected by chlorophyll, plants appear this color
green light
117
play an accessory role in photosynthesis in plants
carotenoids
118
because of their shade of yellow and orange, are able to absorb light in what range
violet-blue-green range
119
what range does chlorophyll a absorbs
violet-blue-orange-red
120
what range does chlorophyll b asborbs
violet-blue-orange
121
pigment became noticeable in the fall when chlorophyll breaks down
carotenoids
122
how to identify the absorption spectrum of a particular pigment,
purified sample is exposed to different wavelengths inside a spectrophotometer
123
measures the amount of light that passes through the sample that passes through the sample, and from this it is possible to calculate how much is absorbed
spectrophotometer
124
amount of light absorbed is plotted into a graph and the result is what
record of pigment's absorption spectrum
125
used by Calvin cycle reactions in the stroma to reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate
ATP
126
when it absorbs solar energy, energized electrons leave its reaction center and are captured by electron acceptors
PS I pigment complex
127
pass their electrrons to NADP+ molecules
electron acceptors
128
will be used by the calvin reactions in the stroma to reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate
NADPH
129
difference between PS II and PS I in terms of involvement in cyclic phosporylation
PS II - involved
PS I - non-cyclic
130
difference between PS II and PS I in terms of i type of chlorophyll
PS II - P700 chlorophyll a
PS I - P680 chlorophyll b
131
difference between PS II and PS I in terms of location
PS II - outer surface of thylakoid
PS I - inner surface of thylakoid
132
difference between PS II and PS I in terms of photolysis occurence
PS II - no photolysis
PS I - photolysis occurs
133
difference between PS II and PS I in terms of oxygen production
PS II - no oxygen production
PS I - oxygen production occurs
134
difference between PS II and PS I in terms of NADPH production
PS II - NADPH production
PS I - no NADPH production
