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Fundamentals of Botany > Vegetative Structure and Function > Flashcards

Vegetative Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

the portion of the embryo axis located below the cotyledonary node that give rise at its tip to the radicle

A

hypocotyl

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2
Q

lowermost portion of the embryonic axis of a seed, responsible for the production of the primary root

A

radicle

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3
Q

root from the main trunk or from the hypocotyl

A

primary root

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4
Q

roots arise from stems, leaves, or other parts of the plants

A

adventitious root

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5
Q

Are roots that are developed from structure other than the hypocotyl or primary root

A

adventitious root

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6
Q

characteristic of dicotyledonous plants (root system)

A

tap root system

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7
Q

characteristic of monocotyledonous plants (root system)

A

fibrous root system

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8
Q

The primary root continuous to grow and send out lateral smaller roots

A

tap root system

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9
Q

The primary root stops growing and numerous adventitious roots grow and develop from the base of the stem and take place of the primary root

A

fibrous root system

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10
Q

functions of roots

A

anchorage
absorption
storage
conduction

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11
Q

function of roots that to locate water and minerals, root seep into the soil

A

anchorage

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12
Q

function of roots that absorb large amounts of water and dissolved minerals from the soil

A

absorption

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13
Q

function of roots that store large amounts of energy reserves for vegetative growth and reproduction

A

storage

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14
Q

function of roots that transport water and dissolved nutrients to and from the shoot

A

conduction

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15
Q

composed of elongated columella cells that later develop into peripheral cells

A

root cap

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16
Q

Protects the growing root tip and its meristem

A

root cap

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17
Q

Senses light and pressure exerted by soil particles

A

root cap

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18
Q

Secretes slimy substance, mucigel

A

root cap

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19
Q

slimy substance that aid in protection, lubrication, water and nutrients absorption of the roots

A

mucigel

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20
Q

located just behind the root cap

A

quiescent center

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21
Q

Composed of 500-1000 inactive cells arrested in G1 phase of the cell cycle

A

quiescent center

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22
Q

Divides only once every 15-20 days

A

quiescent center

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23
Q

Unaffected by radiation and other extreme environmental conditions

A

quiescent center

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24
Q

functions as a reservoir to replace damaged cells of the meristem

A

quiescent center

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25
Q

re-organizes the patterns of primary growth in roots

A

quiescent center

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26
Q

develops from hypocotyl

A

root

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27
Q

hypo means

A

below

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28
Q

cotyl means

A

cotyledon

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29
Q

located below the cotyledon and embryonic lens

A

root

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30
Q

first root to appear during germination

A

radicle

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31
Q

becomes the primary root (but in dicots secondary roots arise)

A

radicle

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32
Q

roots that are composed of prop roots and climbing aerial roots

A

adventitious roots

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33
Q

what type of root is a sugarcane

A

prop root

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34
Q

what type of root is a boston ivy

A

climbing aerial root

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35
Q

type of root system

A

taproot (dicot)
fibrous (monocot)

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36
Q

refer to your notebook and label the longitudinal section of a root tip

A

grade your performance accordingly

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37
Q

end of the root, with larger plumber cells, secretes mucigel, and very sensitive in sensing light and pressure

A

root cap

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38
Q

protects the root tip from desiccation
lubricates the root tip as it inserts through the soil
protect the zone of division
actually increases absorption efficiency

A

mucigel

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39
Q

responsible for increasing the cell number

A

zone of division

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40
Q

produces 20,000 cells per day

A

zone of division

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41
Q

contains active cells and the quiescent center

A

apical meristem

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42
Q

made up of cells which are not affected by radiation or harmful chemicals

A

quiescent center

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43
Q

cells divide only once in 15-20 days

A

quiescent center

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44
Q

provide a reservoir for damaged cells

A

quiescent center

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45
Q

sub apical region includes:

A

zone of cellular division
zone of cellular elongation
zone of cellular maturation

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46
Q

dome-shaped apical meristem surrounding the quiescent center

A

zone of cellular division

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47
Q

Located 0.5-1.5mm behind the root tip and is composed of densely differentiated cytoplasmic cells

A

zone of cellular division

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48
Q

how many times does the zone of cellular division divides every 12-36 hours

A

zone of cellular division

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48
Q

produces almost 20,000 new cells per day

A

zone of cellular division

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49
Q

located 4-15mm behind the root tip, composed of long vacuolated cells

A

zone of cellular elongation

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50
Q

process of maturation starts here

A

zone of cellular elongation

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51
Q

how much is the growth of cells in zone of elongation

A

10x longer

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52
Q

in what way does the zone of elongation grow

A

lengthwise

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53
Q

indication by the presence of root hair

A

zone of cellular maturation

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54
Q

process of differentiation completed, located 10-50mm behind the root tip

A

zone of cellular maturation

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55
Q

Composed of non-elongated, matured cells and the presence of many ephemeral root hairs or rhizines

