Week 6 Chapter 18: Endocrine System Flashcards
-agon
assemble, gather together
-ectomy
removal; excision; resection
-emia
pertaining to blood condition
-genic
produced by or in
-in, -ine
substance
-megaly
enlargement
-oid
derived from, related to, resembling or originating from
-osis
condition, usually abnormal
-physis
to grow
-stasis
stopping; controlling; placing
-tocin
give pitocin for labor andc-sections
labor; birth (a substance for)
-tropin
stimulate; stimulating the function of; to turn or act on
-uria
urination; condition of urine
blood test that measures glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) to assess glucose control
A1c
Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities.
acromegaly
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex; decreased secretion of aldosterone and cortisol.
Addison disease
aden/o
gland
Inflammation of a gland.
adenitis
Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
adenohypophysis
ADH
antidiuretic hormone—vasopressin
Outer section (cortex) of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones.
adrenal cortex
Inner section (medulla) of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
adrenal medulla
Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens. Signs and symptoms include amenorrhea, hirsutism (excessive hair on the face and body), acne, and deepening of the voice.
adrenal virilism
adrenal/o
adrenal gland
Removal of an adrenal gland.
adrenalectomy
Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure.
adrenaline (epinephrine)
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; also called adrenocorticotropin. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases salt (sodium) reabsorption. Regulates salt and water balance.
aldosterone
andr/o
male
Male hormone secreted by the testes; responsible for developing and maintaining male secondary sex characteristics. Testosterone is an example. Produced by the testes in males and by the adrenal cortex in males and females.
androgen
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, vasopressin; reabsorption of water by the kidney.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Ca++
calcium, an important electrolyte
calc/o, calci/o
calcium
Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; lowers calcium levels in the blood.
calcitonin
Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla; epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine are an example.
catecholamines
CGM
continuous glucose monitor
CGMS
continuous glucose monitoring system—senses and records blood glucose levels continuously
X-ray imaging of endocrine glands in cross section and other views to assess size and infiltration by tumor.
computed tomography (CT) scan
cortic/o
cortex, outer region
Hormones (steroids) produced by the adrenal cortex. Examples are cortisol (raises sugar levels), aldosterone (raises salt reabsorption by kidneys), and androgens and estrogens (sex hormones).
corticosteroids
Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood sugar. It is secreted in times of stress and has an anti-inflammatory effect.
cortisol
extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leads to a lack of normal physical and mental growth. Skeletal growth is more inhibited than soft tissue growth, so the affected person has the appearance of an obese, short, and stocky child. Treatment consists of administration of thyroid hormone, which may be able to reverse some of the hypothyroid effects.
cretinism (children)
crin/o
secrete
Group of symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex; obesity, hyperglycemia, and excess fat deposition in the body. High levels of exogenous cortisol (cortisone administration) can produce similar results.
Cushing syndrome
DI
diabetes insipidus
Insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin) from the pituitary gland. Patients experience polyuria (excessive urination) and polydipsia (excessive thirst).
diabetes insipidus (DI)
Lack of insulin secretion (type 1) or improper utilization of insulin by cells (type 2) leads to hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia.
diabetes mellitus (DM)
destruction of the kidneys,causing renal insufficiency and often requiring hemodialysis or renal transplantation. involving pain or loss of sensation, most commonly in the extremities
diabetic nephropathy
disease that causes destruction of retinal blood vessels
diabetic retinopathy
dips/o
thirst
DKA
diabetic ketoacidosis
DM
diabetes mellitus
Short stature; Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland ; hypopituitary dwarfism.
dwarfism
Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Examples are sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-).
electrolyte
Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in the diet.
endemic goiter
Medical specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine gland disorders.
endocrinologist
Hormone secreted by the adrenal gland in response to stress and physical injury; It is part of the body’s “fight or flight” reaction.
epinephrine (adrenaline)
estr/o
female
Estrogen (female hormone) secreted by the ovaries.
