Vegetative Structure and Function Flashcards
the portion of the embryo axis located below the cotyledonary node that give rise at its tip to the radicle
hypocotyl
lowermost portion of the embryonic axis of a seed, responsible for the production of the primary root
radicle
root from the main trunk or from the hypocotyl
primary root
roots arise from stems, leaves, or other parts of the plants
adventitious root
Are roots that are developed from structure other than the hypocotyl or primary root
adventitious root
characteristic of dicotyledonous plants (root system)
tap root system
characteristic of monocotyledonous plants (root system)
fibrous root system
The primary root continuous to grow and send out lateral smaller roots
tap root system
The primary root stops growing and numerous adventitious roots grow and develop from the base of the stem and take place of the primary root
fibrous root system
functions of roots
anchorage
absorption
storage
conduction
function of roots that to locate water and minerals, root seep into the soil
anchorage
function of roots that absorb large amounts of water and dissolved minerals from the soil
absorption
function of roots that store large amounts of energy reserves for vegetative growth and reproduction
storage
function of roots that transport water and dissolved nutrients to and from the shoot
conduction
composed of elongated columella cells that later develop into peripheral cells
root cap
Protects the growing root tip and its meristem
root cap
Senses light and pressure exerted by soil particles
root cap
Secretes slimy substance, mucigel
root cap
slimy substance that aid in protection, lubrication, water and nutrients absorption of the roots
mucigel
located just behind the root cap
quiescent center
Composed of 500-1000 inactive cells arrested in G1 phase of the cell cycle
quiescent center
Divides only once every 15-20 days
quiescent center
Unaffected by radiation and other extreme environmental conditions
quiescent center
functions as a reservoir to replace damaged cells of the meristem
quiescent center
re-organizes the patterns of primary growth in roots
quiescent center
develops from hypocotyl
root
hypo means
below
cotyl means
cotyledon
located below the cotyledon and embryonic lens
root
first root to appear during germination
radicle
becomes the primary root (but in dicots secondary roots arise)
radicle
roots that are composed of prop roots and climbing aerial roots
adventitious roots
what type of root is a sugarcane
prop root
what type of root is a boston ivy
climbing aerial root
type of root system
taproot (dicot)
fibrous (monocot)
refer to your notebook and label the longitudinal section of a root tip
grade your performance accordingly
end of the root, with larger plumber cells, secretes mucigel, and very sensitive in sensing light and pressure
root cap
protects the root tip from desiccation
lubricates the root tip as it inserts through the soil
protect the zone of division
actually increases absorption efficiency
mucigel
responsible for increasing the cell number
zone of division
produces 20,000 cells per day
zone of division
contains active cells and the quiescent center
apical meristem
made up of cells which are not affected by radiation or harmful chemicals
quiescent center
cells divide only once in 15-20 days
quiescent center
provide a reservoir for damaged cells
quiescent center
sub apical region includes:
zone of cellular division
zone of cellular elongation
zone of cellular maturation
dome-shaped apical meristem surrounding the quiescent center
zone of cellular division
Located 0.5-1.5mm behind the root tip and is composed of densely differentiated cytoplasmic cells
zone of cellular division
how many times does the zone of cellular division divides every 12-36 hours
zone of cellular division
produces almost 20,000 new cells per day
zone of cellular division
located 4-15mm behind the root tip, composed of long vacuolated cells
zone of cellular elongation
process of maturation starts here
zone of cellular elongation
how much is the growth of cells in zone of elongation
10x longer
in what way does the zone of elongation grow
lengthwise
indication by the presence of root hair
zone of cellular maturation
process of differentiation completed, located 10-50mm behind the root tip
zone of cellular maturation
Composed of non-elongated, matured cells and the presence of many ephemeral root hairs or rhizines
zone of cellular maturation
label the tissue distribution in dicotyledenous root
grade your answers accordingly
mature region in cross section
epidermis
cortex
stele
covers all root except the root cap
epidermis
Usually on cell thick; lacks stomata; Lacks a cuticle or have a thin layer cuticle
epidermis
located interior to the epidermis
cortex
Usually occupies the largest cross-sectional area of the root
cortex
three concentric layers of the cortex
hypodermis
storage parenchyma tissues
endodermis
three concentric layers of the cortex that protects the roots
hypodermis
three concentric layers of the cortex that stores energy reserves for subsequent use
storage parenchyma tissues
three concentric layers of the cortex that lines with the Casparian strip which diverts water and dissolved minerals into the cytoplasm of the endodermal cells
endodermis
includes all the tissues inside the cortex
stele
form in alternating strands interior to the pericycle
Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
produces branch roots (in stele)
pericycle
dicots in stele have a what of xylem
solid core
monocots in stele have a what
parenchymous pith
after the endodermis, a single layer of cell which is active in cell division and gives rise to branch roots
