CH 7 Urinary System Flashcards
-ectasis
dilation; dilatation; widening
-ectomy
removal; excision; resection
-emia
blood condition
-esis
action; condition; state of
-gram
record
-lithiasis
slipping
-lithotomy
incision (for removal) of a stone
-lysis
breakdown; separation; destruction; loosening
-megaly
enlargement
-ole
little; small
-osis
condition, usually abnormal
-pathy
disease; emotion
-plasty
surgical repair
-poietin
substance that forms
-ptosis
falling; drooping; prolapse
-rrhea
flow; discharge
-sclerosis
hardening
-stenosis
tightening; stricture
-stomy
new opening (to form a mouth)
-tomy
process of cutting
-tripsy
crushing
-uria
urination; condition of urine
.poietin
substance that forms
.tripsy
crushing
.uria
urination; urine condition
a-, an-
no; not; without
Type of ketone body formed when fatty acids are broken down in the liver.
acetone
ADH
antidiuretic hormone—vasopressin
AKI
acute kidney (renal) injury
albumin/o
albumin (a protein in the blood)
Protein in the urine. suffix -uria means urine condition.
albuminuria
angi/o
vessel (blood)
anti-
against
Pituitary gland hormone that stimulates the kidney to decrease production of urine, preventing excess loss of water. Also called vasopressin.
antidiuretic hormone
This hormone from the pituitary gland normally acts on the renal tubules to promote water reabsorption. It is also called vasopressin and is abbreviated ADH.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Suppression of urine formation.
anuria
—Normally, urine should be clear. Cloudy or turbid urine indicates a urinary tract infection with pus (pyuria) and bacteria (bacteriuria).
Appearance (urinalysis)
Small artery
arteriole
is created surgically, often in the patient’s arm, to provide easy access for hemodialysis (Figure 7-16B).
arteriovenous fistula (communication between an artery and a vein)
azot/o
nitrogen
Excess nitrogenous waste products in the blood; uremia.This toxic condition is characteristic of uremia. It is indicated by an elevated BUN (blood urea nitrogen) test.
azotemia
bacteri/o
bacteria
Bacteria in the urine
bacteriuria
BCG
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
—A small amount of this pigment substance is present in urine and gives its distinctive yellow color. Bilirubin is a product of red blood cell breakdown, and increased levels in urine (bilirubinuria) are present in patients with liver disease.
Bilirubin (urinalysis)
hepatitis or gallbladder disease
Bilirubinuria
Malignant tumor of the urinary bladder. Bladder cancer occurs more frequently in men (often smokers) and in persons older than 50 years of age, especially industrial workers exposed to dyes and leather-tanning agents. Signs and symptoms include gross (visible to the naked eye) or microscopic hematuria and dysuria. Cystoscopy with biopsy is the most common diagnostic procedure. Staging of the tumor is based on the depth to which the tumor invades the bladder wall and presence of metastasis. Superficial tumors are removed by electrocauterization burning. BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, an immunotherapeutic drug) is used to treat recurrent superficial tumors. Cystectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy are treatments if cancer has spread deeply into the bladder wall, to regional lymph nodes, or to distant organs.
bladder cancer
BUN
blood urea nitrogen test
C&S
Culture and sensitivity testing
Active form of vitamin D, secreted by the kidney.
calciferol
cali/o, calic/o
calyx (calix); cup-shaped
related to or of the calyx, which are the cup-shaped cavities in the kidney that collect urine before it flows into the renal pelvis
caliceal
Dilation or widening of a calyx. This occurs when urine is backed up in the kidney as in hydronephrosis.
caliectasis
calyx; pl. calyces
Cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis.
CAPD
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Tube for injecting or removing fluids.
catheter
CKD
chronic kidney disease
Cl−
chloride—an electrolyte excreted by the kidney
intermittent spasms of pain caused by inflammation and distention of an organ. In renal colic, pain results from calculi in the kidney or ureter.
Colic
—Normal urine color is yellow (amber) or straw-colored. A colorless, pale urine indicates a large amount of water in the urine, whereas a smoky-red or brown color of urine indicates the presence of large amounts of blood. Foods such as beets and certain drugs also can produce a red coloration of urine.
Color (urinalysis)
Outer region of an organ; the renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney
cortex
Pertaining to the cortex (outer region of an organ).
cortical
CrCl
creatinine clearance
Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine. Creatinine is a product of muscle metabolism.
creatinine
Measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney.
creatinine clearance
CRF
chronic renal failure—progressive loss of kidney function; same as CKD
X-ray images obtained using computed tomography (CT) show multiple cross-sectional and other views of the kidney.
