Chapter 4 extra Flashcards
1
Q
Anemia is a major problem for patients in chronic renal failure because
A
patients produce less of a hormone that stimulates production of erythrocytes
2
Q
The type of erythropoietin that is used for these patients is
A
made in a laboratory by using pieces of DNA that code for the hormone
3
Q
The hematocrit is
A
the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood
4
Q
Patients go on dialysis when
A
they are in chronic renal failure
5
Q
Side effects of myelosuppressiive chemotherapy may be treated by
A
Epogen, Neupogen, and thrombopoietin
6
Q
ante-
A
before
7
Q
ab-
A
away from
8
Q
ana-
A
up
9
Q
anti-
A
against
10
Q
a-, an-
A
no
11
Q
ad-
A
toward
12
Q
auto-
A
self
13
Q
cata-
A
down
14
Q
Brady-
A
slow
15
Q
contra-
A
against
16
Q
bi-
A
two
17
Q
con-
A
with
18
Q
anteflexion
A
bending forward
19
Q
adductor
A
muscle that carries the limb toward the body
20
Q
antepartum
A
before birth
21
Q
bradycardia
A
slow heartbeat
22
Q
adrenal
A
gland located near (above) each kidney
23
Q
apnea
A
absence of breathing
24
Q
contralateral
A
pertaining to the opposite side
25
antisepsis
against infection
26
analysis
to separate
27
bilateral
pertaining to two (both) sides
28
anoxia
condition of no oxygen in tissues
29
congenital anomaly
irregularity present at birth
30
chemical substance, such as erythromycin (-mycin = mold), made from molds and used against bacterial life
antibiotic
31
process of burning food (breaking it down) and releasing the energy stored in the food
catabolism
32
reason that a doctor would advise against taking a specific medication
contraindication
33
disorder in which the body’s own leukocytes make antibodies that damage its own good tissue
autoimmune disease
34
a foreign agent (virus or bacterium) that causes production of antibodies
antigen
35
an antibody that acts against poisons that enter the body
antitoxin
36
process of building up proteins in cells by putting together small pieces of proteins called amino acids
anabolism
37
protein made by lymphocytes in response to the presence in the blood of a specific antigen
antibody
38
ec-
out
39
dys-
abnormal
40
de-
down
41
dia-
through
42
hemi-
half
43
hypo-
deficient
44
epi-
above
45
hyper-
excessive
46
endo-
within
47
eu-
good
48
in-
in
49
inter-
between
50
intra-
within
51
infra-
below
52
macro-
large
53
micro-
smll
54
normal thyroid function:
euthyroid
55
painful breathing:
dyspnea
56
pregnancy that is out of place (outside the uterus):
ectopic
57
instrument to visually examine within the body:
endoscope
58
removal of half of the tongue:
hemiglossectomy
59
good (exaggerated) feeling (of well-being):
euphoria
60
pertaining to within the windpipe:
endotracheal
61
blood condition of less than normal sugar:
hypoglycemia
62
condition (congenital anomaly) of large head:
macrocephaly
63
pertaining to within a vein:
intravenous
64
condition of abnormal formation (of cells):
dysplasia
65
condition of excessive formation (numbers of cells):
hyperplasia
66
structure (membrane) that forms the inner lining of the heart:
endocardium
67
pertaining to below the ribs:
infracostal
68
blood condition of excessive amount of sugar:
hyperglycemia
69
A group of congenital disorders involving abnormal development of muscle mass and strength is:
muscular dystrophy
70
Zika virus infection during pregnancy can be a cause of decreased development of an infant's head and brain:
microcephaly
71
vague feeling of bodily discomfort
malaise
72
inability to sleep
insomnia
73
lack of water
dehydration
74
spread of a cancerous tumor to a secondary organ or tissue
metastasis
75
instrument used to view small objects
microscope
76
a cut into an organ or tissue
incision
77
outward bulging of the eyeballs
exophthalmos
78
condition of change in shape or form
metamorphosis
79
watery discharge of wastes from the colon
diarrhea
80
deficiency of all (blood) cells
pancytopenia
81
separation of wastes from the blood by using a machine that does the job of the kidney
dialysis
82
harmful, cancerous
malignant
83
mal-
bad
84
pan-
all
85
per-
through
86
meta-
change
87
para-
near
88
peri-
surrounding
88
89
poly-
many
90
post-
after
91
pro-
before