pericycle
identify if it is a monocot or dicot root: accumulation of xylem and phloem at the core of the root
dicot root
identify if it is a monocot or dicot root: alternation of phloem and xylem (form a ring enclosing the pith)
monocot root
identify the root modification of: epiphytic orchid
aerial roots
absorb water from the air
aerial roots
identify the root modification of: seen in forests supporting large trees
drop roots and buttress roots
trees without buttress roots are what
buttress roots
identify the root modification of: carrots, singkamas (turnips), labanos
storage roots
identify the root modification of: cassava, kamoteng kahoy, yam (ube), sweet potato (kamote)
root tubers
identify the root modification of: air roots, mangroves
pneumatophores
identify the root modification of: strangles nearby objects, pandan and balete
long adventitious roots
structures form in legumes, show a symbiotic association with the root and the nitrogen fixing bacteria
nodules
bacteria that get carbohydrate from host plant
rhizobium
fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH4+)
rhizobium
utilized in the production of amino acid, nucleotides, vitamins, and hormones
rhizobium
get CHO from the plant
rhizobium
-portion of the embryo axis in the seed, short, cylindrical structure bearing a small mass of meristematic tissue and frequently a pair or more of tiny leaves at its tip
-immature shoot that later become the stem
epicotyl
kinds of stem can be classified in
as to location
as to texture
as to direction of growth
as to increase in diameter
kind of stem classfieid as to location
aerial or epiterranean stem
underground or subterranean stem
grow above the soil surface
aerial or epiterranean stem
grow beneath the soil
underground or subterranean stem
examples of underground stem
rhizome
tuber
corm
bulb
grows in horizontal direction bearing most of the
features of a typical stem e.g. ginger
rhizome
arises from the end of each branch of the underground stem e.g. potato
tuber
arises from the base of an aerial shoot covered with dry leaves e.g. taro (gabi)
corm
the stem of the bulb is the form of reduced, flattened disc e.g. onion
bulb
texture of stem
herbaceous
woody
contain very little woody texture, chiefly annual and die after flowering and producing seeds, composed only of primary tissues
herbaceous
have well-developed woody tissue, chiefly perennial ; composed of primary and secondary tissues, covered with corky bark
woody
direction of growth of stem
erect
ascending
decumbent
prostrate
creeping
climbing
grow perpendicularly from the ground
erect
grow obliquely from the ground
ascending
recline from the ground near the base
decumbent
lie flat on the ground
prostrate
grow closely on the ground
creeping
grow over other plants or objects by means of tendril climbers, twiners, root climbers, hooks, and scramblers
climbing
characteristic of dicot, capable of unlimited increase due to secondary tissues
exogenous stems
increase in diameter (stem)
exogenous
endogenous
characteristic of dicot, capable of unlimited increase due to secondary tissues
exogenous stems
characteristic of monocot, not capable of unlimited increase in diameter due to absence of secondary tissues
endogenous stems
special types of stems
culm
sucker
stolon
trees
stems of grasses with distinct notes and internodes, usually hollow and herbaceous
culm
branch or shoot originating below the ground from the root or lower part of the main stem
sucker
slender branch or shoot arising from or near the base of the parent plant
stolon
consist of a principal stem called trunk
trees
cylindrical, unbranched, bears one set of leaves at its summit (special type of stems)
columnar
the trunk tapers from the base to summit, the lowest branches are the longest and oldest and the uppermost, the shortest and youngest, giving the whole plant a conical crown shape (special type of stems)
excurrent
the trunk rises for some distance above the ground and divides into several branches which in turn branch again (special types of stems)
delisquescent
functions of stem
store materials
support leaves
transport water and solutes between roots and leaves
produces carbohydrates
function of the stem where parenchyma cells in stem store large amount of starch and water
store materials
function of the stem where turgor pressure in stems provides a hydrostatic skeleton that supports the young plant; its internal skeleton of collenchyma and sclerenchyma also supports leaves
support leaves
functionof the stem where the vascular system of stems maintains an aquatic environment in leaves and transport sugar and other solutes between leaves and roots
transport water and solutes
function of the stem where some stems are green and with chlorophyll and are able to perform photosynthesis
produces carbohydrates
label the external structures of the stem
grade yourself accordingly
slightly enlarged portion where leaves and buds arise
node
region between two successive nodes
internode
tiny, raised pores on the surface of matured dicot stem for gas exchange
lenticel
mark left on the stem such as leaf scar, bundle scar, bud scar, fruit scar, and twig scar
scar
undeveloped shoot, largely meristematic tissue, protected by modified scale leaves
bud
internal structure of the stem where there are transparent cells surrounding the stem, usually one cell thick that often bear trichomes,
epidermal tissue
in dicot trees, these tissues can be modified into bark as the plant grow older
epidermal tissue
label the tissue distribution of a monocot stem
grade yourself accordingly
