Chapter 4 extra Flashcards
Anemia is a major problem for patients in chronic renal failure because
patients produce less of a hormone that stimulates production of erythrocytes
The type of erythropoietin that is used for these patients is
made in a laboratory by using pieces of DNA that code for the hormone
The hematocrit is
the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood
Patients go on dialysis when
they are in chronic renal failure
Side effects of myelosuppressiive chemotherapy may be treated by
Epogen, Neupogen, and thrombopoietin
ante-
before
ab-
away from
ana-
up
anti-
against
a-, an-
no
ad-
toward
auto-
self
cata-
down
Brady-
slow
contra-
against
bi-
two
con-
with
anteflexion
bending forward
adductor
muscle that carries the limb toward the body
antepartum
before birth
bradycardia
slow heartbeat
adrenal
gland located near (above) each kidney
apnea
absence of breathing
contralateral
pertaining to the opposite side
antisepsis
against infection
analysis
to separate
bilateral
pertaining to two (both) sides
anoxia
condition of no oxygen in tissues
congenital anomaly
irregularity present at birth
chemical substance, such as erythromycin (-mycin = mold), made from molds and used against bacterial life
antibiotic
process of burning food (breaking it down) and releasing the energy stored in the food
catabolism
reason that a doctor would advise against taking a specific medication
contraindication
disorder in which the body’s own leukocytes make antibodies that damage its own good tissue
autoimmune disease
aforeign agent (virus or bacterium) that causes production of antibodies
antigen
an antibody that acts against poisons that enter the body
antitoxin
process of building up proteins in cells by putting together small pieces of proteins called amino acids
anabolism
protein made by lymphocytes in response to the presence in the blood of a specific antigen
antibody
ec-
out
dys-
abnormal
de-
down
dia-
through
hemi-
half
hypo-
deficient
epi-
above
hyper-
excessive
endo-
within
eu-
good
in-
in
inter-
between
intra-
within
infra-
below
macro-
large
micro-
smll
normal thyroid function:
euthyroid
painful breathing:
dyspnea
pregnancy that is out of place (outside the uterus):
ectopic
instrument to visually examine within the body:
endoscope
removal of half of the tongue:
hemiglossectomy
good (exaggerated) feeling (of well-being):
euphoria
pertaining to within the windpipe:
endotracheal
blood condition of less than normal sugar:
hypoglycemia
condition (congenital anomaly) of large head:
macrocephaly
pertaining to within a vein:
intravenous
condition of abnormal formation (of cells):
dysplasia
condition of excessive formation (numbers of cells):
hyperplasia
structure (membrane) that forms the inner lining of the heart:
endocardium
pertaining to below the ribs:
infracostal
blood condition of excessive amount of sugar:
hyperglycemia
A group of congenital disorders involving abnormal development of muscle mass and strength is:
muscular dystrophy
Zika virus infection during pregnancy can be a cause of decreased development of an infant’s head and brain:
microcephaly
vague feeling of bodily discomfort
malaise
inability to sleep
insomnia
lack of water
dehydration
spread of a cancerous tumor to a secondary organ or tissue
metastasis
instrument used to view small objects
microscope
a cut into an organ or tissue
incision
outward bulging of the eyeballs
exophthalmos
condition of change in shape or form
metamorphosis
watery discharge of wastes from the colon
diarrhea
deficiency of all (blood) cells
pancytopenia
separation of wastes from the blood by using a machine that does the job of the kidney
dialysis
harmful, cancerous
malignant
mal-
bad
pan-
all
per-
through
meta-
change
para-
near
peri-
surrounding
poly-
many
post-
after
pro-
before
pre-
before
sub-
under
supra-
above
re-
again
retro-
behind
tachy-
fast
syn-
together
uni-
one
trans-
across
neo-
new
epi-
above
membrane surrounding the heart:
pericardium
pertaining to through the skin:
percutaneous
pertaining to behind the peritoneum:
retroperitoneal
above the pubic bone:
suprapubic
inflammation of many nerves:
polyneuritis
bending backward:
retroflexion
pertaining to through the urethra
transurethral
pertaining to below the skin:
subcutaneous
rapid, fast breathing:
tachypnea
pertaining to one side:
unilateral
artificial limb or part of the body:
prosthesis
both sides:
bilateral
subjective change of condition as observed by a patient:
symptom
group of objective findings that characterize an abnormal condition:
syndrome
return of a disease or its symptoms
relapse
loss of movement in muscles
paralysis
congenital anomaly in which fingers or toes are webbed (formed together)
syndactyly
four endocrine glands that are located near (behind) another endocrine gland in the neck:
parathyroid
glands that are located above the kidneys
adrenal
symptoms that come before the actual illness:
prodrome
technique of transferring genetic material from one organism into another:
recombinant DNA
sliding, sagging downward or forward
prolapse
new growth or tumor
neoplasm
process of using sound waves to create an image of organs and structures in the body
ultrasonography
group of signs and symptoms that occur together and indicate a particular disorder:
syndrome
symptoms lessen and a patient feels better
remission
pertaining to new birth:
neonatal
after death:
postmortem
spread of a cancerous tumor:
metastasis
branching into two:
bifurcation
increase in development (size of cells):
hypertrophy
pertaining to a chemical that works against bacterial life:
antibiotic
hand bones (beyond the wrist):
metacarpals
protein produced by leukocytes to fight foreign organisms:
antibody
group of symptoms that occur together:
syndrome
surface or skin tissue of the body:
epithelium
Dr. Tate felt that Mrs. Snow’s condition of thrombocytopenia was a clear_________ to performing elective surgery.