estradiol
Female hormone produced by the ovaries; promotes secondary sex characteristics and supports reproductive tissues. Examples are estradiol and estrone.
estrogen
Pertaining to producing estrogen.
estrogenic
eu-
good; normal; true
Normal thyroid function.
euthyroid
Measurement of eyeball protrusion (as in Graves disease) with an exophthalmometer.
exophthalmometry
Protrusion of the eyeball; sign of hyperthyroidism.
exophthalmos
can be treated with a new drug (Tepezza), which reduces eye pain and swelling. Symptom of graves disease.
Exophthalmos/proptosis or thyroid eye disease (TED)
Also known as fasting blood sugar test. Measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours.
fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
FBG
fasting blood glucose
FBS
fasting blood sugar
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. FSH stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by the ovaries and sperm production by the testes.
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
Loss of gastric motility
gastroparesis
a result of hormonal changes during pregnancy, ____ ____ can occur in women with a predisposition to diabetes during the second or third trimester of pregnancy.
gestational diabetes
GH
growth hormone
Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues.
gigantism
gluc/o
glucose; sugar
Hormone secreted by the pancreas (alpha islet cells); increases blood glucose (sugar) by conversion of glycogen to glucose.
glucagon
Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. Cortisol raises blood sugar and is part of the stress response. Reduces tissue inflammation.
glucocorticoid
test used to diagnose prediabetes and gestational diabetes. Measures the glucose levels in a blood sample taken at various intervals from a patient who has previously ingested glucose.
glucose tolerance test
glyc/o
glucose; sugar
Pertaining to blood sugar.
glycemic
Storage form of glucose (sugar); produces glucose when it is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells; animal starch.
glycogen
Sugar in the urine. A sign of diabetes mellitus.
glycosuria
Performed by measuring the percentage of red blood cells with glucose attached, monitors long-term glucose control. A high level indicates poor glucose control in diabetic patients.
glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test (A1c for short)
Enlargment of the thyroid gland
goiter
gonad/o
sex glands (ovaries and testes)
class of hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and acting on the ovaries or testes. Examples of ____ are FSH and LH, secreted by the pituitary gland.
gonadotropin
Hyperfunctioning of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis. This is the most common type of hyperthyroidism.
Graves disease
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues. Somatotropin.
growth hormone (GH); somatotropin
GTT
glucose tolerance test—measures ability to respond to a glucose load; a test for diabetes
HbA1c (test)
test for the presence of glucose attached to hemoglobin (glycosylated hemoglobin)—a high level indicates poor glucose control in diabetic patients; also called A1c
hCG or HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
Excessive hair growth.
hirsutism
home/o
sameness; unchanging; constant
Tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment. The suffix -stasis means controlling.
homeostasis
hormon/o
hormone
Pertaining to a hormone.
hormonal
Chemical secreted by an endocrine gland.
hormone
hyper-
above; excessive
High levels of calcium in blood.
hypercalcemia
High levels of calcium in urine.
hypercalciuria
High levels of sugar in the bloodstream; associated with diabetes mellitus. Primary complication of type 1 diabetes.
hyperglycemia
Excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia. Increased secretion of insulin from the beta islet cells of the pancreas.
hyperinsulinism
Condition of high concentration of potassium in blood. Seen in acute renal failure, massive trauma, and major burns.
hyperkalemia
Excessive production of parathormone. (hypercalcemia, osteoporosis, kidney stones)
hyperparathyroidism
Overactivity of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis.
hyperthyroidism
hypo-
deficient; below; under; less than normal
Low levels of calcium in blood.
hypocalcemia
Low/deficient levels of sugar in blood. Occurs when too much insulin is taken.
hypoglycemia
Deficient functioning of the gonads (ovaries or testes).
hypogonadism
Deficient production of insulin (pancreatic hormone).
