Plant Chemical Composition Part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
referred to as carbon compounds and molecules of life
A
organic compounds
2
Q
make up living organism, has a backbone of one or more carbon atoms
A
organic compounds
3
Q
carbon atoms attach to other elements such as
A
hydrogen
oxygen
sulfur
phosphorus
nitrogen
4
Q
cells make most of their macromolecules by joining smaller organic molecules by into chains
A
assembly
5
Q
made up of building blocks of polymers
A
monomers
6
Q
link monomers together to form polymers by dehydration, synthesis, or condensation reaction
A
cells
7
Q
what happens when a monomer is added to a chain
A
water molecule is removed, longer polymer is synthesized
8
Q
cells break down macromolecules by carrying out hydrolysis
A
disassembly
9
Q
makes up of about 1% of the cell
A
carbohydrates
10
Q
hexoses (GGF)
A
Galactose, Glucose, Fructose
11
Q
carbohydratesthatform constituent groups of nucleotides
A
pentoses
12
Q
examples of pentoses
A
deoxyribose and ribose
13
Q
formed by condensation reactions or dehydration synthesis, can be broken down by hydrolysis
A
disaccharides
14
Q
glucose + galactose
A
lactose
15
Q
glucose + glucose
A
maltose
16
Q
glucose + fructose
A
sucrose
17
Q
polymers made up of monosaccharide monomers
A
polysasccharides
18
Q
emergency sugar for animals
A
glycogen
19
Q
reserve food in plants
A
starch
20
Q
cell wall of plants, most abundant carbohydrate on earth
A
cellulose
21
Q
give functions of carbohydrates
A
energy source and structural
22
Q
found in exoskeleton of invertebrates
A
chitin
23
Q
how much energy does a gram of glucose yield when fully metabolized during respiration
A
16kJ
24
Q
act as antigens in the classification of blood type under the ABO system blood typing
A
carbohydrates moieties
25
about 10% of the cell
lipids
26
grouped according to their solubility properties rather than chemical function
lipids
27
what are solvents that can dissolve lipids
acetone, alcohol, chloroform, ether
28
building blocks of lipids
fatty acids and gylcerol
29
3-C molecule with each C bearing an -OH group; carbons from the backbone of the molecule
glycerol
30
have long hydrocarbon (HC) chains ending in a carboxyl group (-COOH)
fatty acids
31
what are the functions of lipids
energy storage, heat insulation, membrane structure, protection, transmission of chemical signals into and within the cell
32
highest energy-giving compounds
lipids
33
bad heat conductor, mammals tend to increase this kind of cell during cold water
fats
34
example of lipids found in membrane structure
phospholipids
35
long unbranched hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end
fatty acids
36
what part is polar and nonpolar in fatty acids
head (polar), tail (non-polar)
37
kinds of fatty acids
saturated and unsaturated
38
main classes of lipids according to chemical structure
fatty acids
triacylglycerol
phospholipids
glycolipids
steroids
terpenes
39
lacks double bonds because every carbon atom in the chain is attached to H atoms, causes tail to pack well and make this type less fluid
saturated fatty acids
40
example of saturated fatty acids
palmitate
41
contain one or more double bonds forming kinds/bends
unsaturated fatty acids
42
example of unsaturated fatty acid
linoleate and palmitoleate
43
also called triglycerides
triacylglycerol
44
made up of 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids linked into it
triacylglycerol/triglycerides
45
examples of triglycerides containing more saturated fatty acids
animal fats, butter
46
examples of triglycerides containing more unsaturated fatty acids
oil
47
main function of triglycerides
storage of energy
48
other function of triglycerides
isolation against cold temperature
49
lipids with attached phosphate group and alcohol as a functional group
phospholipids
50
critically important in membrane structure
phospholipids
51
lipids with attached carbohydrate as a function group
glycolipids
52
functions with cell-to-cell adhesion and communicaton
glycolipids
53
derived from four-membered ring compound which makes them structurally distinct from other lipids
steroids
54
four-membered ring
penanthrene
55
most common steroid in animal cells
cholesterol
56
precursor for the synthesis of all steroid hormones
cholesterol
57
synthesized from 5-C compound known as isoprene
terpenes
58
largest complex biological molecule which play diverse roles in all organisms
proteins
59
about 15% of the cell
proteins
60
building blocks of proteins
amino acids
61
what forms when amino acids linked by a peptide bond through condensation reaction
dipeptide
62
several amino acids joined together
polypeptides
63
proteins are easily affected by exposure to high temperatures or extremes in pH
denaturation
64
function of proteins
structural proteins
signal proteins
storage proteins
catalytic proteins or enzymes
defensive proteins
transport proteins
65
example of structural proteins
silk of spiders, collagen, keratin
66
