Plant and Chemical Composition Part 1 Flashcards
anything that has mass and volume
matter
properties and characteristics that can be observed and measured without permanently changing the identity of matter
physical properties
examples of physical properties of matter
color, odor, texture, taste, hardness, melting point, boiling point
describe the ability of a substance to change into another new substance as a result of chemical change
chemical properties
process in which a substance is permanently altered
chemical change
another important physical property of matter, are the different forms or states in which matter may exist
phase
basic unit of matter, are very small particles
atoms
center of the atom that makes up of 99.9% of its mass
nucleus
nucleus contains what
protons and neutrons
positively charged particle
proton
electrically neutral atom
neutron
number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
atomic number
total number of protons and nucleus of an atom
mass number
negatively charged particle
electron
formed by interactions of individual atoms
chemical compounds
involves the combining of individual atoms
chemical bonding
outer electrons of one atom transfer to another atom
ionic bond
creates electrically charged atoms and an example of this is salt (NaCl)
ionic bonding
forms when two atoms share one or more electrons
covalent bond
takes energy to form and energy is released when broken
bonds
most abundant component of the cell
water
composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen held by a strong covalent bond
water
molecules of water is held by this bond
hydrogen bond
considered as universal solvent, expands slightly as it changes its phase from liquid to solid
water
why is water important in several physiological activities of a living body
neutral pH
high specific heat and latent heat of vaporization
high degree of thermal conductivity
immiscible with lipids,
liquid at room temperature
high surface tension
what are the function of water being a suspension in the materials of the cell (6 pts)
medium for vital processes and substances
moistens surfaces for gas diffusion
regulate body temperature
function of sense organs
lubricant for movable surfaces
cushion for brain and spinal cord
small molecules lacking hydrocarbon
inorganic compounds
makes up 80 to 90% of the protoplasm
water
property of water that provides an aqueous environment inside cells and aquatic environments for a variety of organisms to live in
liquid at room temperature
properties of water that provides a medium for almost all chemical reactions taking place within living systems
universal solvent
forms a surface film or “skin” at an air-water interface thus allowing some invertebrates to move over it
high surface tension
water can flow freely inside narrow vessels (e.g. capillaries) thus acting as a very good transport medium for nutrients, wastes, hormones, gases, and acts as a lubricant for movable surfaces
low viscosity
property of water that is an important structural agent acting as a skeleton (e.g. worms)
hard to compress
property of matter where ice floats and insulates the water below, allowing survival of aquatic life
ice is less dense than water
organism’s internal environment is able to resist temperature changes
very high specific heat capacity
used as a cooling mechanism because whenever water evaporates, heat is lost from the body
high latent heat of vaporization
allows slow freezing of cells contents and aquatic habitats in cold weather
high latent heat of fusion
molecules that release hydrogen ions (H+) when added to a solution
acids
disassociates into H+ and anions
acids
proton donor
acids
molecules that release OH- ions
Bases
disassociates into OH- and a cation
bases
proton acceptor
bases
used to measure acidity and alkalinity of a solution
pH scale
have pH values of 1 to 3, such as stomach acid
strong acids
have high pH values ranging from 11 to 14
strong bases
neutral pH
7 (6.5-7.5)
formed from neutralization of an acid and a base
salt
disassociates into cation and anion
salt
salt is important in which vital processes (3pts)
irritability of muscles and nerves
growth and repair of tissues
buffers or regulators of acid-base balance
most influential of the dissolved ions because they are numerous and chemically active
hydrogen ions
compound that tends to maintain a solution at constant pH by accepting or releasing H- in response to small changes in H+ concentration
buffer
common buffers
bicarbonate, phosphate
needed for biological oxidation of food to release energy
oxygen
gas diffuses from the atmosphere and is picked up by the organism
mechanical respiration
waste product of oxidation produced during cellular respiration
carbon dioxide
are used by virtually every living organism as a source of energy
carbohydrates
what is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate molecule
CH2O
simple forms of carbohydrates
sugars
three types of sugars
monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
the energy we get from potatoes, corn, wheat, and rice
starch
energy stored in animals
glycogen
single molecules of sugar
monosaccharides
6-carbon sugar, most important monosaccharide
glucose
building block of carbohydrates
glucose
5-carbon sugar, fruit sugar
fructose
5-carbon sugar, milk sugar
galactose
two simple sugars combined
disaccharides
table sugar or cane sugar
sucrose
glucose + fructose
sucrose
milk sugar
lactose
glucose + galactose
lactose
malt sugar
maltose
glucose + glucose
maltose
process where two sugars are formed
dehydration
process where two sugars are split
hydrolysis
molecules like carbohydrates that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms but with much higher hydrogen to oxygen ratio
lipids
include steroids, fats, and waxes
lipids
materials that make up hormones
steroids
made of a glycerol molecule combined with one to three fatty acid chains that can have from 4 to 24 carbons and a carboxyl group at the end
fats
some fatty acids have this occurring along the fatty acid chains
double bonds
all possible bonds are not made with hydrogen atoms
unsaturated fats
fatty acids with no double bonds because they are filled with hydrogen atoms
saturated fats
what is considered more healthy? saturated or unsaturated fats?
unsaturated fats
examples of lpids
triglycerides (oil, fats, waxes)
steroids
cholesterol
lipoproteins
glycolipids
phospholipids
considered among the most complex of organic compounds
proteins
composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
proteins
linked together by the process of dehydration
proteins
link between amino acids
peptide bonds
small proteins
peptide
many amino acids, basic building blocks for which organisms are constructed
polypeptides
substances used to catalyze chemical reactions within the cell and are not used up as a part of the reaction
enzymes
classified according to the shape and arrangement of polypeptides
proteins
arranged parallel along a single axis producing long fibers or sheets
fibrous proteins
examples of fibrous proteins
collagen and keratin
actin and myosin
fibrinogen
silk
proteins found in the skin
collagen and keratin
proteins found in skeletal muscles
actin and myosin
proteins found in blood plasma
fibrinogen
produced by moths and spiders
silk
tightly folded into spherical or globular shapes
globular proteins
examples of globular proteins
albumin
hemoglobin
hormones
enymes
antibodies
proteins in combination with other compounds
glycoproteins
lipoproteins
chromoproteins
nucleoproteins
very large molecules
nucleic acid
made up nucleic acids, smaller units
nucleotides
nucleotide is made up of
carbohydrate molecule, phosphate group, nitrogen-based molecule (purine or pyrimidine)
difference between DNA and RNA in location
what does the RNA have that DNA have not
carbohydrate ribose
A-T, C-G
DNA
A-U, C-G
RNA
