Plant Chemical Composition Part 2 Flashcards
referred to as carbon compounds and molecules of life
organic compounds
make up living organism, has a backbone of one or more carbon atoms
organic compounds
carbon atoms attach to other elements such as
hydrogen
oxygen
sulfur
phosphorus
nitrogen
cells make most of their macromolecules by joining smaller organic molecules by into chains
assembly
made up of building blocks of polymers
monomers
link monomers together to form polymers by dehydration, synthesis, or condensation reaction
cells
what happens when a monomer is added to a chain
water molecule is removed, longer polymer is synthesized
cells break down macromolecules by carrying out hydrolysis
disassembly
makes up of about 1% of the cell
carbohydrates
hexoses (GGF)
Galactose, Glucose, Fructose
carbohydratesthatform constituent groups of nucleotides
pentoses
examples of pentoses
deoxyribose and ribose
formed by condensation reactions or dehydration synthesis, can be broken down by hydrolysis
disaccharides
glucose + galactose
lactose
glucose + glucose
maltose
glucose + fructose
sucrose
polymers made up of monosaccharide monomers
polysasccharides
emergency sugar for animals
glycogen
reserve food in plants
starch
cell wall of plants, most abundant carbohydrate on earth
cellulose
give functions of carbohydrates
energy source and structural
found in exoskeleton of invertebrates
chitin
how much energy does a gram of glucose yield when fully metabolized during respiration
16kJ
act as antigens in the classification of blood type under the ABO system blood typing
carbohydrates moieties
about 10% of the cell
lipids
grouped according to their solubility properties rather than chemical function
lipids
what are solvents that can dissolve lipids
acetone, alcohol, chloroform, ether
building blocks of lipids
fatty acids and gylcerol
3-C molecule with each C bearing an -OH group; carbons from the backbone of the molecule
glycerol
have long hydrocarbon (HC) chains ending in a carboxyl group (-COOH)
fatty acids
what are the functions of lipids
energy storage, heat insulation, membrane structure, protection, transmission of chemical signals into and within the cell
highest energy-giving compounds
lipids
bad heat conductor, mammals tend to increase this kind of cell during cold water
fats
example of lipids found in membrane structure
phospholipids
long unbranched hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end
fatty acids
what part is polar and nonpolar in fatty acids
head (polar), tail (non-polar)
kinds of fatty acids
saturated and unsaturated
main classes of lipids according to chemical structure
fatty acids
triacylglycerol
phospholipids
glycolipids
steroids
terpenes
lacks double bonds because every carbon atom in the chain is attached to H atoms, causes tail to pack well and make this type less fluid
saturated fatty acids
example of saturated fatty acids
palmitate
contain one or more double bonds forming kinds/bends
unsaturated fatty acids
example of unsaturated fatty acid
linoleate and palmitoleate
also called triglycerides
triacylglycerol
made up of 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids linked into it
triacylglycerol/triglycerides
examples of triglycerides containing more saturated fatty acids
animal fats, butter
examples of triglycerides containing more unsaturated fatty acids
oil
main function of triglycerides
storage of energy
other function of triglycerides
isolation against cold temperature
lipids with attached phosphate group and alcohol as a functional group
phospholipids
critically important in membrane structure
phospholipids
lipids with attached carbohydrate as a function group
glycolipids
functions with cell-to-cell adhesion and communicaton
glycolipids
derived from four-membered ring compound which makes them structurally distinct from other lipids
steroids
four-membered ring
penanthrene
most common steroid in animal cells
cholesterol
precursor for the synthesis of all steroid hormones
cholesterol
synthesized from 5-C compound known as isoprene
terpenes
largest complex biological molecule which play diverse roles in all organisms
proteins
about 15% of the cell
proteins
building blocks of proteins
amino acids
what forms when amino acids linked by a peptide bond through condensation reaction
dipeptide
several amino acids joined together
polypeptides
proteins are easily affected by exposure to high temperatures or extremes in pH
denaturation
function of proteins
structural proteins
signal proteins
storage proteins
catalytic proteins or enzymes
defensive proteins
transport proteins
example of structural proteins
silk of spiders, collagen, keratin
example of signal proteins
hormones
