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Fundamentals of Botany > Plant Hormones and Tropisms > Flashcards

Plant Hormones and Tropisms Flashcards

1
Q

track the sun as it moves through the sky

A

buttercups

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2
Q

example of light responses

A

sun tracking

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3
Q

help flowering plants respond to stimuli in a coordinated manner

A

hormones

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4
Q

season where seeds germinate, and growth begins if the soil is warm enough to contain liquid water

A

spring

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5
Q

season when temperatures drop, shoot- and root-apical growth ceases

A

fall

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6
Q

instrumental in detecting the photoperiod and bringing about genetic changes

A

phytochrome

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7
Q

plant defenses include: (3)

A

physical barrier
chemical toxins
mutualistic animals

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8
Q

can be associated with specific responses, some responses are probably influenced by the interaction of more than one hormone

A

plant hormones

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9
Q

bring about a response to both light and gravity and are involved in many other growth responses as well

A

auxins

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10
Q

effects include stem elongation between nodes, and this leads to several commercial uses of this hormone

A

gibberelins

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11
Q

causes cell division, and in tissue culture, to auxins affects differentiation and development

A

cytokinin

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12
Q

help regulate the closing of stomata

A

abscisic acid

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13
Q

causes fruits to ripen

A

ethylene

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14
Q

growth responses in plants toward or away from unidirectional stimuli, such as light and gravity

A

tropism

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15
Q

plants sometimes exhibit theses (e.g. closing of stomata), that recur approximately every 24 hours

A

circadian rhythm

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16
Q

length of daylight controls plant responses, involves the pigment phytochrome

A

photoperiod

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17
Q

defense mechanisms of plant

A

barriers to entry
chemical toxins
systemic mechanisms
relationship with animals

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18
Q

adaptive for organisms to respond to this because it leads to longevity and ultimately to the survival of the species

A

stimuli

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19
Q

perceive and react to a variety of environmental stimuli

A

flowering plants

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20
Q

example of stimuli

A

light
gravity
carbon dioxide levels
pathogen infection
drought
touch

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21
Q

short term responses of plants

A

opening and closing of stomata

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22
Q

long term responses of plants

A

downward growth of the root and upward root of the stem

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23
Q

utilize signal transduction when responding to stimuli

A

plant cells

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24
Q

proteins activated by a specific signal, can be located in the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, the nucleus, or even the endoplasmic reticulum

A

receptors

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25
Q

Responds to light that has a pigment component

A

receptors

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26
Q

has a region that is sensitive to red light

A

phytochrome

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27
Q

has a region that Is sensitive to blue light

A

phototropin

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28
Q

series of relay proteins or enzymes that amplify and transform the signal to one understood by the machinery of the cell

A

transduction pathway

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29
Q

in some instances, this may immediately communicate with the transduction pathway

A

stimulated receptor

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30
Q

in other instances, this second messenger initiates the response

A

Ca2-

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31
Q

Analogy: a mother at work who wants a sitter to fix lunch for her children

which is the mother

A

stimulus

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32
Q

Analogy: a mother at work who wants a sitter to fix lunch for her children

which is the home

A

receptor of the cell

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33
Q

Analogy: a mother at work who wants a sitter to fix lunch for her children

which is the sitter

A

second messenger

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34
Q

Analogy: a mother at work who wants a sitter to fix lunch for her children

what is the lunch (activated)

A

transduction pathway

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35
Q

occurs as a result of the transduction pathway, result is either transcription of particular genes or end product of an activated methabolic pathway

A

cellular response

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36
Q

what happens to the gene once cellular response happens after the transduction pathway is activated

A

transcription

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37
Q

brings about the observed macroscopic response, such as stomata closing or a stem that turns toward the light

A

cellular response

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38
Q

between cells is required for macroscopic response to become evident, and is often dependent on plant hormones

A

coordination

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39
Q

greek word for hormone

A

hormao

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40
Q

meaning of hormao

A

to instigate

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41
Q

produced in very low concentrations and active in another part of organism

A

chemical signals

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42
Q

such as auxin, are synthesized or stored in one part of the plant, but they travel within phloem or from cell to cell response to the appropriate stimulus