A

zone of cellular maturation

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56
Q

label the tissue distribution in dicotyledenous root

A

grade your answers accordingly

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57
Q

mature region in cross section

A

epidermis
cortex
stele

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58
Q

covers all root except the root cap

A

epidermis

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59
Q

Usually on cell thick; lacks stomata; Lacks a cuticle or have a thin layer cuticle

A

epidermis

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60
Q

located interior to the epidermis

A

cortex

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61
Q

Usually occupies the largest cross-sectional area of the root

A

cortex

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62
Q

three concentric layers of the cortex

A

hypodermis
storage parenchyma tissues
endodermis

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63
Q

three concentric layers of the cortex that protects the roots

A

hypodermis

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64
Q

three concentric layers of the cortex that stores energy reserves for subsequent use

A

storage parenchyma tissues

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65
Q

three concentric layers of the cortex that lines with the Casparian strip which diverts water and dissolved minerals into the cytoplasm of the endodermal cells

A

endodermis

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66
Q

includes all the tissues inside the cortex

A

stele

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67
Q

form in alternating strands interior to the pericycle

A

Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)

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68
Q

produces branch roots (in stele)

A

pericycle

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69
Q

dicots in stele have a what of xylem

A

solid core

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70
Q

monocots in stele have a what

A

parenchymous pith

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71
Q

after the endodermis, a single layer of cell which is active in cell division and gives rise to branch roots

A

pericycle

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72
Q

identify if it is a monocot or dicot root: accumulation of xylem and phloem at the core of the root

A

dicot root

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73
Q

identify if it is a monocot or dicot root: alternation of phloem and xylem (form a ring enclosing the pith)

A

monocot root

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74
Q

identify the root modification of: epiphytic orchid

A

aerial roots

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75
Q

absorb water from the air

A

aerial roots

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76
Q

identify the root modification of: seen in forests supporting large trees

A

drop roots and buttress roots

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77
Q

trees without buttress roots are what

A

buttress roots

78
Q

identify the root modification of: carrots, singkamas (turnips), labanos

A

storage roots

79
Q

identify the root modification of: cassava, kamoteng kahoy, yam (ube), sweet potato (kamote)

A

root tubers

80
Q

identify the root modification of: air roots, mangroves

A

pneumatophores

81
Q

identify the root modification of: strangles nearby objects, pandan and balete

A

long adventitious roots

82
Q

structures form in legumes, show a symbiotic association with the root and the nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

nodules

83
Q

bacteria that get carbohydrate from host plant

A

rhizobium

84
Q

fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH4+)

A

rhizobium

85
Q

utilized in the production of amino acid, nucleotides, vitamins, and hormones

A

rhizobium

86
Q

get CHO from the plant

A

rhizobium

87
Q

-portion of the embryo axis in the seed, short, cylindrical structure bearing a small mass of meristematic tissue and frequently a pair or more of tiny leaves at its tip

-immature shoot that later become the stem

A

epicotyl

88
Q

kinds of stem can be classified in

A

as to location
as to texture
as to direction of growth
as to increase in diameter

89
Q

kind of stem classfieid as to location

A

aerial or epiterranean stem
underground or subterranean stem

90
Q

grow above the soil surface

A

aerial or epiterranean stem

91
Q

grow beneath the soil

A

underground or subterranean stem

92
Q

examples of underground stem

A

rhizome
tuber
corm
bulb

93
Q

grows in horizontal direction bearing most of the
features of a typical stem e.g. ginger

A

rhizome

94
Q

arises from the end of each branch of the underground stem e.g. potato

A

tuber

95
Q

arises from the base of an aerial shoot covered with dry leaves e.g. taro (gabi)

A

corm

96
Q

the stem of the bulb is the form of reduced, flattened disc e.g. onion

A

bulb

97
Q

texture of stem

A

herbaceous
woody

98
Q

contain very little woody texture, chiefly annual and die after flowering and producing seeds, composed only of primary tissues

A

herbaceous

99
Q

have well-developed woody tissue, chiefly perennial ; composed of primary and secondary tissues, covered with corky bark

