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Fundamentals of Botany > Plant Chemical Composition Part 2 > Flashcards

Plant Chemical Composition Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

referred to as carbon compounds and molecules of life

A

organic compounds

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2
Q

make up living organism, has a backbone of one or more carbon atoms

A

organic compounds

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3
Q

carbon atoms attach to other elements such as

A

hydrogen
oxygen
sulfur
phosphorus
nitrogen

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4
Q

cells make most of their macromolecules by joining smaller organic molecules by into chains

A

assembly

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5
Q

made up of building blocks of polymers

A

monomers

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6
Q

link monomers together to form polymers by dehydration, synthesis, or condensation reaction

A

cells

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7
Q

what happens when a monomer is added to a chain

A

water molecule is removed, longer polymer is synthesized

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8
Q

cells break down macromolecules by carrying out hydrolysis

A

disassembly

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9
Q

makes up of about 1% of the cell

A

carbohydrates

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10
Q

hexoses (GGF)

A

Galactose, Glucose, Fructose

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11
Q

carbohydratesthatform constituent groups of nucleotides

A

pentoses

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12
Q

examples of pentoses

A

deoxyribose and ribose

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13
Q

formed by condensation reactions or dehydration synthesis, can be broken down by hydrolysis

A

disaccharides

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14
Q

glucose + galactose

A

lactose

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15
Q

glucose + glucose

A

maltose

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16
Q

glucose + fructose

A

sucrose

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17
Q

polymers made up of monosaccharide monomers

A

polysasccharides

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18
Q

emergency sugar for animals

A

glycogen

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19
Q

reserve food in plants

A

starch

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20
Q

cell wall of plants, most abundant carbohydrate on earth

A

cellulose

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21
Q

give functions of carbohydrates

A

energy source and structural

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22
Q

found in exoskeleton of invertebrates

A

chitin

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23
Q

how much energy does a gram of glucose yield when fully metabolized during respiration

A

16kJ

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24
Q

act as antigens in the classification of blood type under the ABO system blood typing

A

carbohydrates moieties

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25
Q

about 10% of the cell

A

lipids

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26
Q

grouped according to their solubility properties rather than chemical function

A

lipids

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27
Q

what are solvents that can dissolve lipids

A

acetone, alcohol, chloroform, ether

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28
Q

building blocks of lipids

A

fatty acids and gylcerol

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29
Q

3-C molecule with each C bearing an -OH group; carbons from the backbone of the molecule

A

glycerol

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30
Q

have long hydrocarbon (HC) chains ending in a carboxyl group (-COOH)

A

fatty acids

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31
Q

what are the functions of lipids

A

energy storage, heat insulation, membrane structure, protection, transmission of chemical signals into and within the cell

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32
Q

highest energy-giving compounds

A

lipids

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33
Q

bad heat conductor, mammals tend to increase this kind of cell during cold water

A

fats

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34
Q

example of lipids found in membrane structure

A

phospholipids

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35
Q

long unbranched hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end

A

fatty acids

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36
Q

what part is polar and nonpolar in fatty acids

A

head (polar), tail (non-polar)

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37
Q

kinds of fatty acids

A

saturated and unsaturated

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38
Q

main classes of lipids according to chemical structure

A

fatty acids
triacylglycerol
phospholipids
glycolipids
steroids
terpenes

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39
Q

lacks double bonds because every carbon atom in the chain is attached to H atoms, causes tail to pack well and make this type less fluid

A

saturated fatty acids

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40
Q

example of saturated fatty acids

A

palmitate

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41
Q

contain one or more double bonds forming kinds/bends

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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42
Q

example of unsaturated fatty acid

A

linoleate and palmitoleate

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43
Q

also called triglycerides

A

triacylglycerol

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44
Q

made up of 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids linked into it

A

triacylglycerol/triglycerides

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45
Q

examples of triglycerides containing more saturated fatty acids

A

animal fats, butter

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46
Q

examples of triglycerides containing more unsaturated fatty acids

A

oil

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47
Q

main function of triglycerides

A

storage of energy

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48
Q

other function of triglycerides

A

isolation against cold temperature

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49
Q

lipids with attached phosphate group and alcohol as a functional group

A

phospholipids

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50
Q

critically important in membrane structure

A

phospholipids

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51
Q

lipids with attached carbohydrate as a function group

A

glycolipids

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52
Q

functions with cell-to-cell adhesion and communicaton

A

glycolipids

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53
Q

derived from four-membered ring compound which makes them structurally distinct from other lipids

A

steroids

54
Q

four-membered ring

A

penanthrene

55
Q

most common steroid in animal cells

A

cholesterol

56
Q

precursor for the synthesis of all steroid hormones

A

cholesterol

57
Q

synthesized from 5-C compound known as isoprene

A

terpenes

58
Q

largest complex biological molecule which play diverse roles in all organisms

A

proteins

59
Q

about 15% of the cell

A

proteins

60
Q

building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

61
Q

what forms when amino acids linked by a peptide bond through condensation reaction

A

dipeptide

62
Q

several amino acids joined together

A

polypeptides

63
Q

proteins are easily affected by exposure to high temperatures or extremes in pH

A

denaturation

64
Q

function of proteins

A

structural proteins
signal proteins
storage proteins
catalytic proteins or enzymes
defensive proteins
transport proteins