contraindication
Medical science was revolutionized by the introduction of________ in the 1940s.
antibiotics
Robert’s 82-year-old grandfather complained of _______ despite taking the sleeping medication
insomnia
During her pregnancy, Ms. Payne described pressure on her _______ making it difficult for her to find a comfortable position, even when seated.
pubic symphysis
Many times, people with diabetes accidentally take too much insulin. This results in lowering their blood sugar so much that they may be admitted to the emergency department with __________.
hypoglycemia
Before his migraine headaches began, John noticed changes in his eyesight, such as bright spots, zigzag lines, and double vision. His physician told him that these were ________ symptoms.
prodromal
After hiking in the Grand Canyon without an adequate water supply, Julie experienced _________.
dehydration
At 65 years of age, Paul Smith often felt fullness in his urinary bladder but had difficulty urinating. He visited his ______, who examined his prostate gland and diagnosed _______. The doctor advised ______ resection of Paul’s prostate.
urologist
hyperplasia
transurethral
After running the Boston Marathon, Elizabeth felt nauseated and dizzy. She realized that she was experiencing _______ and drank a sports drink containing sugar, which made her feel better.
hypoglycemia
While she was taking an antibiotic that reacted with sunlight, Ruth’s physician advised her that sunbathing was ______ and might cause a serious sunburn.
contraindicated
Puerperal (pertaining to childbirth) fever was an iatrogenic infection; it was carried from one woman to another by the doctor before the days of
antisepsis
Dysplastic nevi (abnormal pigmented lesions or moles) on a patient’s skin may be a _______ sign of malignant skin cancer called melanoma.
precancerous
Nerve cells of the brain may _______ in old age because of ischemia caused by restricted blood flow.
atrophy
Changes in cell growth resulting in cells that differ in size, shape, and appearance are the result of chronic inflammation and irritation. When the condition occurs in the uterine cervix, it is known as cervical ______.
dysplasia
A muscle that draws a limb away from the body:
abductor
_______ occurs when breathing suddenly stops during sleep.
sleep apnea
machine used to keep airways open and abbreviation:
continuous positive airway pressure machine
CPAP
A muscle that draws a limb toward the body:
adductor
The laboratory examination of urine:
urinalysis
urin/o +[an]/alysis)
The notation a.c. and p.c on prescription orders stand for:
ante cibum and post cibum
the word cibum means meals
two names for the hormone secreted by the adrenal glands
adrenaline aka epinephrine
causes bronchial tubes to widen, heart beat faster and blood pressure rise.
_____ destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria.
antibiotic
Protein made by white blood cells, produced against an antigen (foreign body):
Ex..flu virus (antigen) enters the body, causing the production of ______ in the bloodstream
antibody
antibodies
usually a foreign substance (poison, virus, bacterium) that stimulates the production of antibodies:
antigen
substance that fights infection:
antiseptic
serious bacterial infection of the blood:
septicemia
an antibody, often from an animal that acts against a toxin:
antitoxin
ex… tetanus antitoxin for an acute bacterial infection of the nervous system.
normal splitting into tow branches:
bifurcation
a pulse of less than 60; a slow heart rate:
and
a pulse greater than 100
fast heart rate:
bradycardia
tachycardia
tissue that supports and binds other body tissue and parts. Bone cartilage, and fibrous tissue are these:
connective tissue
a disease where the body makes antibodies against its own good cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury
autoimmune disease
Ex… rheumatoid arthritis, graves disease
_____ arthritis affects the ____:
rheumatoid arthritis / joints
_____ disease affects the intestinal tract
celiac disease
_____ disease affects the thyroid gland
Graves disease
a stroke on the right side of the brain may cause ________ paralysis affecting the left arm and leg.
contralateral
waste materials are separated from the blood via a machine (artificial kidney):
hemodialysis
_____is ogen caused by respiratory or cardiac conditions, strenuous exercise, or anxiety:
dyspnea
many inherited diseases that cause muscular weakness and deterioration:
Muscular dystrophy
pregnancy with abnormal plantation of the egg in the fallopian tube, also called a tubal pregnancy:
ectopic pregnancy
________ dialysis, a special fluid is inserted into the peritoneal cavity through a tube in the abdomen. Waste materials that seep into the blood like urea during a period of time:
peritoneal dialysis
A ____________ tube , placed through the mouth into the trachea for giving oxygen in general anesthesia procedures.
