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Language of Medicine > Chapter 4 extra > Flashcards

Chapter 4 extra Flashcards

1
Q

Anemia is a major problem for patients in chronic renal failure because

A

patients produce less of a hormone that stimulates production of erythrocytes

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2
Q

The type of erythropoietin that is used for these patients is

A

made in a laboratory by using pieces of DNA that code for the hormone

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3
Q

The hematocrit is

A

the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood

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4
Q

Patients go on dialysis when

A

they are in chronic renal failure

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5
Q

Side effects of myelosuppressiive chemotherapy may be treated by

A

Epogen, Neupogen, and thrombopoietin

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6
Q

ante-

A

before

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7
Q

ab-

A

away from

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8
Q

ana-

A

up

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9
Q

anti-

A

against

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10
Q

a-, an-

A

no

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11
Q

ad-

A

toward

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12
Q

auto-

A

self

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13
Q

cata-

A

down

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14
Q

Brady-

A

slow

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15
Q

contra-

A

against

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16
Q

bi-

A

two

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17
Q

con-

A

with

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18
Q

anteflexion

A

bending forward

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19
Q

adductor

A

muscle that carries the limb toward the body

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20
Q

antepartum

A

before birth

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21
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heartbeat

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22
Q

adrenal

A

gland located near (above) each kidney

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23
Q

apnea

A

absence of breathing

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24
Q

contralateral

A

pertaining to the opposite side

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25
Q

antisepsis

A

against infection

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26
Q

analysis

A

to separate

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27
Q

bilateral

A

pertaining to two (both) sides

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28
Q

anoxia

A

condition of no oxygen in tissues

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29
Q

congenital anomaly

A

irregularity present at birth

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30
Q

chemical substance, such as erythromycin (-mycin = mold), made from molds and used against bacterial life

A

antibiotic

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31
Q

process of burning food (breaking it down) and releasing the energy stored in the food

A

catabolism

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32
Q

reason that a doctor would advise against taking a specific medication

A

contraindication

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33
Q

disorder in which the body’s own leukocytes make antibodies that damage its own good tissue

A

autoimmune disease

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34
Q

aforeign agent (virus or bacterium) that causes production of antibodies

A

antigen

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35
Q

an antibody that acts against poisons that enter the body

A

antitoxin

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36
Q

process of building up proteins in cells by putting together small pieces of proteins called amino acids

A

anabolism

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37
Q

protein made by lymphocytes in response to the presence in the blood of a specific antigen

A

antibody

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38
Q

ec-

A

out

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39
Q

dys-

A

abnormal

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40
Q

de-

A

down

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41
Q

dia-

A

through

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42
Q

hemi-

A

half

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43
Q

hypo-

A

deficient

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44
Q

epi-

A

above

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45
Q

hyper-

A

excessive

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46
Q

endo-

A

within

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47
Q

eu-

A

good

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48
Q

in-

A

in

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49
Q

inter-

A

between

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50
Q

intra-

A

within

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51
Q

infra-

A

below

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52
Q

macro-

A

large

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53
Q

micro-

A

smll

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54
Q

normal thyroid function:

A

euthyroid

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55
Q

painful breathing:

A

dyspnea

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56
Q

pregnancy that is out of place (outside the uterus):

A

ectopic

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57
Q

instrument to visually examine within the body:

A

endoscope

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58
Q

removal of half of the tongue:

A

hemiglossectomy

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59
Q

good (exaggerated) feeling (of well-being):

A

euphoria

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60
Q

pertaining to within the windpipe:

A

endotracheal

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61
Q

blood condition of less than normal sugar:

A

hypoglycemia

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62
Q

condition (congenital anomaly) of large head:

A

macrocephaly

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63
Q

pertaining to within a vein:

A

intravenous

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64
Q

condition of abnormal formation (of cells):

A

dysplasia

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65
Q

condition of excessive formation (numbers of cells):