CT urography
cyst/o
urinary bladder
a small protein, produced by all nucleated cells, that’s used as a biomarker for kidney function, particularly to assess glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)Blood test for a protein produced by body cells. Cystatin C is typically kept at a normal level by normal kidney function. High levels of cystatin C suggest abnormal kidney function.
cystatin C
Excision (removal) of the urinary bladder.
cystectomy
Inflammation of the urinary bladder.
cystitis
cystoscopic examination
cysto
Direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope).
cystoscopy
An opening is made into the urinary bladder from the outside of the body. A catheter is placed into the bladder for drainage.
cystostomy
dia-
complete; through
Abnormal condition of inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland. Patients experience polyuria (excessive urination) and polydipsia (excessive thirst).
diabetes insipidus (DI)
Lack of insulin secretion (type 1) or improper utilization of insulin by cells (type 2) leads to hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia.
diabetes mellitus (DM)
Separation of nitrogenous wastes from the blood when the kidneys no longer function; hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are examples.
dialysis
dips/o
thirst
Increased excretion of urine by the kidneys. A diuretic is an agent, such as tea, coffee, or water, that increases diuresis. Di- (from dia-) means complete.
diuresis
Drug that promotes or increases the production of urine (diuresis).
diuretics
dys-
abnormal, bad, difficult, painful
Painful urination
dysuria
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces.
edema
eGFR
estimated glomerular filtration rate
Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Examples are sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-).
electrolyte
en-
in; within
Bedwetting; literally, “in urine.” A condition (-esis) of being “in urine”; bed-wetting.
enuresis
Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate red blood cell production in bone marrow.
erythropoietin (EPO)
ESRD
end-stage renal disease
High blood pressure due to no apparent cause. The most common type of high blood pressure.
essential (primary) hypertension
ESWL
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
Process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter.
filtration
uses a thin fiberoptic cystoscope and is used for diagnosis and checkups of the urinary bladder.
Flexible cystoscopy
is an indwelling (left in the bladder) catheter held in place by a balloon inflated with liquid.
Foley catheter
glomerul/o
glomerulus
Cup-like structure that surrounds each glomerulus; collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus. Also known as Bowman capsule.
glomerular capsule
Inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney.
glomerulonephritis
Tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the kidney. As blood flows through each glomerulus, waste materials and other substances are filtered from the bloodstream.
glomerulus (plural: glomeruli)
—Sugar is not normally found in the urine. In most cases, when it does appear (glycosuria), it indicates diabetes mellitus. In diabetes mellitus, there is excess sugar in the bloodstream (hyperglycemia), which leads to the “spilling over” of sugar into the urine. The renal tubules cannot reabsorb all the sugar that filters out through the glomerular membrane.
Glucose (urinalysis)
glycos/o
glucose; sugar
Sugar in the urine
glycosuria
Can be seen with the naked eye.
gross hematuria
HCO3−
bicarbonate—an electrolyte conserved by the kidney
HD
hemodialysis Smoky-red (blood in urine): renal calculi; tumor; kidney disease; cystitis; urinary obstruction
Blood in the urine.
hematuria
Removal of nitrogenous waste from the blood in patients whose kidneys have stopped functioning. Blood leaves the body and circulates through a machine that removes wastes before sending the blood back into the body through a vein. (artificial kidney machine)
Hemodialysis (HD)
Depression or hollow in the surface of an organ, such as the kidney and lung. It is the area where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the organ.
hilum
hydr/o
water
Abnormal condition of excess backup of fluid (urine) in the kidney. Obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi
hydronephrosis
Condition of high concentration of potassium (K+) in blood.
hyperkalemia
Abnormally high levels of sodium in the bloodstream.
hypernatremia
hypo-
deficient; below; under; less than normal
a condition characterized by low levels of albumin in the blood
hypoalbuminemia
Low levels of sodium in blood. This condition can occur when water intake is excessive—primary polydipsia, or when athletes drink too much water in high-endurance events.
hyponatremia
IC
interstitial cystitis—chronic inflammation of the bladder wall; not caused by bacterial infection and not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy
a surgical procedure that creates a new pathway for urine to drain from the kidneys to the outside of the body.It is typically performed when the bladder needs to be removed, such as due to bladder cancer.
ileal conduit
Inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules in the kidney.
interstitial nephritis
Within the urinary bladder. Do not confuse the term vesical with the term vesicle, which is a small blister on the skin.
intravesical
isch/o
to hold back or deficiency
IVP
intravenous pyelogram
K+
potassium—an electrolyte
kal/i
potassium
ket/o, keton/o
ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)
Fats are improperly burned, leading to an accumulation of ketones and acids in the body.
Ketoacidosis
—Ketones (or acetones, a type of ketone body) are formed when fatty acids are broken down in the liver. Ketones accumulate in blood and urine when the body breaks down fat, instead of sugar, for fuel. Ketonuria occurs in diabetes mellitus when cells deprived of sugar must use up their available fat for energy. In starvation, when sugar is not available, ketonuria and ketosis (ketones in the blood) occur as fat is catabolized abnormally. Ketones in the blood are dangerous because they increase the acidity of the blood (ketoacidosis). If severe, this may lead to coma (unconsciousness) and death.
