Plant and Chemical Composition Part 1 Flashcards
1
Q
anything that has mass and volume
A
matter
2
Q
properties and characteristics that can be observed and measured without permanently changing the identity of matter
A
physical properties
3
Q
examples of physical properties of matter
A
color, odor, texture, taste, hardness, melting point, boiling point
4
Q
describe the ability of a substance to change into another new substance as a result of chemical change
A
chemical properties
5
Q
process in which a substance is permanently altered
A
chemical change
6
Q
another important physical property of matter, are the different forms or states in which matter may exist
A
phase
7
Q
basic unit of matter, are very small particles
A
atoms
8
Q
center of the atom that makes up of 99.9% of its mass
A
nucleus
9
Q
nucleus contains what
A
protons and neutrons
10
Q
positively charged particle
A
proton
11
Q
electrically neutral atom
A
neutron
12
Q
number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
A
atomic number
13
Q
total number of protons and nucleus of an atom
A
mass number
14
Q
negatively charged particle
A
electron
15
Q
formed by interactions of individual atoms
A
chemical compounds
16
Q
involves the combining of individual atoms
A
chemical bonding
17
Q
outer electrons of one atom transfer to another atom
A
ionic bond
18
Q
creates electrically charged atoms and an example of this is salt (NaCl)
A
ionic bonding
19
Q
forms when two atoms share one or more electrons
A
covalent bond
20
Q
takes energy to form and energy is released when broken
A
bonds
21
Q
most abundant component of the cell
A
water
22
Q
composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen held by a strong covalent bond
A
water
23
Q
molecules of water is held by this bond
A
hydrogen bond
24
Q
considered as universal solvent, expands slightly as it changes its phase from liquid to solid
A
water
25
why is water important in several physiological activities of a living body
neutral pH
high specific heat and latent heat of vaporization
high degree of thermal conductivity
immiscible with lipids,
liquid at room temperature
high surface tension
26
what are the function of water being a suspension in the materials of the cell (6 pts)
medium for vital processes and substances
moistens surfaces for gas diffusion
regulate body temperature
function of sense organs
lubricant for movable surfaces
cushion for brain and spinal cord
27
small molecules lacking hydrocarbon
inorganic compounds
28
makes up 80 to 90% of the protoplasm
water
29
property of water that provides an aqueous environment inside cells and aquatic environments for a variety of organisms to live in
liquid at room temperature
30
properties of water that provides a medium for almost all chemical reactions taking place within living systems
universal solvent
31
forms a surface film or "skin" at an air-water interface thus allowing some invertebrates to move over it
high surface tension
32
water can flow freely inside narrow vessels (e.g. capillaries) thus acting as a very good transport medium for nutrients, wastes, hormones, gases, and acts as a lubricant for movable surfaces
low viscosity
33
property of water that is an important structural agent acting as a skeleton (e.g. worms)
hard to compress
34
property of matter where ice floats and insulates the water below, allowing survival of aquatic life
ice is less dense than water
35
organism's internal environment is able to resist temperature changes
very high specific heat capacity
36
used as a cooling mechanism because whenever water evaporates, heat is lost from the body
high latent heat of vaporization
37
allows slow freezing of cells contents and aquatic habitats in cold weather
high latent heat of fusion
38
molecules that release hydrogen ions (H+) when added to a solution
acids
39
disassociates into H+ and anions
acids
40
proton donor
acids
41
molecules that release OH- ions
Bases
42
disassociates into OH- and a cation
bases
43
proton acceptor
bases
44
used to measure acidity and alkalinity of a solution
pH scale
45
have pH values of 1 to 3, such as stomach acid
strong acids
46
have high pH values ranging from 11 to 14
strong bases
47
neutral pH
7 (6.5-7.5)
48
formed from neutralization of an acid and a base
salt
49
disassociates into cation and anion
salt
50
salt is important in which vital processes (3pts)
irritability of muscles and nerves
growth and repair of tissues
buffers or regulators of acid-base balance
51
most influential of the dissolved ions because they are numerous and chemically active
hydrogen ions
52
compound that tends to maintain a solution at constant pH by accepting or releasing H- in response to small changes in H+ concentration
buffer
53
common buffers
bicarbonate, phosphate
54
needed for biological oxidation of food to release energy
oxygen
55
gas diffuses from the atmosphere and is picked up by the organism
mechanical respiration
56
waste product of oxidation produced during cellular respiration
carbon dioxide
57
are used by virtually every living organism as a source of energy
carbohydrates
58
what is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate molecule
CH2O
59
simple forms of carbohydrates
sugars
60
three types of sugars
monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
61
the energy we get from potatoes, corn, wheat, and rice
starch
62
energy stored in animals
glycogen
63
single molecules of sugar
monosaccharides
64
6-carbon sugar, most important monosaccharide
glucose
65
building block of carbohydrates
glucose
66
5-carbon sugar, fruit sugar
fructose
67
5-carbon sugar, milk sugar
galactose
68
two simple sugars combined
disaccharides
69
table sugar or cane sugar
sucrose
70
glucose + fructose
sucrose
71
milk sugar
lactose
72
glucose + galactose
lactose
73
malt sugar
maltose
74
glucose + glucose
maltose
75
process where two sugars are formed
dehydration
76
process where two sugars are split
hydrolysis
77
molecules like carbohydrates that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms but with much higher hydrogen to oxygen ratio
lipids
78
include steroids, fats, and waxes
lipids
79
materials that make up hormones
steroids
80
made of a glycerol molecule combined with one to three fatty acid chains that can have from 4 to 24 carbons and a carboxyl group at the end
fats
81
some fatty acids have this occurring along the fatty acid chains
double bonds
82
all possible bonds are not made with hydrogen atoms
unsaturated fats
83
fatty acids with no double bonds because they are filled with hydrogen atoms
saturated fats
84
what is considered more healthy? saturated or unsaturated fats?
unsaturated fats
85
examples of lpids
triglycerides (oil, fats, waxes)
steroids
cholesterol
lipoproteins
glycolipids
phospholipids
86
considered among the most complex of organic compounds
proteins
87
composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
proteins
88
linked together by the process of dehydration
proteins
89
link between amino acids
peptide bonds
90
small proteins
peptide
91
many amino acids, basic building blocks for which organisms are constructed
polypeptides
92
substances used to catalyze chemical reactions within the cell and are not used up as a part of the reaction
enzymes
93
classified according to the shape and arrangement of polypeptides
proteins
94
arranged parallel along a single axis producing long fibers or sheets
fibrous proteins
95
examples of fibrous proteins
collagen and keratin
actin and myosin
fibrinogen
silk
96
proteins found in the skin
collagen and keratin
97
proteins found in skeletal muscles
actin and myosin
98
proteins found in blood plasma
fibrinogen
99
produced by moths and spiders
silk
100
tightly folded into spherical or globular shapes
globular proteins
101
examples of globular proteins
albumin
hemoglobin
hormones
enymes
antibodies
102
proteins in combination with other compounds
glycoproteins
lipoproteins
chromoproteins
nucleoproteins
103
very large molecules
nucleic acid
104
made up nucleic acids, smaller units
nucleotides
105
nucleotide is made up of
carbohydrate molecule, phosphate group, nitrogen-based molecule (purine or pyrimidine)
106
difference between DNA and RNA in location
107
what does the RNA have that DNA have not
carbohydrate ribose
108
A-T, C-G
DNA
109
A-U, C-G
RNA