A

woody

100
Q

direction of growth of stem

A

erect
ascending
decumbent
prostrate
creeping
climbing

101
Q

grow perpendicularly from the ground

A

erect

102
Q

grow obliquely from the ground

A

ascending

103
Q

recline from the ground near the base

A

decumbent

104
Q

lie flat on the ground

A

prostrate

105
Q

grow closely on the ground

A

creeping

106
Q

grow over other plants or objects by means of tendril climbers, twiners, root climbers, hooks, and scramblers

A

climbing

107
Q

characteristic of dicot, capable of unlimited increase due to secondary tissues

A

exogenous stems

108
Q

increase in diameter (stem)

A

exogenous
endogenous

109
Q

characteristic of dicot, capable of unlimited increase due to secondary tissues

A

exogenous stems

110
Q

characteristic of monocot, not capable of unlimited increase in diameter due to absence of secondary tissues

A

endogenous stems

111
Q

special types of stems

A

culm
sucker
stolon
trees

112
Q

stems of grasses with distinct notes and internodes, usually hollow and herbaceous

A

culm

113
Q

branch or shoot originating below the ground from the root or lower part of the main stem

A

sucker

114
Q

slender branch or shoot arising from or near the base of the parent plant

A

stolon

115
Q

consist of a principal stem called trunk

A

trees

116
Q

cylindrical, unbranched, bears one set of leaves at its summit (special type of stems)

A

columnar

117
Q

the trunk tapers from the base to summit, the lowest branches are the longest and oldest and the uppermost, the shortest and youngest, giving the whole plant a conical crown shape (special type of stems)

A

excurrent

118
Q

the trunk rises for some distance above the ground and divides into several branches which in turn branch again (special types of stems)

A

delisquescent

119
Q

functions of stem

A

store materials
support leaves
transport water and solutes between roots and leaves
produces carbohydrates

120
Q

function of the stem where parenchyma cells in stem store large amount of starch and water

A

store materials

121
Q

function of the stem where turgor pressure in stems provides a hydrostatic skeleton that supports the young plant; its internal skeleton of collenchyma and sclerenchyma also supports leaves

A

support leaves

122
Q

functionof the stem where the vascular system of stems maintains an aquatic environment in leaves and transport sugar and other solutes between leaves and roots

A

transport water and solutes

123
Q

function of the stem where some stems are green and with chlorophyll and are able to perform photosynthesis

A

produces carbohydrates

124
Q

label the external structures of the stem

A

grade yourself accordingly

125
Q

slightly enlarged portion where leaves and buds arise

A

node

126
Q

region between two successive nodes

A

internode

127
Q

tiny, raised pores on the surface of matured dicot stem for gas exchange

A

lenticel

128
Q

mark left on the stem such as leaf scar, bundle scar, bud scar, fruit scar, and twig scar

A

scar

129
Q

undeveloped shoot, largely meristematic tissue, protected by modified scale leaves

A

bud

130
Q

internal structure of the stem where there are transparent cells surrounding the stem, usually one cell thick that often bear trichomes,

A

epidermal tissue

131
Q

in dicot trees, these tissues can be modified into bark as the plant grow older

A

epidermal tissue

132
Q

label the tissue distribution of a monocot stem

A

grade yourself accordingly

133
Q

a tissue embedded in the ground tissue

A

vascular tissue

134
Q

Composed of xylem and phloem occurred in vascular bundles

A

vascular tissue

135
Q

the transport of food from the leaves down to the roots and other parts of the plant,

A

phloem

136
Q

for the transport of water from the roots up to the leaves

A

xylem

137
Q

type of plant that have bundles embedded throughout the ground tissue, where phloem oriented outward and xylem inward

A

monocots

138
Q

type of plant that have a single ring of vascular bundles embedded in the ground tissue

A

dicots

139
Q

type of plant that the parenchymatous ground tissue is composed of cortex and pith

A

dicot

140
Q

type of plant that they have vascular bundles throughout their ground tissue, but do not have cortex or pith

A

monocot

141
Q

origin of leaves where outgrowths of apical meristem in terminal and lateral buds

A

leaf primordia

142
Q

give rise to mature leaves, Its position in the bud determines the relative position of the leaves on the stem, and The first pair of leaves (primary leaves) are produced during the development of the seeling

A

leaf primordia

143
Q

the stalk of the leaf that connects the leaf blade to the node of the stem

A

petiole

144
Q

the broad, flat, photosynthetic portion of a leaf divided into: veins and midrib

A

blade

145
Q

vascular tissues within a leaf located on both sides of the midrib

A

veins

146
Q

narrow, thickened structure which is continuation of the petiole and extends through the center of the blade to the opposite end; the major vein in a leaf the divides the blade into two halves