92
pre-
before
93
sub-
under
94
supra-
above
95
re-
again
96
retro-
behind
97
tachy-
fast
98
syn-
together
99
uni-
one
100
trans-
across
101
neo-
new
102
epi-
above
103
membrane surrounding the heart:
pericardium
104
pertaining to through the skin:
percutaneous
105
pertaining to behind the peritoneum:
retroperitoneal
106
above the pubic bone:
suprapubic
107
inflammation of many nerves:
polyneuritis
108
bending backward:
retroflexion
109
pertaining to through the urethra
transurethral
110
pertaining to below the skin:
subcutaneous
111
rapid, fast breathing:
tachypnea
112
pertaining to one side:
unilateral
113
artificial limb or part of the body:
prosthesis
114
both sides:
bilateral
115
subjective change of condition as observed by a patient:
symptom
116
group of objective findings that characterize an abnormal condition:
syndrome
117
return of a disease or its symptoms
relapse
118
loss of movement in muscles
paralysis
119
congenital anomaly in which fingers or toes are webbed (formed together)
syndactyly
120
four endocrine glands that are located near (behind) another endocrine gland in the neck:
parathyroid
121
glands that are located above the kidneys
adrenal
122
symptoms that come before the actual illness:
prodrome
123
technique of transferring genetic material from one organism into another:
recombinant DNA
124
sliding, sagging downward or forward
prolapse
125
new growth or tumor
neoplasm
126
process of using sound waves to create an image of organs and structures in the body
ultrasonography
127
group of signs and symptoms that occur together and indicate a particular disorder:
syndrome
128
symptoms lessen and a patient feels better
remission
129
pertaining to new birth:
neonatal
130
after death:
postmortem
131
spread of a cancerous tumor:
metastasis
132
branching into two:
bifurcation
133
increase in development (size of cells):
hypertrophy
134
pertaining to a chemical that works against bacterial life:
antibiotic
135
hand bones (beyond the wrist):
metacarpals
136
protein produced by leukocytes to fight foreign organisms:
antibody
137
group of symptoms that occur together:
syndrome
138
surface or skin tissue of the body:
epithelium
139
Dr. Tate felt that Mrs. Snow’s condition of thrombocytopenia was a clear_________ to performing elective surgery.
contraindication
140
Medical science was revolutionized by the introduction of________ in the 1940s.
antibiotics
141
Robert's 82-year-old grandfather complained of _______ despite taking the sleeping medication
insomnia
142
During her pregnancy, Ms. Payne described pressure on her _______ making it difficult for her to find a comfortable position, even when seated.
pubic symphysis
143
Many times, people with diabetes accidentally take too much insulin. This results in lowering their blood sugar so much that they may be admitted to the emergency department with __________.
hypoglycemia
144
Before his migraine headaches began, John noticed changes in his eyesight, such as bright spots, zigzag lines, and double vision. His physician told him that these were ________ symptoms.
prodromal
145
After hiking in the Grand Canyon without an adequate water supply, Julie experienced _________.
dehydration
146
At 65 years of age, Paul Smith often felt fullness in his urinary bladder but had difficulty urinating. He visited his ______, who examined his prostate gland and diagnosed _______. The doctor advised ______ resection of Paul's prostate.
urologist
hyperplasia
transurethral
147
After running the Boston Marathon, Elizabeth felt nauseated and dizzy. She realized that she was experiencing _______ and drank a sports drink containing sugar, which made her feel better.
hypoglycemia
148
While she was taking an antibiotic that reacted with sunlight, Ruth’s physician advised her that sunbathing was ______ and might cause a serious sunburn.
contraindicated
149
Puerperal (pertaining to childbirth) fever was an iatrogenic infection; it was carried from one woman to another by the doctor before the days of
antisepsis
150
Dysplastic nevi (abnormal pigmented lesions or moles) on a patient's skin may be a _______ sign of malignant skin cancer called melanoma.