A

hyperplasia

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66
Q

structure (membrane) that forms the inner lining of the heart:

A

endocardium

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67
Q

pertaining to below the ribs:

A

infracostal

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68
Q

blood condition of excessive amount of sugar:

A

hyperglycemia

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69
Q

A group of congenital disorders involving abnormal development of muscle mass and strength is:

A

muscular dystrophy

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70
Q

Zika virus infection during pregnancy can be a cause of decreased development of an infant’s head and brain:

A

microcephaly

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71
Q

vague feeling of bodily discomfort

A

malaise

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72
Q

inability to sleep

A

insomnia

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73
Q

lack of water

A

dehydration

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74
Q

spread of a cancerous tumor to a secondary organ or tissue

A

metastasis

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75
Q

instrument used to view small objects

A

microscope

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76
Q

a cut into an organ or tissue

A

incision

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77
Q

outward bulging of the eyeballs

A

exophthalmos

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78
Q

condition of change in shape or form

A

metamorphosis

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79
Q

watery discharge of wastes from the colon

A

diarrhea

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80
Q

deficiency of all (blood) cells

A

pancytopenia

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81
Q

separation of wastes from the blood by using a machine that does the job of the kidney

A

dialysis

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82
Q

harmful, cancerous

A

malignant

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83
Q

mal-

A

bad

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84
Q

pan-

A

all

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85
Q

per-

A

through

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86
Q

meta-

A

change

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87
Q

para-

A

near

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88
Q

peri-

A

surrounding

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88
Q
A
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89
Q

poly-

A

many

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90
Q

post-

A

after

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91
Q

pro-

A

before

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92
Q

pre-

A

before

93
Q

sub-

A

under

94
Q

supra-

A

above

95
Q

re-

A

again

96
Q

retro-

A

behind

97
Q

tachy-

A

fast

98
Q

syn-

A

together

99
Q

uni-

A

one

100
Q

trans-

A

across

101
Q

neo-

A

new

102
Q

epi-

A

above

103
Q

membrane surrounding the heart:

A

pericardium

104
Q

pertaining to through the skin:

A

percutaneous

105
Q

pertaining to behind the peritoneum:

A

retroperitoneal

106
Q

above the pubic bone:

A

suprapubic

107
Q

inflammation of many nerves:

A

polyneuritis

108
Q

bending backward:

A

retroflexion

109
Q

pertaining to through the urethra

A

transurethral

110
Q

pertaining to below the skin:

A

subcutaneous

111
Q

rapid, fast breathing:

A

tachypnea

112
Q

pertaining to one side:

A

unilateral

113
Q

artificial limb or part of the body:

A

prosthesis

114
Q

both sides:

A

bilateral

115
Q

subjective change of condition as observed by a patient:

A

symptom

116
Q

group of objective findings that characterize an abnormal condition:

A

syndrome

117
Q

return of a disease or its symptoms

A

relapse

118
Q

loss of movement in muscles

A

paralysis

119
Q

congenital anomaly in which fingers or toes are webbed (formed together)

A

syndactyly

120
Q

four endocrine glands that are located near (behind) another endocrine gland in the neck:

A

parathyroid

121
Q

glands that are located above the kidneys

A

adrenal

122
Q

symptoms that come before the actual illness:

A

prodrome

123
Q

technique of transferring genetic material from one organism into another:

A

recombinant DNA

124
Q

sliding, sagging downward or forward

A

prolapse

125
Q

new growth or tumor

A

neoplasm

126
Q

process of using sound waves to create an image of organs and structures in the body

A

ultrasonography

127
Q

group of signs and symptoms that occur together and indicate a particular disorder:

A

syndrome

128
Q

symptoms lessen and a patient feels better

A

remission

129
Q

pertaining to new birth:

A

neonatal

130
Q

after death:

A

postmortem

131
Q

spread of a cancerous tumor:

A

metastasis

132
Q

branching into two:

A

bifurcation

133
Q

increase in development (size of cells):

A

hypertrophy

134
Q

pertaining to a chemical that works against bacterial life:

A

antibiotic

135
Q

hand bones (beyond the wrist):

A

metacarpals

136
Q

protein produced by leukocytes to fight foreign organisms:

A

antibody

137
Q

group of symptoms that occur together:

A

syndrome

138
Q

surface or skin tissue of the body:

A

epithelium

139
Q

Dr. Tate felt that Mrs. Snow’s condition of thrombocytopenia was a clear_________ to performing elective surgery.

A

contraindication

140
Q

Medical science was revolutionized by the introduction of________ in the 1940s.

A

antibiotics

141
Q

Robert’s 82-year-old grandfather complained of _______ despite taking the sleeping medication

A

insomnia

142
Q

During her pregnancy, Ms. Payne described pressure on her _______ making it difficult for her to find a comfortable position, even when seated.

A

pubic symphysis

143
Q

Many times, people with diabetes accidentally take too much insulin. This results in lowering their blood sugar so much that they may be admitted to the emergency department with __________.

A

hypoglycemia

144
Q

Before his migraine headaches began, John noticed changes in his eyesight, such as bright spots, zigzag lines, and double vision. His physician told him that these were ________ symptoms.

A

prodromal

145
Q

After hiking in the Grand Canyon without an adequate water supply, Julie experienced _________.

A

dehydration

146
Q

At 65 years of age, Paul Smith often felt fullness in his urinary bladder but had difficulty urinating. He visited his ______, who examined his prostate gland and diagnosed _______. The doctor advised ______ resection of Paul’s prostate.

A

urologist
hyperplasia
transurethral

147
Q

After running the Boston Marathon, Elizabeth felt nauseated and dizzy. She realized that she was experiencing _______ and drank a sports drink containing sugar, which made her feel better.

A

hypoglycemia

148
Q

While she was taking an antibiotic that reacted with sunlight, Ruth’s physician advised her that sunbathing was ______ and might cause a serious sunburn.

A

contraindicated

149
Q

Puerperal (pertaining to childbirth) fever was an iatrogenic infection; it was carried from one woman to another by the doctor before the days of

A

antisepsis

150
Q

Dysplastic nevi (abnormal pigmented lesions or moles) on a patient’s skin may be a _______ sign of malignant skin cancer called melanoma.

A

precancerous

151
Q

Nerve cells of the brain may _______ in old age because of ischemia caused by restricted blood flow.

A

atrophy

152
Q

Changes in cell growth resulting in cells that differ in size, shape, and appearance are the result of chronic inflammation and irritation. When the condition occurs in the uterine cervix, it is known as cervical ______.

A

dysplasia

153
Q

A muscle that draws a limb away from the body:

A

abductor

154
Q

_______ occurs when breathing suddenly stops during sleep.

A

sleep apnea

155
Q

machine used to keep airways open and abbreviation:

A

continuous positive airway pressure machine
CPAP

156
Q

A muscle that draws a limb toward the body:

A

adductor

157
Q

The laboratory examination of urine:

A

urinalysis
urin/o +[an]/alysis)

158
Q

The notation a.c. and p.c on prescription orders stand for:

A

ante cibum and post cibum
the word cibum means meals

159
Q

two names for the hormone secreted by the adrenal glands

A

adrenaline aka epinephrine
causes bronchial tubes to widen, heart beat faster and blood pressure rise.

160
Q

_____ destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria.

A

antibiotic

161
Q

Protein made by white blood cells, produced against an antigen (foreign body):
Ex..flu virus (antigen) enters the body, causing the production of ______ in the bloodstream

A

antibody
antibodies

162
Q

usually a foreign substance (poison, virus, bacterium) that stimulates the production of antibodies:

A

antigen

163
Q

substance that fights infection:

A

antiseptic

164
Q

serious bacterial infection of the blood:

A

septicemia

165
Q

an antibody, often from an animal that acts against a toxin:

A

antitoxin
ex… tetanus antitoxin for an acute bacterial infection of the nervous system.