A

midrib

147
Q

small, paired leaf-like structures at the base of the leaf stalk found on certain plants

A

stipule

148
Q

the base of the leaf blade that completely encircles the portion of the internodal segment of the stem, present among grasses

A

leaf sheath

149
Q

type of leaves as to composition

A

simple leaves
compound leaves

150
Q

type of leaves can be classified to

A

composition
leaf anatomy

151
Q

with one blade per petiole

A

simple leaves

152
Q

with two or more blades (leaflets) on a common petiole

A

compound leaves

153
Q

stalk of each leaflet

A

petiolule

154
Q

extension of the petiole

A

rachis

155
Q

transparent and not pigmented, coated with waxy material (cuticle), there is a presence of chloroplast-containing guard cells (leaf anatomy)

A

upper and lower epidermis

156
Q

cells in the upper and lower epidermis of the anatomy of the leaf is modified in what way

A

forms or hairs and glandular cells

157
Q

small opening in the leaf`

A

stoma

158
Q

located between the 2 epidermal layers, made up of parenchymatous, photosynthetic tissue. Consist of two layers: palisade and spongy

A

mesophyll

159
Q

vertically elongated columnar cells arranged below the upper epidermis

A

palisade layer

160
Q

irregular parenchymatous cells with many intercellular spaces (called stomatal chambers), arranged above the lower epidermis

A

spongy layer

161
Q

located midway between the upper and lower epidermis , consist of a primary xylem
and primary phloem surrounded by a bundle sheath

A

vascular bundles

162
Q

midway between the upper and lower epidermis which also contain sclerenchymatous fibers or collenchyma cells and has no vascular cambium

A

vascular bundles

163
Q

composed of vessel elements located toward the upper epidermis

A

xylem

164
Q

composed of sieve tubes members and companion cells located toward the lower epidermis

A

phloem

165
Q

Evaporation of water from plants, chiefly through the leaves

A

transpiration

166
Q

Provides most of the energy for water movement

A

transpiration

167
Q

transpiration can be via

A

stomatal
circular
lenticular

168
Q

stomatal transpiration

A

stomata

169
Q

circular transpiration

A

cuticle

170
Q

lenticular transpiration

A

lenticels of the stem

171
Q

Ensures continuous supply and movement of water, thus maintaining nutrient flow

A

transpiration

172
Q

Controls the degree of saturation of cells with cater

A

transpiration

173
Q

Cools the leaf, as the high heat of vaporization of water utilizes 70% of the absorbed energy of leaves

A

transpiration

174
Q

Water and minerals absorbed by plant roots move what to the shoots along with the dead cells of the xylem vessels

A

upwards

175
Q

takes place in the living cells of the phloem

A

The transport of photosynthesis (products of photosynthesis) and other compounds

176
Q

transport model of xylem transport

A

cohesion-tension model

177
Q

Water is absorbed from the soil to the root system through the root hairs by what process

A

osmosis

178
Q

which cells absorb water from the root hairs

A

neigboring cortical cells

179
Q

the neigboring cortical cells are radially crossing the root through

A

extracellular or apoplast pathway

180
Q

the neighboring cortical cells are what until they reach the endodermis

A

intracellular or symplast pathway

181
Q

blocks the apopolast at the endodermis to direct the water to enter the endodermal cells to reach the xylem

A

casparian strip

182
Q

reason why water and mineral ions are pulled upward

A

negative pressure potential

183
Q

what creates tension to the xylem transport

A

transpiration

184
Q

why is the upward transport of water possible due to the water molecules

A

cohesion and adhering to the walls of xylem

185
Q

model of phloem transport

A

pressure-flow model

186
Q

what pressure drives the organic nutrients from the leaves in any direction

A

positive pressure

187
Q

contains not only sucrose but also other inorganic irons and organic molecules such as acids, hormones

A

phloem sap

188
Q

principle of phloem transport that occurs from the areas of supply of production to areas of metabolism along the living cells of the phloem

A

source-sink principle

189
Q

unlike xylem where the conducting cells are ____, the sieve tube elements and companion cells of phloem are ___

A
190
Q

actively transported first into the companion cells then into the sieve tube elements

A

sucrose

191
Q

creates positive pressure potential that causes sap to flow from the source to the sink

A

phloem loading

192
Q

in these kind of cells, phloem unloading occurs which can be through symplast or apoplast passive moement

A

sink cells

Fundamentals of Botany (25 decks)

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