example of storage proteins
albumin
example of defensive proteins
antibodies
example of transport proteins
hemoglobin
regarded as the fuel of last resort
proteins
levels of organizational structures of proteins
primary
secondary
tertiary
quarternary
proper/sequence order of amino acids within a particular polypeptide
primary structure
important both genetically and structurally
primary structure
what is the genetic significance of the primary structure of proteins
direct consequence of the order of nucleotides in the DNA of the gene
what is the structural significance of the primary structure of proteins
components of all other structural levels (from 2’ to 4’)
formed by the coiling or folding of primary structure
secondary structure
the secondary structure that was formed due to the coiling of the primary structure
alpha-helix
the secondary structure that was formed due to the folding of the primary structure
beta-sheet
formed by three-dimensional folding of a single polypeptide chain
tertiary structure
formed by the association of 2 or more folded polypeptides to form multimeric protein
quarternary structure
different types of proteins in quarternary structure
fibrous, globular, and conjugated proteins
strand-like, filamentous structural proteins
fibrous proteins
examples of fibrous proteins
keratin, collagen, silk
found in skin, bones, cartilage, and tendons
collagen
found in hair, nails, skin
keratin
polypeptide chains are folded in to compact structures
globular proteins
mostly are regulatory proteins (regulatory proteins)
globular proteins
not very stable since H bonds are fragile and easily broken by heat and excess pH
globular proteins
example of globular proteins
antibodies, hormones, enzymes
proteins for immunity
antibodies
proteins that regulate growth and development
hormones
proteins that regulate chemical reactions
enzymes
simple proteins combined with other substances (prosthetic groups)
conjugated proteins
protein in combination with a color group
chromoproteins
example of a chromoprotein
hemoglobin
protein in combination with a carbohydrate
glycoproteins
example of glycoproteins from connective tissues
mucin
combination of simple proteins called histones and nucleic acids
nucleoproteins
protein that provides structural support for a chromosome
histones
protein in combination with lipids
lipoprotein
examples of lipoproteins
low density lipoprotein, hemoglobin
protein in combination with a phosphoric acid
phosphoproteins
example of phosphoprotein in milk
casein
what element play a vital role in organism’s life and survival because of their role in genetic information
nitrogen
what is the function of nucleic acids
storage
transmission
expression
less than 1% of the cell
nucleic acids
building blocks of nucleic acid composed of a phosphate group, 5-pentose sugar, and nitrogen bases
nucleotides
example of informational nucleic acid
DNA, RNA
repository of genetic information
DNA
expression of genetic information during protein synthesis
RNA
regarded as an organism’s blueprint because it contains all information necessary to create an individual
DNA
how many strands does DNA have
two, double-helix
each DNA molecule is made up of
nitrogenous bases (A,T,C,G), phosphate group, and pentose sugar (deoxyribose)
form the backbone of DNA
sugar and phosphate
how can the four nucleotides form and link together
complementary base-pairing
consist of single polynucleotide chain
RNA
components of RNA include
nitrogenous bases (A, U, C, G), ribose, phosphate group
different varieties o RNA
messenger RNA, transport RNA, ribosomal RNA
transcribed from DNA and forms a template for protein synthesis because this contains information that specifies the amino acid sequence of one or more polypepties
mRNA
possesses anticodon that recognizes a specific codon in mRNA, usually codons specify amino acids
tRNA
used in the synthesis of ribosomes which are responsible as the sites of protein synthesis
rRNA
which nucleotide base are purines
adenine, guanine
which nucleotide base are pyrimidines
cytosine, uracil, thymine
double-ringed nitrogenous bases
purines
single-ringed nitrogenous bases
pyrimidines
modified nucleotide which powers activities of cells
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
composes the ATP
adenine base, ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups
electron carriers during electron transport
nucleotides
example of nucleotides coenzymes
Nicotanamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
Flavin Adenine Dicluneotide (FAD)
carry electrons to the electron transport chain during cellular respiration
Nicotanamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
Flavin Adenine Dicluneotide (FAD)