65
Q

example of structural proteins

A

silk of spiders, collagen, keratin

66
Q

example of signal proteins

A

hormones

67
Q

example of storage proteins

A

albumin

68
Q

example of defensive proteins

A

antibodies

69
Q

example of transport proteins

A

hemoglobin

70
Q

regarded as the fuel of last resort

A

proteins

71
Q

levels of organizational structures of proteins

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quarternary

72
Q

proper/sequence order of amino acids within a particular polypeptide

A

primary structure

73
Q

important both genetically and structurally

A

primary structure

74
Q

what is the genetic significance of the primary structure of proteins

A

direct consequence of the order of nucleotides in the DNA of the gene

75
Q

what is the structural significance of the primary structure of proteins

A

components of all other structural levels (from 2’ to 4’)

76
Q

formed by the coiling or folding of primary structure

A

secondary structure

77
Q

the secondary structure that was formed due to the coiling of the primary structure

A

alpha-helix

78
Q

the secondary structure that was formed due to the folding of the primary structure

A

beta-sheet

79
Q

formed by three-dimensional folding of a single polypeptide chain

A

tertiary structure

80
Q

formed by the association of 2 or more folded polypeptides to form multimeric protein

A

quarternary structure

81
Q

different types of proteins in quarternary structure

A

fibrous, globular, and conjugated proteins

82
Q

strand-like, filamentous structural proteins

A

fibrous proteins

83
Q

examples of fibrous proteins

A

keratin, collagen, silk

84
Q

found in skin, bones, cartilage, and tendons

A

collagen

85
Q

found in hair, nails, skin

A

keratin

86
Q

polypeptide chains are folded in to compact structures

A

globular proteins

87
Q

mostly are regulatory proteins (regulatory proteins)

A

globular proteins

88
Q

not very stable since H bonds are fragile and easily broken by heat and excess pH

A

globular proteins

89
Q

example of globular proteins

A

antibodies, hormones, enzymes

90
Q

proteins for immunity

A

antibodies

91
Q

proteins that regulate growth and development

A

hormones

92
Q

proteins that regulate chemical reactions

A

enzymes

93
Q

simple proteins combined with other substances (prosthetic groups)

A

conjugated proteins

94
Q

protein in combination with a color group

A

chromoproteins

95
Q

example of a chromoprotein

A

hemoglobin

96
Q

protein in combination with a carbohydrate

A

glycoproteins

97
Q

example of glycoproteins from connective tissues

A

mucin

98
Q

combination of simple proteins called histones and nucleic acids

A

nucleoproteins

99
Q

protein that provides structural support for a chromosome

A

histones

100
Q

protein in combination with lipids

A

lipoprotein

101
Q

examples of lipoproteins

A

low density lipoprotein, hemoglobin

102
Q

protein in combination with a phosphoric acid

A

phosphoproteins

103
Q

example of phosphoprotein in milk

A

casein

104
Q

what element play a vital role in organism’s life and survival because of their role in genetic information

A

nitrogen

105
Q

what is the function of nucleic acids

A

storage
transmission
expression

106
Q

less than 1% of the cell

A

nucleic acids

107
Q

building blocks of nucleic acid composed of a phosphate group, 5-pentose sugar, and nitrogen bases

A

nucleotides

108
Q

example of informational nucleic acid

A

DNA, RNA

109
Q

repository of genetic information

A

DNA

110
Q

expression of genetic information during protein synthesis

A

RNA

111
Q

regarded as an organism’s blueprint because it contains all information necessary to create an individual

A

DNA

112
Q

how many strands does DNA have

A

two, double-helix

113
Q

each DNA molecule is made up of

A

nitrogenous bases (A,T,C,G), phosphate group, and pentose sugar (deoxyribose)

114
Q

form the backbone of DNA

A

sugar and phosphate

115
Q

how can the four nucleotides form and link together

A

complementary base-pairing

116
Q

consist of single polynucleotide chain

A

RNA

117
Q

components of RNA include

A

nitrogenous bases (A, U, C, G), ribose, phosphate group

118
Q

different varieties o RNA

A

messenger RNA, transport RNA, ribosomal RNA

119
Q

transcribed from DNA and forms a template for protein synthesis because this contains information that specifies the amino acid sequence of one or more polypepties

A

mRNA

120
Q

possesses anticodon that recognizes a specific codon in mRNA, usually codons specify amino acids

A

tRNA

121
Q

used in the synthesis of ribosomes which are responsible as the sites of protein synthesis

A

rRNA

122
Q

which nucleotide base are purines

A

adenine, guanine

123
Q

which nucleotide base are pyrimidines

A

cytosine, uracil, thymine

124
Q

double-ringed nitrogenous bases

A

purines

125
Q

single-ringed nitrogenous bases

A

pyrimidines

126
Q

modified nucleotide which powers activities of cells

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

127
Q

composes the ATP

A

adenine base, ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups

128
Q

electron carriers during electron transport

A

nucleotides

129
Q

example of nucleotides coenzymes

A

Nicotanamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
Flavin Adenine Dicluneotide (FAD)

130
Q

carry electrons to the electron transport chain during cellular respiration

A

Nicotanamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
Flavin Adenine Dicluneotide (FAD)

Fundamentals of Botany (25 decks)

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