CH 7 Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
-ectasis
A
dilation; dilatation; widening
2
Q
-ectomy
A
removal; excision; resection
3
Q
-emia
A
blood condition
4
Q
-esis
A
action; condition; state of
5
Q
-gram
A
record
6
Q
-lithiasis
A
slipping
7
Q
-lithotomy
A
incision (for removal) of a stone
8
Q
-lysis
A
breakdown; separation; destruction; loosening
9
Q
-megaly
A
enlargement
10
Q
-ole
A
little; small
11
Q
-osis
A
condition, usually abnormal
12
Q
-pathy
A
disease; emotion
13
Q
-plasty
A
surgical repair
14
Q
-poietin
A
substance that forms
15
Q
-ptosis
A
falling; drooping; prolapse
16
Q
-rrhea
A
flow; discharge
17
Q
-sclerosis
A
hardening
18
Q
-stenosis
A
tightening; stricture
19
Q
-stomy
A
new opening (to form a mouth)
20
Q
-tomy
A
process of cutting
21
Q
-tripsy
A
crushing
22
Q
-uria
A
urination; condition of urine
23
Q
.poietin
A
substance that forms
24
Q
.tripsy
A
crushing
25
.uria
urination; urine condition
26
a-, an-
no; not; without
27
Type of ketone body formed when fatty acids are broken down in the liver.
acetone
28
ADH
antidiuretic hormone—vasopressin
29
AKI
acute kidney (renal) injury
30
albumin/o
albumin (a protein in the blood)
31
Protein in the urine. suffix -uria means urine condition.
albuminuria
32
angi/o
vessel (blood)
33
anti-
against
34
Pituitary gland hormone that stimulates the kidney to decrease production of urine, preventing excess loss of water. Also called vasopressin.
antidiuretic hormone
35
This hormone from the pituitary gland normally acts on the renal tubules to promote water reabsorption. It is also called vasopressin and is abbreviated ADH.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
36
Suppression of urine formation.
anuria
37
—Normally, urine should be clear. Cloudy or turbid urine indicates a urinary tract infection with pus (pyuria) and bacteria (bacteriuria).
Appearance (urinalysis)
38
Small artery
arteriole
39
is created surgically, often in the patient’s arm, to provide easy access for hemodialysis (Figure 7-16B).
arteriovenous fistula (communication between an artery and a vein)
40
azot/o
nitrogen
41
`Excess nitrogenous waste products in the blood;` uremia.This toxic condition is characteristic of uremia. It is indicated by an elevated BUN (blood urea nitrogen) test.
azotemia
42
bacteri/o
bacteria
43
Bacteria in the urine
bacteriuria
44
BCG
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
45
—A small amount of this pigment substance is present in urine and gives its distinctive yellow color. Bilirubin is a product of red blood cell breakdown, and increased levels in urine (bilirubinuria) are present in patients with liver disease.
Bilirubin (urinalysis)
46
hepatitis or gallbladder disease
Bilirubinuria
47
Malignant tumor of the urinary bladder. Bladder cancer occurs more frequently in men (often smokers) and in persons older than 50 years of age, especially industrial workers exposed to dyes and leather-tanning agents. Signs and symptoms include gross (visible to the naked eye) or microscopic hematuria and dysuria. Cystoscopy with biopsy is the most common diagnostic procedure. Staging of the tumor is based on the depth to which the tumor invades the bladder wall and presence of metastasis. Superficial tumors are removed by electrocauterization burning. BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, an immunotherapeutic drug) is used to treat recurrent superficial tumors. Cystectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy are treatments if cancer has spread deeply into the bladder wall, to regional lymph nodes, or to distant organs.
bladder cancer
48
BUN
blood urea nitrogen test
49
C&S
Culture and sensitivity testing
50
Active form of vitamin D, secreted by the kidney.
calciferol
51
cali/o, calic/o
calyx (calix); cup-shaped
52
related to or of the calyx, which are the cup-shaped cavities in the kidney that collect urine before it flows into the renal pelvis
caliceal
53
Dilation or widening of a calyx. This occurs when urine is backed up in the kidney as in hydronephrosis.
caliectasis
54
calyx; pl. calyces
Cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis.
55
CAPD
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
56
Tube for injecting or removing fluids.
catheter
57
CKD
chronic kidney disease
58
Cl−
chloride—an electrolyte excreted by the kidney
59
intermittent spasms of pain caused by inflammation and distention of an organ. In renal colic, pain results from calculi in the kidney or ureter.