example of signal proteins
hormones
67
example of storage proteins
albumin
68
example of defensive proteins
antibodies
69
example of transport proteins
hemoglobin
70
regarded as the fuel of last resort
proteins
71
levels of organizational structures of proteins
primary
secondary
tertiary
quarternary
72
proper/sequence order of amino acids within a particular polypeptide
primary structure
73
important both genetically and structurally
primary structure
74
what is the genetic significance of the primary structure of proteins
direct consequence of the order of nucleotides in the DNA of the gene
75
what is the structural significance of the primary structure of proteins
components of all other structural levels (from 2' to 4')
76
formed by the coiling or folding of primary structure
secondary structure
77
the secondary structure that was formed due to the coiling of the primary structure
alpha-helix
78
the secondary structure that was formed due to the folding of the primary structure
beta-sheet
79
formed by three-dimensional folding of a single polypeptide chain
tertiary structure
80
formed by the association of 2 or more folded polypeptides to form multimeric protein
quarternary structure
81
different types of proteins in quarternary structure
fibrous, globular, and conjugated proteins
82
strand-like, filamentous structural proteins
fibrous proteins
83
examples of fibrous proteins
keratin, collagen, silk
84
found in skin, bones, cartilage, and tendons
collagen
85
found in hair, nails, skin
keratin
86
polypeptide chains are folded in to compact structures
globular proteins
87
mostly are regulatory proteins (regulatory proteins)
globular proteins
88
not very stable since H bonds are fragile and easily broken by heat and excess pH
globular proteins
89
example of globular proteins
antibodies, hormones, enzymes
90
proteins for immunity
antibodies
91
proteins that regulate growth and development
hormones
92
proteins that regulate chemical reactions
enzymes
93
simple proteins combined with other substances (prosthetic groups)
conjugated proteins
94
protein in combination with a color group
chromoproteins
95
example of a chromoprotein
hemoglobin
96
protein in combination with a carbohydrate
glycoproteins
97
example of glycoproteins from connective tissues
mucin
98
combination of simple proteins called histones and nucleic acids
nucleoproteins
99
protein that provides structural support for a chromosome
histones
100
protein in combination with lipids
lipoprotein
101
examples of lipoproteins
low density lipoprotein, hemoglobin
102
protein in combination with a phosphoric acid
phosphoproteins
103
example of phosphoprotein in milk
casein
104
what element play a vital role in organism's life and survival because of their role in genetic information
nitrogen
105
what is the function of nucleic acids
storage
transmission
expression
106
less than 1% of the cell
nucleic acids
107
building blocks of nucleic acid composed of a phosphate group, 5-pentose sugar, and nitrogen bases
nucleotides
108
example of informational nucleic acid
DNA, RNA
109
repository of genetic information
DNA
110
expression of genetic information during protein synthesis
RNA
111
regarded as an organism's blueprint because it contains all information necessary to create an individual
DNA
112
how many strands does DNA have
two, double-helix
113
each DNA molecule is made up of
nitrogenous bases (A,T,C,G), phosphate group, and pentose sugar (deoxyribose)
114
form the backbone of DNA
sugar and phosphate
115
how can the four nucleotides form and link together
complementary base-pairing
116
consist of single polynucleotide chain
RNA
117
components of RNA include
nitrogenous bases (A, U, C, G), ribose, phosphate group
118
different varieties o RNA
messenger RNA, transport RNA, ribosomal RNA
119
transcribed from DNA and forms a template for protein synthesis because this contains information that specifies the amino acid sequence of one or more polypepties
mRNA
120
possesses anticodon that recognizes a specific codon in mRNA, usually codons specify amino acids
tRNA
121
used in the synthesis of ribosomes which are responsible as the sites of protein synthesis
rRNA
122
which nucleotide base are purines
adenine, guanine
123
which nucleotide base are pyrimidines
cytosine, uracil, thymine
124
double-ringed nitrogenous bases
purines
125
single-ringed nitrogenous bases
pyrimidines
126
modified nucleotide which powers activities of cells
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
127
composes the ATP
adenine base, ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups
128
electron carriers during electron transport
nucleotides
129
example of nucleotides coenzymes
Nicotanamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
Flavin Adenine Dicluneotide (FAD)
130
carry electrons to the electron transport chain during cellular respiration
Nicotanamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
Flavin Adenine Dicluneotide (FAD)