A

hormones

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43
Q

are produced in shoot apical meristem and are found in young leaves and in flower and fruits

A

auxins

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44
Q

means promoting growth

A

auxinos

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45
Q

most common naturally occurring auxin

A

Indoleactic acid (IAA)

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46
Q

responsible for apical dominance, which occurs when the terminal bud produces new growth instead of axillary buds

A

auxin

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47
Q

Causes the growth of roots and fruits and prevents the loss of leaves and fruit

A

auxin

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48
Q

molecule is the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, or nucleus that receives the signal and becomes activated

A

receptor

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49
Q

a series of relay proteins that amplify and convert the original signal into one tht affects cellular machinery

A

transuction pathway

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50
Q

most often a change in gene expression or a cellular process affects plant growth and development

A

response

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51
Q

can be sprayed with auxin to keep mature fruit from falling to the ground

A

trees

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52
Q

used today in a number of applications such as Sprayed in plants such as tomatoes to induce the development of fruit without pollination

A

synthetic auxins

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53
Q

synthetic auxins that have been used as herbicides to control broadleaf weeds such as dandelions and other plants

A

2,4-D and 2,4,5-T

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54
Q

was banned in 1979 because of its detrimental effects on human and animal life

A

2,4,5-T

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55
Q

used in the Vietnam, a mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T

A

defoliant agent orange

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56
Q

when perceived by a flowering plant, the auxin moves to the lower surface of roots and stems

A

gravity

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57
Q

protective sheath for the young leaves of the seedlings

A

coleoptile

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58
Q

in 1881, together with his son has found phototropism will not occur if the tip of the seedling is cut off or covered by a black cap

A

charles darwin

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59
Q

in 1926, cut off the tips of coleoptiles and placed them on agar (a gelatin-like material), then he placed an agar block to one side of a tipless coleoptile and found that the shoot would curve away from that side

A

Frits W. Went

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60
Q

percentage of sunlight

A

52 - infrared
44 - visible light
4 - ultraviolet light

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61
Q

Greek word that the word auxin is named after, means promoting growth

A

auximos

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62
Q

When stem is exposed to unidirectional light, auxin moves what side, where it enters the nucleus and attaches to a receptor

A

shady side

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63
Q

leads to this activation and the resulting acidic conditions loosen the cell wall because hydrogen bonds are broken and cellulose fibrils are weakened by enzymatic action

A

proton pump (H+)

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64
Q

what weakens the cellulose fibrils

A

enzymatic action

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65
Q

result of the auxin moving to the shadier side

A

elongation of the stem

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66
Q

include gibberellic acid, GA3

A

70 Gibberelins

67
Q

latin word for Gibberellins

A

gibbus

68
Q

meaning of gibbus

A

bent

69
Q

are applied externally to plants

A

gibberelins

70
Q

most obvious effect of gibberellins

A

stem elongation

71
Q

were discovered in 1926, the same year that Went performed on classic experiments in Auxin

A

gibberelins

72
Q

Japanese scientist that was investigating a fungal disease of rice plants called “foolish seedling disease”

A

ewiti kurosawa

73
Q

Kurosawa observed that plants elongated too quickly, causing the stem to weaken and the plant to collapse

the fungus infecting the plant produces an excess of what chemical

A

gibberelin

74
Q

fungus where Gibberrellins was named after

A

gibberella fujikuroi

75
Q

isolated from a flowering plant rather than from a fungus

A

gibberelic acid

76
Q

source of gibberellin in flowering plants

A

young leaves, roots, embryos, seeds, and fruits

77
Q

commercial use of gibberellins

A

-induce the growth of plants and increase size of flowers
-used to produce larger seedless grapes
-Caused an increase in the space between the grapes, allowing them to grow larger
-Hasten the development of flower bud

78
Q

is a period of time when plant growth is suspended, this can be broken by gibberellins