166
Q

normal splitting into tow branches:

A

bifurcation

167
Q

a pulse of less than 60; a slow heart rate:
and
a pulse greater than 100
fast heart rate:

A

bradycardia
tachycardia

168
Q

tissue that supports and binds other body tissue and parts. Bone cartilage, and fibrous tissue are these:

A

connective tissue

169
Q

a disease where the body makes antibodies against its own good cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury

A

autoimmune disease
Ex… rheumatoid arthritis, graves disease

170
Q

_____ arthritis affects the ____:

A

rheumatoid arthritis / joints

171
Q

_____ disease affects the intestinal tract

A

celiac disease

172
Q

_____ disease affects the thyroid gland

A

Graves disease

173
Q

a stroke on the right side of the brain may cause ________ paralysis affecting the left arm and leg.

A

contralateral

174
Q

waste materials are separated from the blood via a machine (artificial kidney):

A

hemodialysis

175
Q

_____is ogen caused by respiratory or cardiac conditions, strenuous exercise, or anxiety:

A

dyspnea

176
Q

many inherited diseases that cause muscular weakness and deterioration:

A

Muscular dystrophy

177
Q

pregnancy with abnormal plantation of the egg in the fallopian tube, also called a tubal pregnancy:

A

ectopic pregnancy

178
Q

________ dialysis, a special fluid is inserted into the peritoneal cavity through a tube in the abdomen. Waste materials that seep into the blood like urea during a period of time:

A

peritoneal dialysis

179
Q

A ____________ tube , placed through the mouth into the trachea for giving oxygen in general anesthesia procedures.

A

endotracheal tube

180
Q

Normal thyroid function:

A

euthyroid

181
Q

protrusion of the eyeball associated with enlargement and overactive thyroid gland:

A

exophthalmos

182
Q

increase in cell numbers. (characteristic of tumor growth):

A

hyperplasia

183
Q
A

hemiglossectomy?

184
Q

an increase in size of individual cells:
the opposite is cells shrink in size called:

A

hypertrophy
atrophy

185
Q

a name for high blood pressure

A

hypertension
the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries - consistently too high

186
Q

an objective finding that is perceived by an examiner such as fever, rash, or hyperglycemia:

A

sign

187
Q

a subjective change in condition as perceived by the patient. Ex…loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and fatigue:

A

symptom

188
Q

____ and _____ are useful clues in the diagnosis of a disease:

A

signs and symptoms

189
Q

muscles that lie between adjacent ribs:

A

intercostal

190
Q

congenital anomaly associated with excess fluid in the brain (hydrocephalus):

A

macrocephaly

191
Q

word that means discomfort. It is often a symptom:

A

malaise

192
Q

word that means noncancerous:

A

benign

193
Q

word that means cancerous:

A

malignant

194
Q

five bones in the hand that lie beyond the wrist but before the finger bones:

A

metacarpal

195
Q

type of cell that undergo metamorphosis to form different types of mature cells:

A

Embryonic stem cells
(immature)

196
Q

Zika virus during pregnancy can cause _____ to the fetus.

A

microcephaly

197
Q

period of time from birth to 28 days:

A

neonatal period

198
Q

a ______ can be benign or malignant.