Colic
60
—Normal urine color is yellow (amber) or straw-colored. A colorless, pale urine indicates a large amount of water in the urine, whereas a smoky-red or brown color of urine indicates the presence of large amounts of blood. Foods such as beets and certain drugs also can produce a red coloration of urine.
Color (urinalysis)
61
Outer region of an organ; the renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney
cortex
62
Pertaining to the cortex (outer region of an organ).
cortical
63
CrCl
creatinine clearance
64
Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine. Creatinine is a product of muscle metabolism.
creatinine
65
Measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney.
creatinine clearance
66
CRF
chronic renal failure—progressive loss of kidney function; same as CKD
67
X-ray images obtained using computed tomography (CT) show multiple cross-sectional and other views of the kidney.
CT urography
68
cyst/o
urinary bladder
69
a small protein, produced by all nucleated cells, that's used as a biomarker for kidney function, particularly to assess glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)Blood test for a protein produced by body cells.
cystatin C
70
Excision (removal) of the urinary bladder.
cystectomy
71
Inflammation of the urinary bladder.
cystitis
72
cystoscopic examination
cysto
73
Direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope).
cystoscopy
74
An opening is made into the urinary bladder from the outside of the body. A catheter is placed into the bladder for drainage.
cystostomy
75
dia-
complete; through
76
Abnormal condition of inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland. Patients experience polyuria (excessive urination) and polydipsia (excessive thirst).
diabetes insipidus (DI)
77
Lack of insulin secretion (type 1) or improper utilization of insulin by cells (type 2) leads to hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia.
diabetes mellitus (DM)
78
Separation of nitrogenous wastes from the blood when the kidneys no longer function; hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are examples.
dialysis
79
dips/o
thirst
80
Increased excretion of urine by the kidneys. A diuretic is an agent, such as tea, coffee, or water, that increases diuresis. Di- (from dia-) means complete.
diuresis
81
Drug that promotes or increases the production of urine (diuresis).
diuretics
82
dys-
abnormal, bad, difficult, painful
83
Painful urination
dysuria
84
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces.
edema
85
eGFR
estimated glomerular filtration rate
86
Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Examples are sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-).
electrolyte
87
en-
in; within
88
Bedwetting; literally, “in urine.” A condition (-esis) of being “in urine”; bed-wetting.
enuresis
89
Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate red blood cell production in bone marrow.
erythropoietin (EPO)
90
ESRD
end-stage renal disease
91
High blood pressure due to no apparent cause. The most common type of high blood pressure.
essential (primary) hypertension
92
ESWL
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
93
Process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter.
filtration
94
uses a thin fiberoptic cystoscope and is used for diagnosis and checkups of the urinary bladder.
Flexible cystoscopy
95
is an indwelling (left in the bladder) catheter held in place by a balloon inflated with liquid.
Foley catheter
96
glomerul/o
glomerulus
97
Cup-like structure that surrounds each glomerulus; collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus. Also known as Bowman capsule.
glomerular capsule
98
Inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney.
glomerulonephritis
99
Tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the kidney. As blood flows through each glomerulus, waste materials and other substances are filtered from the bloodstream.
glomerulus (plural: glomeruli)
100
—Sugar is not normally found in the urine. In most cases, when it does appear (glycosuria), it indicates diabetes mellitus. In diabetes mellitus, there is excess sugar in the bloodstream (hyperglycemia), which leads to the “spilling over” of sugar into the urine. The renal tubules cannot reabsorb all the sugar that filters out through the glomerular membrane.
Glucose (urinalysis)
101
glycos/o
glucose; sugar
102
Sugar in the urine
glycosuria
103
Can be seen with the naked eye.
gross hematuria
104
HCO3−
bicarbonate—an electrolyte conserved by the kidney
105
HD
hemodialysis Smoky-red (blood in urine): renal calculi; tumor; kidney disease; cystitis; urinary obstruction
106
Blood in the urine.
hematuria
107
Removal of nitrogenous waste from the blood in patients whose kidneys have stopped functioning. Blood leaves the body and circulates through a machine that removes wastes before sending the blood back into the body through a vein. (artificial kidney machine)
Hemodialysis (HD)
108
Depression or hollow in the surface of an organ, such as the kidney and lung. It is the area where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the organ.
hilum
109
hydr/o
water
110
Abnormal condition of excess backup of fluid (urine) in the kidney. Obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi
hydronephrosis
111
Condition of high concentration of potassium (K+) in blood.