hypoinsulinism
Low levels of potassium in blood. This condition can occur in dehydration and with excessive vomiting and diarrhea. The heart is particularly sensitive to potassium loss.
hypokalemia
Low levels of sodium in blood. Occurs with hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex as salts and water leave the body.
hyponatremia
Decreased secretion of parathormone from the parathyroid glands. Conditions of tetany and hypocalcemia may occure due to it.
hypoparathyroidism
Removal of the pituitary gland. The hypophysis is the pituitary gland, named because it grows from the undersurface (hypo-) of the brain.
hypophysectomy
Pituitary gland.
hypophysis
Deficient secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. Pituitary dwarfism is caused by ____.
hypopituitarism
Region of the brain lying below the thalamus, but above the pituitary gland. It stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete and release hormones.
hypothalamus
Decreased secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland. 2 disorders underactivity of the thyroid gland can cause are myxedema and cretinism.
hypothyroidism
IGF
insulin-like growth factor
means tasteless, reflecting the condition of dilute urine
Insipidus
Hormone secreted by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports sugar from the blood into cells.
insulin
Usually develops 5 to 10 years before type 2 diabetes is diagnosed, and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Insulin resistance
severe hypoglycemia caused by an overdose of insulin, decreased intake of food, or excessive exercise. Signs and symptoms are sweating, hunger, confusion, trembling, nervousness, and numbness.
Insulin shock
insulin/o
insulin (pancreatic hormone)
K+
potassium—an important electrolyte
kal/i
potassium
Fats are improperly burned, leading to an accumulation of ketones and acids in the body.
ketoacidosis
lact/o
milk
LH
luteinizing hormone
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males.
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Magnetic waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate abnormalities.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MDI
multiple daily injection—for delivery of either basal or bolus insulin; a diabetes management regimen
meaning sweet or like honey, reflecting the sugar content of urine in diabetes mellitus.
mellitus
Hormone (steroid) secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body. Aldosterone is an example.
mineralocorticoid
myx/o
mucus
Decreased secretion of the thyroid gland in adults. Causes advanced hypothyroidism Atrophy of the thyroid gland occurs, and practically no hormone is produced. The skin becomes dry and puffy (edema) because of the collection of mucus-like (myx/o = mucus) material accumulates under the skin.
myxedema
Na+
sodium—an important electrolyte
natr/o
sodium
Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; secretes oxytocin and vasopressin.
neurohypophysis
Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to growth of nodules (adenomas) on the thyroid gland.
nodular or adenomatous goiter
Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure (sympathomimetic). Also called noradrenaline.
norepinephrine
OT, OXT
oxytocin
Located in the lower abdomen of a female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion.
ovaries
oxy-
rapid; sharp; acid
Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth. Oxy- means rapid, sharp, or acute.
oxytocin (OT)
pan-
all
Gland located under and behind the stomach; produces the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells and enzymes to digest foods. Islet (alpha and beta) cells (islets of Langerhans) secrete hormones from the pancreas. The pancreas also contains cells that are exocrine in function. They secrete enzymes, via a duct, into the small intestine to aid digestion.
pancreas
pancreat/o
pancreas
Excision of the pancreas.
pancreatectomy
Deficiency of all pituitary gland hormones.
panhypopituitarism
Secreted by the parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium.
parathormone (PTH)
Four small endocrine glands on the posterior (dorsal) side of the thyroid gland; secrete parathormone.
parathyroid glands
parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
Removal of parathyroid glands.
parathyroidectomy
Benign tumor of the adrenal medulla; cells stain a dark or dusky (phe/o) color (chrom/o).
hypersecrition of epinephrine
pheochromocytoma
phys/o
growing
Small endocrine gland in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin.
(sz of a grain of rice)
pineal gland
pituitar/o
pituitary gland; hypophysis
Endocrine gland located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica; composed of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). It weighs only 1⁄16 of an ounce and is a half-inch across.