A

dormancy

79
Q

When gibberellins break the dormancy of this plant, a large, starchy endosperm is broken down into sugars to provide energy for growth

A

barley seeds

80
Q

makes its appearance when gibberellins break the dormancy of seeds

A

amylase

81
Q

where gibberellins are involved that lead to the production of amylase

A

transduction pathway

82
Q

Greek word where cytokinin is derived from

A

kytos and kineo

83
Q

greek word kytos for cytokinin means

A

cells

84
Q

greek word kineo for cytokinin means

A

move

85
Q

are derivatives of adenine one of the purine bases in DNA and RNA

A

cytokinin

86
Q

cytokinin that is naturally occurring that was not isolated until 1967, was named after the kernels of maize (zea)

A

zeatin

87
Q

was discovered as a result of attempts to grow plant tissue and organs in culture vessels in 1940s

A

cytokinin

88
Q

what occurred when coconut milk (a liquid endosperm) and yeast extract are added to the culture medium

A

cell division

89
Q

effective components that promote cell division, have been isolated from various seed plants, where they occur in the actively dividing tissues of roots and also in seeds and fruits

A

cytokinin

90
Q

used to prolong the life of flower cuttings as well as vegetables in storage

A

cytokinin

91
Q

synthetic cytokinins include

A

kinetin
benzyl adenine
benzylaminopurine

92
Q

now common practice where the ratio of auxin to cytokinin and the acidity of the culture medium determine whether the plant tissue forms and undifferentiated mass

A

plant tissue culturing

93
Q

undifferentiated mass that is formed

A

callus

94
Q

Plant hormone rarely acts alone, instead it is a what

A

relative concentrations of hormones and their interactions that produce an effect

95
Q

chemical fragments released from the cell wall, are also effective in directing differentiation

A

oligosaccharins

96
Q

hypothesized that these are part of a reception-transduction-response pathway, which leads to the activation of enzymes that release the fragments from the cell wall

A

auxin and cytokinin

97
Q

aging process, such as when a leaf loses its natural color

A

senescence

98
Q

during senescence what happens to the large molecules within the leaf

A

broken down and transported to other parts of the plant

99
Q

Does not always affect the entire plant at once, as some plants grow taller and naturally lose their lower leaves

A

senescence

100
Q

Application of what can prevent the senescence of leaves

A

cytokinin

101
Q

begin to grow, despite apical dominance, when cytokinin is applied to them

A

axillary buds

102
Q

produced by any “green tissue” (that contains chloroplasts)

A

abscisic acid

103
Q

Produced in monocot endosperm and roots

A

abscisic acid

104
Q

Also produced in monocot endosperm and roots, where it is derived from carotenoid pigments

A

abscisic acid

105
Q

abscisic acid is sometimes called what

A

stress hormone

106
Q

initiates and maintains seed and bud dormancy and brings about the closure of stomata

A

abscisic acid

107
Q

believed that ABA functioned in this, the dropping of leaves, fruits, and flowers from a plant

A

abcission

108
Q

what hormone seems to bring about abscission

A

ethylene

109
Q

period of low metabolic activity and arrested growth

A

dormancy

110
Q

Occurs when a plant organ readies itself for adverse conditions by ceasing to grow (even though conditions at the time may be favorable for growth)

A

dormancy

111
Q

believed that it moves from leaves to vegetative buds in the fall, and thereafter these buds are converted to winter buds

A

abscisic acid

112
Q

covered by thick, hardened scales

A

winter bud

113
Q

reduction and increase of what hormones are believed to break seed and bud dormancy

A

reduction of abscisic acid
increase in gibberelins

114
Q

brings about the closing of stomata when a plant is under water stress

A

abscisic acid

115
Q

induces rapid depolymerization of actin filaments and formation of a new type of actin that is randomly oriented throughout the cell

A

ABA

116
Q

change in this may also be part of transduction pathways involved in stomata closure

A

actin organization

117
Q

is a gas formed from the amino acid methionine, involved in abscission and the ripening of fruits