hyperkalemia
112
Abnormally high levels of sodium in the bloodstream.
hypernatremia
113
hypo-
deficient; below; under; less than normal
114
a condition characterized by low levels of albumin in the blood
hypoalbuminemia
115
Low levels of sodium in blood. This condition can occur when water intake is excessive—primary polydipsia, or when athletes drink too much water in high-endurance events.
hyponatremia
116
IC
interstitial cystitis—chronic inflammation of the bladder wall; not caused by bacterial infection and not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy
117
a surgical procedure that creates a new pathway for urine to drain from the kidneys to the outside of the body. It is typically performed when the bladder needs to be removed, such as due to bladder cancer.
ileal conduit
118
Inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules in the kidney.
interstitial nephritis
119
Within the urinary bladder. Do not confuse the term vesical with the term vesicle, which is a small blister on the skin.
intravesical
120
isch/o
to hold back or deficiency
121
IVP
intravenous pyelogram
122
K+
potassium—an electrolyte
123
kal/i
potassium
124
ket/o, keton/o
ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)
125
Fats are improperly burned, leading to an accumulation of ketones and acids in the body.
Ketoacidosis
126
—Ketones (or acetones, a type of ketone body) are formed when fatty acids are broken down in the liver. Ketones accumulate in blood and urine when the body breaks down fat, instead of sugar, for fuel. Ketonuria occurs in diabetes mellitus when cells deprived of sugar must use up their available fat for energy. In starvation, when sugar is not available, ketonuria and ketosis (ketones in the blood) occur as fat is catabolized abnormally. Ketones in the blood are dangerous because they increase the acidity of the blood (ketoacidosis). If severe, this may lead to coma (unconsciousness) and death.
Ketone bodies (urinalysis)
127
Presence of ketones in the urine. Common in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, but can occur anytime the body begins to break down fatty tissue to provide energy, as in starvation.
ketonuria
128
Accumulation of large quantities of ketone bodies (acetones) in the blood; ketoacidosis.
ketosis
129
One of two bean-shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region.
kidney
130
KUB
kidney, ureters, and bladder
131
X-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. A KUB study demonstrates the size and location of kidneys in relation to other organs and may reveal kidney stones.
KUB (K-U-B / kidneys, ureters, and bladder)
132
lith/o
stone
133
Process of using high-energy sound waves to crush a stone within the kidney or ureter.
lithotripsy
134
meat/o
meatus
135
Narrowing of the meatus (opening) leading from the urethra to the outside of the body.
meatal stenosis
136
Opening or canal.
meatus
137
Inner region of an organ. The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney. Medullary means pertaining to the medulla. The term comes from the Latin medulla, meaning marrow (inner part).
medulla
138
Pertaining to the medulla (inner region) of an organ.
medullary
139
is leakage of very small amounts of albumin through the glomeruli.
Microalbuminuria
140
is hematuria that is visible only under a microscope, as opposed to gross hematuria, which can be seen with the naked eye.
Microhematuria
141
Process of taking MRI images of the urinary tract after injecting contrast.
MRI urography
142
Na+
sodium—an electrolyte
143
natr/o
sodium
144
necr/o
death
145
nephr/o
kidney
146
Abnormal condition of kidney stones. Kidney stones (renal calculi). Kidney stones usually are composed of uric acid or calcium salts.
nephrolithiasis
147
Incision (percutaneous) into the kidney to remove a stone (calculus).
nephrolithotomy
148
Functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus, renal tubule, and collecting tubule.
nephron
149
Disease of the kidneys.
nephropathy
150
is an operation to put a “floating” kidney in place. (-pexy means fixation)
Nephropexy
151
Prolapse of a kidney; floating or wandering kidney.
nephroptosis
152
Opening of the kidney to the outside of the body.
nephrostomy
153
Group of symptoms that occur due to loss of protein in the urine. Symptoms include edema (swelling of tissues), hypoalbuminemia (loss of protein from the blood), proteinuria, and susceptibility to infection. This condition is also known as nephrosis.
nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)
154
Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine. Examples of nitrogenous wastes are urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
nitrogenous waste
155
noct/o
night
156
Frequent, excessive urination at night.
nocturia
157
olig/o
scanty
158
Scanty urination.
oliguria
159
Pertaining to beside or near a kidney.
paranephric
160
Essential functioning cells of any organ.
parenchyma
161
PD
peritoneal dialysis
162
peri-
surrounding
163
uses a catheter to introduce fluid into the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity. Waste materials, such as urea, in the capillaries of the peritoneum pass out of the bloodstream and into the fluid. The fluid (with wastes) is then removed by catheter. When used to treat patients with chronic kidney disease, PD may be performed continuously by the patient without mechanical support (CAPD—continuous ambulatory PD; Figure 7-17) or with the aid of a mechanical apparatus used at night during sleep.