precancerous
151
Nerve cells of the brain may _______ in old age because of ischemia caused by restricted blood flow.
atrophy
152
Changes in cell growth resulting in cells that differ in size, shape, and appearance are the result of chronic inflammation and irritation. When the condition occurs in the uterine cervix, it is known as cervical ______.
dysplasia
153
A muscle that draws a limb away from the body:
abductor
154
_______ occurs when breathing suddenly stops during sleep.
sleep apnea
155
machine used to keep airways open and abbreviation:
continuous positive airway pressure machine
CPAP
156
A muscle that draws a limb toward the body:
adductor
157
The laboratory examination of urine:
urinalysis
urin/o +[an]/alysis)
158
The notation a.c. and p.c on prescription orders stand for:
ante cibum and post cibum
the word cibum means meals
159
two names for the hormone secreted by the adrenal glands
adrenaline aka epinephrine
causes bronchial tubes to widen, heart beat faster and blood pressure rise.
160
_____ destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria.
antibiotic
161
Protein made by white blood cells, produced against an antigen (foreign body):
Ex..flu virus (antigen) enters the body, causing the production of ______ in the bloodstream
antibody
antibodies
162
usually a foreign substance (poison, virus, bacterium) that stimulates the production of antibodies:
antigen
163
substance that fights infection:
antiseptic
164
serious bacterial infection of the blood:
septicemia
165
an antibody, often from an animal that acts against a toxin:
antitoxin
ex... tetanus antitoxin for an acute bacterial infection of the nervous system.
166
normal splitting into tow branches:
bifurcation
167
a pulse of less than 60; a slow heart rate:
and
a pulse greater than 100
fast heart rate:
bradycardia
tachycardia
168
tissue that supports and binds other body tissue and parts. Bone cartilage, and fibrous tissue are these:
connective tissue
169
a disease where the body makes antibodies against its own good cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury
autoimmune disease
Ex... rheumatoid arthritis, graves disease
170
_____ arthritis affects the ____:
rheumatoid arthritis / joints
171
_____ disease affects the intestinal tract
celiac disease
172
_____ disease affects the thyroid gland
Graves disease
173
a stroke on the right side of the brain may cause ________ paralysis affecting the left arm and leg.
contralateral
174
waste materials are separated from the blood via a machine (artificial kidney):
hemodialysis
175
_____is ogen caused by respiratory or cardiac conditions, strenuous exercise, or anxiety:
dyspnea
176
many inherited diseases that cause muscular weakness and deterioration:
Muscular dystrophy
177
pregnancy with abnormal plantation of the egg in the fallopian tube, also called a tubal pregnancy:
ectopic pregnancy
178
________ dialysis, a special fluid is inserted into the peritoneal cavity through a tube in the abdomen. Waste materials that seep into the blood like urea during a period of time:
peritoneal dialysis
179
A ____________ tube , placed through the mouth into the trachea for giving oxygen in general anesthesia procedures.
endotracheal tube
180
Normal thyroid function:
euthyroid
181
protrusion of the eyeball associated with enlargement and overactive thyroid gland:
exophthalmos
182
increase in cell numbers. (characteristic of tumor growth):
hyperplasia
183
hemiglossectomy?
184
an increase in size of individual cells:
the opposite is cells shrink in size called:
hypertrophy
atrophy
185
a name for high blood pressure
hypertension
the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries - consistently too high
186
an objective finding that is perceived by an examiner such as fever, rash, or hyperglycemia:
sign
187
a subjective change in condition as perceived by the patient. Ex...loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and fatigue:
symptom
188
____ and _____ are useful clues in the diagnosis of a disease:
signs and symptoms
189
muscles that lie between adjacent ribs:
intercostal
190
congenital anomaly associated with excess fluid in the brain (hydrocephalus):
macrocephaly
191
word that means discomfort. It is often a symptom:
malaise
192
word that means noncancerous:
benign
193
word that means cancerous:
malignant
194
five bones in the hand that lie beyond the wrist but before the finger bones:
metacarpal
195
type of cell that undergo metamorphosis to form different types of mature cells:
Embryonic stem cells
(immature)
196
Zika virus during pregnancy can cause _____ to the fetus.