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
adenohypophysis
pituitary gland anterior lobe
neurohypophysis
pituitary gland posterior lobe
poly-
many; much; increased
Excessive thirst.
polydipsia
Excessive urination.
polyuria
PRL
prolactin
Hormone secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
progesterone
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes milk secretion. The suffix -in means a substance.
prolactin (PRL)
PTH
parathyroid hormone (parathormone)
RAI
radioactive iodine—treatment for Graves disease
abbreviation and name
(imaging test or scan). Oral radioactive iodine is used to assess thyroid function, nodules, and tumors.
RAIU (thyroid scan)
radioactive iodine uptake
Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited; Organ that receives and transmits a stimulus to sensory nerves; examples are skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds. In pharmacology, a receptor is a target substance with which a drug interacts in the body.
receptor
RIA
radioimmunoassay—measures hormone levels in plasma
Cavity in the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull where the pituitary gland is located.
sella turcica
Measurement of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicators of endocrine function.
serum and urine tests
Steroids (androgens and estrogens) produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics.
sex hormones
SIADH
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (secretion)
SMBG
self-monitoring of blood glucose
somat/o
body
Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; growth hormone.
somatotropin
ster/o
solid structure; steroid
Complex, naturally occurring chemical, such as a hormone. This complex, solid, ring-shaped molecule resembles a sterol (such as cholesterol); many hormones (androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids) are steroids.
steroid
Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system; adrenaline and norepinephrine are ____ hormones.
sympathomimetic
Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone.
syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
T1D
type 1 diabetes
T2D
type 2 diabetes
T3
triiodothyronine
T4
thyroxine—tetraiodothyronine
Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones.
target tissue
TED
thyroid eye disease
Two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion.
testes
Male hormone secreted by the testes.
testosterone
Constant muscle contractions; Condition of muscle and nerve weakness with spasms associated with hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism.
tetany
tetra-
four
Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that increases body metabolism; thyroxine (T4). Iod/o means iodine.
tetraiodothyronine
TFT
thyroid function test
thyr/o
thyroid gland; shield
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
Malignant tumor of the thyroid gland.
thyroid carcinoma
Measurement of T4 thyroxine, T3 triiodothyronine, and TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone in the bloodstream.
thyroid function tests
Endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin.
thyroid gland
Scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland. Administration of radioactivity is either intravenous (with radioactive technetium) or oral (with radioactive iodine).
thyroid scan
Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. TSH acts on the thyroid gland to promote its functioning. HINT: TSH is not secreted by the thyroid gland.
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin
Inflammation of the thyroid gland.
thyroiditis
Hyperthyroidism (overactivity of the thyroid gland). Condition caused by excessive thyroid gland activity and oversecretion of thyroid hormone. Signs and symptoms are sweating, weight loss, tachycardia, and nervousness.
thyrotoxicosis
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a ____ hormone secreted by the pituitary gland.
thyrotropic hormone
Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones. Also called thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH.
thyrotropin
Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland to increase body metabolism; T4.
thyroxine
thyroxine (T4)
Secreted by the thyroid gland; also called tetraiodothyronine. T4 increases metabolism in cells.
toc/o
labor; birth; childbirth
toxic/o
poison
tri-
three
Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; T3 increases & stimulates metabolism in cells HINT: The extra n in -thyronine (pronounced THI-ro-neen) avoids the combination of two vowels (o and i).
triiodothyronine (T3)
TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone—secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
Sound waves show images of endocrine organs. Thyroid ultrasound is the best method to evaluate thyroid structures and abnormalities (nodules).
ultrasound examination
ur/o
urine; urinary tract
Urine studies include dipstick testing for glucose (Clinistix, Labstix) and ketones (Acetest, Ketostix) and measurement of 17-ketosteroids (to check adrenal and gonadal function).
Urinary microalbumin assay
Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water. Also called antidiuretic hormone, or ADH.
vasopressin