Peritoneal dialysis (PD)
164
pH
potential hydrogen; scale to indicate degree of acidity or alkalinity
165
—Determination of pH reveals the chemical nature of urine. It indicates to what degree a solution is acid or alkaline (basic) (Figure 7-12). Normal urine has a slightly acidic pH of 6.5. However, in some infections of the bladder, the urine pH may be alkaline, owing to the actions of bacteria in the urine that break down urea and release ammonia (an alkaline substance).
pH (urinalysis)
166
Excess of phenylketones in the urine; diagnosed by a PKU test at birth.
phenylketonuria
167
—This is a rare condition in which a baby is born unable to break down an amino acid, phenylalanine. Resulting high blood levels of phenylalanine (phenylketones are detected in urine) can lead to intellectual disability. Although the PKU test originally was performed on urine specimens, now it is done by pricking the newborn’s heel to obtain a small blood sample. If phenylalanine is detected, the infant is fed a diet excluding phenylalanine. Affected children remain on this diet until adulthood.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) (urinalysis)
168
PKD
polycystic kidney disease
169
poly-
many; much; increased
170
Kidneys are filled with cysts that prevent normal kidney function
polycystic kidney disease
171
Excessive thirst. Commonly, a sign of diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus. Polydipsia occurs when excessive urination (polyuria) signals the brain to cause thirst.
polydipsia
172
Excessive urination. A symptom of both diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus.
polyuria
173
Electrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within the blood. Potassium is essential for allowing muscle contraction and conduction of nervous impulses.
potassium (K+)
174
PRAT
perirenal adipose tissue
175
—Small amounts of protein are normally found in the urine but not in sufficient quantity to produce a positive result by ordinary methods of testing. When urinary tests for protein become positive, albumin is usually responsible. Albumin is the major protein in blood plasma. If it is detected in urine (albuminuria), it may indicate a leak in the glomerular membrane, which allows albumin to enter the renal tubule and pass into the urine. Through more sensitive testing, smaller abnormal amounts of albumin may be detected, revealing microalbuminuria, when ordinary tests are negative. Microalbuminuria is recognized as the earliest sign of renal involvement in diabetes mellitus.
Protein (urinalysis)
176
signs of renal failure
Proteinuria: nephritis; renal failure
177
PUL
percutaneous ultrasound lithotripsy
178
py/o
pus
179
pyel/o
renal pelvis
180
Incision to remove a stone from the renal pelvis of the kidney.
pyelolithotomy
181
Inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma caused by a bacterial infectin.
pyelonephritis
182
Pus in urine; sign of urinary tract infection (UTI).
pyuria
183
Image of the kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the bloodstream.
radioisotope scan
184
Process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream.
reabsorption
185
ren/o
kidney
186
X-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney. This procedure helps diagnose obstruction or constriction of blood vessels leading to the kidney. The same changes can be seen on CT and MRI urography.
renal angiography
187
Dilation of narrowed areas (stenosis) in renal arteries. A balloon attached to a catheter is inserted into the artery and then inflated to enlarge the vessel diameter.
renal angioplasty
188
Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney.
renal artery
189
Removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination. Biopsy may be performed at the time of surgery (open) or through the skin (percutaneous, or closed). When the latter technique is used, the patient lies in the prone position; then, after administration of local anesthesia to the overlying skin and muscles of the back, the physician inserts a biopsy needle down into the kidney. Several specimens are obtained for examination by a pathologist.
renal biopsy
190
Kidney stones
renal calculi
191
Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood.
renal cell carcinoma
192
Severe pain resulting from stones (calculi) in a ureter or in the kidney (renal pelvis).
renal colic
193
Failure of the kidneys to produce and excrete urine.
renal failure
194
High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease. Renal hypertension is a type of secondary hypertension (high blood pressure caused by an abnormal condition such as glomerulonephritis).
renal hypertension
195
Condition in which blood is held back from the kidney, often by blockage of renal arteries and arterioles.
renal ischemia
196
Central collecting region in the kidney.
renal pelvis
197
Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient. Patients with renal failure may receive a kidney from a living donor, such as an identical twin (isograft) or other person (allograft), or from a patient at the time of death (cadaver transplant).
renal transplantation
198
Microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration.
renal tubule
199
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart.
renal vein
200
Hormone synthesized, stored, and secreted by the kidney to raise blood pressure. Enzyme that raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels).
renin
201
retro-
behind; back; backward
202
X-ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder.