microcephaly
197
period of time from birth to 28 days:
neonatal period
198
a ______ can be benign or malignant.
neoplasm
199
Deficiency of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes:
pancytopenia
200
Intra-
inter-
infra-
intra- in, within, into
inter-between
infra-beneath, under
201
four glands located behind the thyroid that secrete a hormone that regulates the calcium levels in blood and tissue:
parathyroid glands
202
signs and symptoms that appear before the actual illness such as an aura before a seizure or migraine:
prodromal signs and symptoms
203
3 degrees of prolapse of the uterus:
1st uterus descends into the vaginal canal
2nd the body of the uterus is still within the vagina, but the cervix protrudes from the vaginal orifice.
3rd entire uterus projects outside of the orifice
204
a disease or its signs and symptoms return after an apparent recovery:
relapse
205
signs and symptoms lessen and the patient feels better:
remission
206
an abnormal position of an organ, bent or tilted backward:
retroflexion
207
a type of catheter useful in driving the bladder:
suprapubic catheter
208
area in which the pubic bones have grown together:
Pubic symphysis
209
In _______ synthesis, complex proteins are built up from simpler amino acids:
protein synthesis
210
the letters that change the prefix syn- to [ sym- ]
ex...syn/drom sym/ptom
b, m, p
211
equality of parts on opposite sides of the body:
symmetry
212
another name for webbed toes:
syndactyly
213
two organisms live together in close association, either for mutual benefit or not:
symbiosis
214
the reaction between an antigen and an antibody is called an _____ _______ which is where antibodies bind to and mark for destruction the antigens (viruses) that produced them.
immune response
(immun/o means protection)
215
receiving dead or weakened antigens that stimulate white blood cells to make antibodies:
vaccine
216
antigen-antibody reaction where a person who has a protein coating (antigen) on his or her red blood cells. The specific antigen factor is called Rh+
Rh condition
217
describe the dangerous condition when a mother is Rh- and the embryo is Rh+
when baby Rh+ is different from the Rh- mother some of the baby's blood cells containing Rh+ antigens can escape into the moms bloodstream causing the mother to produce a low level of antibodies to the Rh+ antigen
218
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
mothers Rh- antibodies attack and destroy the embryos Rh+ RBCs. Clinical signs of HDN is jaundice
219
_____ is a result of excessive destruction of RBCs. Cell breakdown causes excessive amounts of the chemical pigment bilirubin to be released into the blood system.
jaundice (yellow skin pigmentation)
220
treatment for jaundice is:
light or phototherapy. the light decomposes the bilirubin which is then excreted from the infant's body.
221
222
technology that is a process of taking a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism. Used to make insulin:
recombinant DNA technology
223
What does the acronym CRISPR stand for?
Clustered Regularly-Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
224
syndrome characterized by vomiting, swelling of the brain ,increased intracranial pressure, hypoglycemia, and dysfunction of the liver. May occur in children after a viral infection that has been treated with aspirin.
Reye Syndrome
225
syndrome that is an inherited connective tissue disorder marked by tall body and long fingers and toes.
Marfan syndrome
226
name of instrument used for prostate surgery and the name of the procedure for hyperplasia (prostate tissue increase making it difficult to urinate)
resectoscope
TransUrethral Resection of the Prostate gland aka (TURP)
227
diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves to produce an image:
ultrasonography
Ex... echocardiograms are and ultrasound of the heart
Ex...fetal ultrasound is a sonogram
228
condition where renal function decreases in chronic renal failure - kidneys secrete less erythropoietin and are unable to stimulate the production of red blood cells that supply oxygen
anemia
229
Epoetin alfa (Epogen or Procrit) is:
a man-made form of human erythropoietin genetically engineered by recombinant DNA technology that stimulates bone marrow to make and release red blood cells
230
as ______rises patients experience increased energy, appetite, and greater stamina
hematocrit
the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood
231
Side effects of myelosuppressiive chemotherapy may be treated by
Epogen, Neupogen, and thrombopoietin