a tissue embedded in the ground tissue
vascular tissue
Composed of xylem and phloem occurred in vascular bundles
vascular tissue
the transport of food from the leaves down to the roots and other parts of the plant,
phloem
for the transport of water from the roots up to the leaves
xylem
type of plant that have bundles embedded throughout the ground tissue, where phloem oriented outward and xylem inward
monocots
type of plant that have a single ring of vascular bundles embedded in the ground tissue
dicots
type of plant that the parenchymatous ground tissue is composed of cortex and pith
dicot
type of plant that they have vascular bundles throughout their ground tissue, but do not have cortex or pith
monocot
origin of leaves where outgrowths of apical meristem in terminal and lateral buds
leaf primordia
give rise to mature leaves, Its position in the bud determines the relative position of the leaves on the stem, and The first pair of leaves (primary leaves) are produced during the development of the seeling
leaf primordia
the stalk of the leaf that connects the leaf blade to the node of the stem
petiole
the broad, flat, photosynthetic portion of a leaf divided into: veins and midrib
blade
vascular tissues within a leaf located on both sides of the midrib
veins
narrow, thickened structure which is continuation of the petiole and extends through the center of the blade to the opposite end; the major vein in a leaf the divides the blade into two halves
midrib
small, paired leaf-like structures at the base of the leaf stalk found on certain plants
stipule
the base of the leaf blade that completely encircles the portion of the internodal segment of the stem, present among grasses
leaf sheath
type of leaves as to composition
simple leaves
compound leaves
type of leaves can be classified to
composition
leaf anatomy
with one blade per petiole
simple leaves
with two or more blades (leaflets) on a common petiole
compound leaves
stalk of each leaflet
petiolule
extension of the petiole
rachis
transparent and not pigmented, coated with waxy material (cuticle), there is a presence of chloroplast-containing guard cells (leaf anatomy)
upper and lower epidermis
cells in the upper and lower epidermis of the anatomy of the leaf is modified in what way
forms or hairs and glandular cells
small opening in the leaf`
stoma
located between the 2 epidermal layers, made up of parenchymatous, photosynthetic tissue. Consist of two layers: palisade and spongy
mesophyll
vertically elongated columnar cells arranged below the upper epidermis
palisade layer
irregular parenchymatous cells with many intercellular spaces (called stomatal chambers), arranged above the lower epidermis
spongy layer
located midway between the upper and lower epidermis , consist of a primary xylem
and primary phloem surrounded by a bundle sheath
vascular bundles
midway between the upper and lower epidermis which also contain sclerenchymatous fibers or collenchyma cells and has no vascular cambium
vascular bundles
composed of vessel elements located toward the upper epidermis
xylem
composed of sieve tubes members and companion cells located toward the lower epidermis
phloem
Evaporation of water from plants, chiefly through the leaves
transpiration
Provides most of the energy for water movement
transpiration
transpiration can be via
stomatal
circular
lenticular
stomatal transpiration
stomata
circular transpiration
cuticle
lenticular transpiration
lenticels of the stem
Ensures continuous supply and movement of water, thus maintaining nutrient flow
transpiration
Controls the degree of saturation of cells with cater
transpiration
Cools the leaf, as the high heat of vaporization of water utilizes 70% of the absorbed energy of leaves
transpiration
Water and minerals absorbed by plant roots move what to the shoots along with the dead cells of the xylem vessels
upwards
takes place in the living cells of the phloem
The transport of photosynthesis (products of photosynthesis) and other compounds
transport model of xylem transport
cohesion-tension model
Water is absorbed from the soil to the root system through the root hairs by what process
osmosis
which cells absorb water from the root hairs
neigboring cortical cells
the neigboring cortical cells are radially crossing the root through
extracellular or apoplast pathway
the neighboring cortical cells are what until they reach the endodermis
intracellular or symplast pathway
blocks the apopolast at the endodermis to direct the water to enter the endodermal cells to reach the xylem
casparian strip
reason why water and mineral ions are pulled upward
negative pressure potential
what creates tension to the xylem transport
transpiration
why is the upward transport of water possible due to the water molecules
cohesion and adhering to the walls of xylem
model of phloem transport
pressure-flow model
what pressure drives the organic nutrients from the leaves in any direction
positive pressure
contains not only sucrose but also other inorganic irons and organic molecules such as acids, hormones
phloem sap
principle of phloem transport that occurs from the areas of supply of production to areas of metabolism along the living cells of the phloem
source-sink principle
unlike xylem where the conducting cells are ____, the sieve tube elements and companion cells of phloem are ___
actively transported first into the companion cells then into the sieve tube elements
sucrose
creates positive pressure potential that causes sap to flow from the source to the sink
phloem loading
in these kind of cells, phloem unloading occurs which can be through symplast or apoplast passive moement
sink cells