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
203
uses a hollow metal tube, passed through the urethra and into the bladder. It is used to take biopsy samples, remove polyps, or perform laser treatments. Both these tests can be done in the office or operating room.
Rigid cystoscopy
204
RP
retrograde pyelography
205
High blood pressure caused by kidney disease or other disorders.
secondary hyertension
206
—The presence of abnormal particles in the urine is a sign of a pathologic condition. Such particles, which may settle to the bottom of a urine sample as sediment, may include cells (epithelial, white, or red blood cells), bacteria, crystals, and casts (cylindric structures of protein often containing cellular elements).
Sediment and casts (iurinalysis)
207
sodium (Na+)
Electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys. It is needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions. Chemical element (Na) necessary for cellular functioning. As an electrolyte (NA+), its blood and urine levels are regulated by the kidney.
208
Electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys. It is needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions. Chemical element (Na) necessary for cellular functioning. As an electrolyte (NA+), its blood and urine levels are regulated by the kidney.
sodium (Na+)
209
sp gr
specific gravity
210
—The specific gravity of urine reflects the amounts of wastes, minerals, and solids in the urine. It is a comparison of the density of urine with that of water. The urine of patients with diabetes mellitus has a higher-than-normal specific gravity because of the presence of sugar.
Specific gravity (urinalysis)
211
Stress incontinence occurs with strain on the bladder opening during coughing or sneezing.
Stress incontinence
212
Abnormal narrowing of a tubular structure in the body, opening or passageway.
stricture
213
trigon/o
trigone (region of the bladder)
214
trigone
Triangular area in the urinary bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits.
215
Inflammation of the trigone of the urinary bladder.
trigonitis
216
TURBT
transurethral resection of bladder tumor
217
UA
urinalysis
218
Imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves. Kidney size, tumors, hydronephrosis, polycystic kidney disease, ureteral and bladder obstruction, and the presence of stones can be diagnosed using ultrasound techniques.
ultrasonography
219
ur/o
urine (urea)
220
Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.
urea
221
This toxic state results when nitrogenous waste accumulates abnormally in the blood.
uremia
222
One of the two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
ureter
223
ureter/o
ureter
224
After cystectomy, the urologic surgeon forms a pouch from a segment of the ileum, used in place of the bladder to carry urine from ureters out of the body
ureteroileostomy
225
Surgical transplantation of a ureter to a new site in the urinary bladder. This occurs with a kidney transplant.
`u`retero`n`eo`c`ysto`s`tomy
226
Surgical repair of ureter.
ureteroplasty
227
urethr/o
urethra
228
Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
urethra
229
Narrowing of the urethra.
urethral stricture
230
Inflammation of the urethra.
urethritis
231
Surgical repair of the urethra.
urethroplasty
232
a type of urinary incontinence characterized by a sudden, intense urge to urinate, often followed by involuntary leakage of urine.
Urgency incontinence
233
Nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine.
uric acid
234
urin/o
urine
235
Series of tests to evaluate the composition of urine. It includes tests to determine color, appearance, sugar, bacteria, and protein in urine.
urinalysis
236
Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine.
urinary bladder
237
Passage of a catheter into the urinary bladder for temporary or permanent drainage of urine.
urinary catherization
238
Involuntary passage of urine. Literally means not (in-) able to hold (tin) together (con-).
urinary incontinence
239
Inability to pass urine, which is held back in the urinary bladder.
urinary retention
240
Process of expelling urine; voiding; micturition.
urination
241
UTI
urinary tract infection
242
Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water. Also called antidiuretic hormone, or ADH.
vasopressin
243
VCUG
`v`oiding `c`ysto`u`rethro`g`ram
244
vesic/o
urinary bladder
245
Backflow of urine from the urinary bladder to the ureters.
vesicoureteral reflux
246
Urination
voiding
247
X-ray record of the urinary bladder and urethra taken while patient is urinating and after contrast material is injected retrograde through the urethra.
voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
248
Malignant neoplasm (tumor) of the kidney that occurs in childhood.
Wilms tumor