endotracheal tube
Normal thyroid function:
euthyroid
protrusion of the eyeball associated with enlargement and overactive thyroid gland:
exophthalmos
increase in cell numbers. (characteristic of tumor growth):
hyperplasia
hemiglossectomy?
an increase in size of individual cells:
the opposite is cells shrink in size called:
hypertrophy
atrophy
a name for high blood pressure
hypertension
the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries - consistently too high
an objective finding that is perceived by an examiner such as fever, rash, or hyperglycemia:
sign
a subjective change in condition as perceived by the patient. Ex…loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and fatigue:
symptom
____ and _____ are useful clues in the diagnosis of a disease:
signs and symptoms
muscles that lie between adjacent ribs:
intercostal
congenital anomaly associated with excess fluid in the brain (hydrocephalus):
macrocephaly
word that means discomfort. It is often a symptom:
malaise
word that means noncancerous:
benign
word that means cancerous:
malignant
five bones in the hand that lie beyond the wrist but before the finger bones:
metacarpal
type of cell that undergo metamorphosis to form different types of mature cells:
Embryonic stem cells
(immature)
Zika virus during pregnancy can cause _____ to the fetus.
microcephaly
period of time from birth to 28 days:
neonatal period
a ______ can be benign or malignant.
neoplasm
Deficiency of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes:
pancytopenia
Intra-
inter-
infra-
intra- in, within, into
inter-between
infra-beneath, under
four glands located behind the thyroid that secrete a hormone that regulates the calcium levels in blood and tissue:
parathyroid glands
signs and symptoms that appear before the actual illness such as an aura before a seizure or migraine:
prodromal signs and symptoms
3 degrees of prolapse of the uterus:
1st uterus descends into the vaginal canal
2nd the body of the uterus is still within the vagina, but the cervix protrudes from the vaginal orifice.
3rd entire uterus projects outside of the orifice
a disease or its signs and symptoms return after an apparent recovery:
relapse
signs and symptoms lessen and the patient feels better:
remission
an abnormal position of an organ, bent or tilted backward:
retroflexion
a type of catheter useful in driving the bladder:
suprapubic catheter
area in which the pubic bones have grown together:
Pubic symphysis
In _______ synthesis, complex proteins are built up from simpler amino acids:
protein synthesis
the letters that change the prefix syn- to [ sym- ]
ex…syn/drom sym/ptom
b, m, p
equality of parts on opposite sides of the body:
symmetry
another name for webbed toes:
syndactyly
two organisms live together in close association, either for mutual benefit or not:
symbiosis
the reaction between an antigen and an antibody is called an _____ _______ which is where antibodies bind to and mark for destruction the antigens (viruses) that produced them.
immune response
(immun/o means protection)
receiving dead or weakened antigens that stimulate white blood cells to make antibodies:
vaccine
antigen-antibody reaction where a person who has a protein coating (antigen) on his or her red blood cells. The specific antigen factor is called Rh+
Rh condition
describe the dangerous condition when a mother is Rh- and the embryo is Rh+
when baby Rh+ is different from the Rh- mother some of the baby’s blood cells containing Rh+ antigens can escape into the moms bloodstream causing the mother to produce a low level of antibodies to the Rh+ antigen
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
mothers Rh- antibodies attack and destroy the embryos Rh+ RBCs. Clinical signs of HDN is jaundice
_____ is a result of excessive destruction of RBCs. Cell breakdown causes excessive amounts of the chemical pigment bilirubin to be released into the blood system.
jaundice (yellow skin pigmentation)
treatment for jaundice is:
light or phototherapy. the light decomposes the bilirubin which is then excreted from the infant’s body.
technology that is a process of taking a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism. Used to make insulin:
recombinant DNA technology
What does the acronym CRISPR stand for?
Clustered Regularly-Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
syndrome characterized by vomiting, swelling of the brain ,increased intracranial pressure, hypoglycemia, and dysfunction of the liver. May occur in children after a viral infection that has been treated with aspirin.
Reye Syndrome
syndrome that is an inherited connective tissue disorder marked by tall body and long fingers and toes.
Marfan syndrome
name of instrument used for prostate surgery and the name of the procedure for hyperplasia (prostate tissue increase making it difficult to urinate)
resectoscope
TransUrethral Resection of the Prostate gland aka (TURP)
diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves to produce an image:
ultrasonography
Ex… echocardiograms are and ultrasound of the heart
Ex…fetal ultrasound is a sonogram
condition where renal function decreases in chronic renal failure - kidneys secrete less erythropoietin and are unable to stimulate the production of red blood cells that supply oxygen
anemia
Epoetin alfa (Epogen or Procrit) is:
a man-made form of human erythropoietin genetically engineered by recombinant DNA technology that stimulates bone marrow to make and release red blood cells
as ______rises patients experience increased energy, appetite, and greater stamina
hematocrit
the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood
Side effects of myelosuppressiive chemotherapy may be treated by
Epogen, Neupogen, and thrombopoietin