A

neoplasm

199
Q

Deficiency of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes:

A

pancytopenia

200
Q

Intra-
inter-
infra-

A

intra- in, within, into
inter-between
infra-beneath, under

201
Q

four glands located behind the thyroid that secrete a hormone that regulates the calcium levels in blood and tissue:

A

parathyroid glands

202
Q

signs and symptoms that appear before the actual illness such as an aura before a seizure or migraine:

A

prodromal signs and symptoms

203
Q

3 degrees of prolapse of the uterus:

A

1st uterus descends into the vaginal canal
2nd the body of the uterus is still within the vagina, but the cervix protrudes from the vaginal orifice.
3rd entire uterus projects outside of the orifice

204
Q

a disease or its signs and symptoms return after an apparent recovery:

A

relapse

205
Q

signs and symptoms lessen and the patient feels better:

A

remission

206
Q

an abnormal position of an organ, bent or tilted backward:

A

retroflexion

207
Q

a type of catheter useful in driving the bladder:

A

suprapubic catheter

208
Q

area in which the pubic bones have grown together:

A

Pubic symphysis

209
Q

In _______ synthesis, complex proteins are built up from simpler amino acids:

A

protein synthesis

210
Q

the letters that change the prefix syn- to [ sym- ]
ex…syn/drom sym/ptom

A

b, m, p

211
Q

equality of parts on opposite sides of the body:

A

symmetry

212
Q

another name for webbed toes:

A

syndactyly

213
Q

two organisms live together in close association, either for mutual benefit or not:

A

symbiosis

214
Q

the reaction between an antigen and an antibody is called an _____ _______ which is where antibodies bind to and mark for destruction the antigens (viruses) that produced them.

A

immune response
(immun/o means protection)

215
Q

receiving dead or weakened antigens that stimulate white blood cells to make antibodies:

A

vaccine

216
Q

antigen-antibody reaction where a person who has a protein coating (antigen) on his or her red blood cells. The specific antigen factor is called Rh+

A

Rh condition

217
Q

describe the dangerous condition when a mother is Rh- and the embryo is Rh+

A

when baby Rh+ is different from the Rh- mother some of the baby’s blood cells containing Rh+ antigens can escape into the moms bloodstream causing the mother to produce a low level of antibodies to the Rh+ antigen

218
Q

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

A

mothers Rh- antibodies attack and destroy the embryos Rh+ RBCs. Clinical signs of HDN is jaundice

219
Q

_____ is a result of excessive destruction of RBCs. Cell breakdown causes excessive amounts of the chemical pigment bilirubin to be released into the blood system.

A

jaundice (yellow skin pigmentation)

220
Q

treatment for jaundice is:

A

light or phototherapy. the light decomposes the bilirubin which is then excreted from the infant’s body.

221
Q
A
222
Q

technology that is a process of taking a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism. Used to make insulin:

A

recombinant DNA technology

223
Q

What does the acronym CRISPR stand for?

A

Clustered Regularly-Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

224
Q

syndrome characterized by vomiting, swelling of the brain ,increased intracranial pressure, hypoglycemia, and dysfunction of the liver. May occur in children after a viral infection that has been treated with aspirin.

A

Reye Syndrome

225
Q

syndrome that is an inherited connective tissue disorder marked by tall body and long fingers and toes.

A

Marfan syndrome

226
Q

name of instrument used for prostate surgery and the name of the procedure for hyperplasia (prostate tissue increase making it difficult to urinate)

A

resectoscope
TransUrethral Resection of the Prostate gland aka (TURP)

227
Q

diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves to produce an image:

A

ultrasonography
Ex… echocardiograms are and ultrasound of the heart
Ex…fetal ultrasound is a sonogram

228
Q

condition where renal function decreases in chronic renal failure - kidneys secrete less erythropoietin and are unable to stimulate the production of red blood cells that supply oxygen

A

anemia

229
Q

Epoetin alfa (Epogen or Procrit) is:

A

a man-made form of human erythropoietin genetically engineered by recombinant DNA technology that stimulates bone marrow to make and release red blood cells

230
Q

as ______rises patients experience increased energy, appetite, and greater stamina

A

hematocrit
the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood

231
Q

Side effects of myelosuppressiive chemotherapy may be treated by

A

Epogen, Neupogen, and thrombopoietin

Language of Medicine (21 decks)

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