A

ethylene

118
Q

amino acid where ethylene is formed

A

methionine

119
Q

stimulates certain enzymes, such as cellulase, which helps cause leaf, fruit, or flower drop

A

ethylene

120
Q

weakens cell walls, ethylene stimulates the production of this

A

cellulase

121
Q

promotes the activity of enzymes that produce the flavor and smell of ripened fruits

A

cellulase

122
Q

Breaks down chlorophyll, inducing the color changes associated with fruit ripening

A

cellulase

123
Q

moves freely through a plant by diffusion, and because it is a gas, also moves freely through the air

A

ethylene

124
Q

Can be released at the site of a plant wound due to physical damage or infection

A

ethylene

125
Q

Used in agriculture is extensive, is used to hasten the ripening of green fruits such as melons and honeydews

A

ethylene

126
Q

Applied to citrus fruits to attain pleasing colors before marketing

A

ethylene

127
Q

ripen on the vine because the plants produce ethylene but it can be genetically modified to not produce ethylene
\

A

tomato

128
Q

Facilitates shipping because green tomatoes are not subject to as much damage

A

genetically modified tomato

129
Q

involved in axillary bud inhibition

A

ethylene

130
Q

transported down from the apical meristem of the stem, stimulates the production of ethylene, which suppresses stem and root elongation

A

auxin

131
Q

suppresses stem and root elongation

A

auxin

132
Q

growth toward or away from a unidirectional stimulus

A

tropism

133
Q

Greek word for Tropism

A

tropos

134
Q

tropos means

A

turning

135
Q

means that the stimulus is coming from only one direction instead of multiple directions

A

unidirectional

136
Q

growth toward a stimulus

A

positive tropism

137
Q

growth away from a stimulus

A

negative tropism

138
Q

tropisms are due to this, one side of an organ elongates faster than the other, and the result is curving toward or away from the stimulus

A

differential growth

139
Q

best known tropisms in plants

A

gravitropism
phototropism
thigmotropism

140
Q

movement in response to gravity

A

gravitropism

141
Q

movement in response to a light stimulus

A

phototropism

142
Q

movement in response to touch

A

thigmotropism

143
Q

other tropism other than light, gravity, and touch

A

chemotropism (chemicals)
traumatropism (trauma)
skototropism (darkness)
aerotropism (oxygen)

144
Q

movement in response to chemicals

A

chemotropism

145
Q

movement in response to trauma

A

traumatropism

146
Q

movement in response to darkness

A

skototropism

147
Q

movement in response to oxygen

A

aerotropism

148
Q

first step towards a response

A

reception of stimulus

149
Q

next step after reception of stimulus, meaning that the stimulus has been changed into a form that is meaningful to the organism

A

transduction

150
Q

after the transduction, the organism will then show this

A

response

151
Q

Latin word for Gravitropism

A

gravis

152
Q

gravis means

A

heavy

153
Q

along with his son, were the first to say that roots, in contrast to stems, show positive gravitropism

A

charles darwin

154
Q

sensors in root caps which are starch grains located within amyloplasts, a type of plastid

A

statoliths

155
Q

due to gravity, they settle to a lower part of the cell where they come in contact with cytoskeletal elements

A

amyloplast

156
Q

elongates so that the root curves downward

A

upper surface of the root

157
Q

elongates – so that the stem curves upwards

A

lower surface of the stem

158
Q

occurs because the cells on the shady side of the stem elongate due to the presence of auxin

A

positive tropism

159
Q

a plant curving away from light

A

negative tropism

160
Q

depending on the species examined, are either insensitive to light or exhibit negative phototropism

A

roots

161
Q

mutant plant that is studied to prove that phototropism occurs because plants respond to blue light

A

arabidopsis

162
Q

when this is absorbed, the pigment portion of the photoreceptor, phototropin (phot) undergoes a conformation change

A

blue light

163
Q

when blue light is absorbed, what happens to the phosphate group from ATP

A

transfer to a protein portion of the photoreceptor

Fundamentals of Botany (25 decks)

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