Ketone bodies (urinalysis)
Presence of ketones in the urine. Common in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, but can occur anytime the body begins to break down fatty tissue to provide energy, as in starvation.
ketonuria
Accumulation of large quantities of ketone bodies (acetones) in the blood; ketoacidosis.
ketosis
One of two bean-shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region.
kidney
KUB
kidney, ureters, and bladder
X-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. A KUB study demonstrates the size and location of kidneys in relation to other organs and may reveal kidney stones.
KUB (K-U-B / kidneys, ureters, and bladder)
lith/o
stone
Process of using high-energy sound waves to crush a stone within the kidney or ureter.
lithotripsy
meat/o
meatus
Narrowing of the meatus (opening) leading from the urethra to the outside of the body.
meatal stenosis
Opening or canal.
meatus
Inner region of an organ. The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney. Medullary means pertaining to the medulla. The term comes from the Latin medulla, meaning marrow (inner part).
medulla
Pertaining to the medulla (inner region) of an organ.
medullary
is leakage of very small amounts of albumin through the glomeruli.
Microalbuminuria
is hematuria that is visible only under a microscope, as opposed to gross hematuria, which can be seen with the naked eye.
Microhematuria
Process of taking MRI images of the urinary tract after injecting contrast.
MRI urography
Na+
sodium—an electrolyte
natr/o
sodium
necr/o
death
nephr/o
kidney
Abnormal condition of kidney stones. Kidney stones (renal calculi). Kidney stones usually are composed of uric acid or calcium salts.
nephrolithiasis
Incision (percutaneous) into the kidney to remove a stone (calculus).
nephrolithotomy
Functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus, renal tubule, and collecting tubule.
nephron
Disease of the kidneys.
nephropathy
is an operation to put a “floating” kidney in place. (-pexy means fixation)
Nephropexy
Prolapse of a kidney; floating or wandering kidney.
nephroptosis
Opening of the kidney to the outside of the body.
nephrostomy
Group of symptoms that occur due to loss of protein in the urine. Symptoms include edema (swelling of tissues), hypoalbuminemia (loss of protein from the blood), proteinuria, and susceptibility to infection. This condition is also known as nephrosis.
nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)
Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine. Examples of nitrogenous wastes are urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
nitrogenous waste
noct/o
night
Frequent, excessive urination at night.
nocturia
olig/o
scanty
Scanty urination.
oliguria
Pertaining to beside or near a kidney.
paranephric
Essential functioning cells of any organ.
parenchyma
PD
peritoneal dialysis
peri-
surrounding
uses a catheter to introduce fluid into the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity. Waste materials, such as urea, in the capillaries of the peritoneum pass out of the bloodstream and into the fluid. The fluid (with wastes) is then removed by catheter. When used to treat patients with chronic kidney disease, PD may be performed continuously by the patient without mechanical support (CAPD—continuous ambulatory PD; Figure 7-17) or with the aid of a mechanical apparatus used at night during sleep.
Peritoneal dialysis (PD)
pH
potential hydrogen; scale to indicate degree of acidity or alkalinity
—Determination of pH reveals the chemical nature of urine. It indicates to what degree a solution is acid or alkaline (basic) (Figure 7-12). Normal urine has a slightly acidic pH of 6.5. However, in some infections of the bladder, the urine pH may be alkaline, owing to the actions of bacteria in the urine that break down urea and release ammonia (an alkaline substance).
pH (urinalysis)
Excess of phenylketones in the urine; diagnosed by a PKU test at birth.
phenylketonuria
—This is a rare condition in which a baby is born unable to break down an amino acid, phenylalanine. Resulting high blood levels of phenylalanine (phenylketones are detected in urine) can lead to intellectual disability. Although the PKU test originally was performed on urine specimens, now it is done by pricking the newborn’s heel to obtain a small blood sample. If phenylalanine is detected, the infant is fed a diet excluding phenylalanine. Affected children remain on this diet until adulthood.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) (urinalysis)
PKD
polycystic kidney disease
poly-
many; much; increased
Kidneys are filled with cysts that prevent normal kidney function
polycystic kidney disease
Excessive thirst. Commonly, a sign of diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus. Polydipsia occurs when excessive urination (polyuria) signals the brain to cause thirst.
polydipsia
Excessive urination. A symptom of both diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus.
polyuria
Electrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within the blood. Potassium is essential for allowing muscle contraction and conduction of nervous impulses.
potassium (K+)
PRAT
perirenal adipose tissue
—Small amounts of protein are normally found in the urine but not in sufficient quantity to produce a positive result by ordinary methods of testing. When urinary tests for protein become positive, albumin is usually responsible. Albumin is the major protein in blood plasma. If it is detected in urine (albuminuria), it may indicate a leak in the glomerular membrane, which allows albumin to enter the renal tubule and pass into the urine. Through more sensitive testing, smaller abnormal amounts of albumin may be detected, revealing microalbuminuria, when ordinary tests are negative. Microalbuminuria is recognized as the earliest sign of renal involvement in diabetes mellitus.
Protein (urinalysis)
signs of renal failure
Proteinuria: nephritis; renal failure
PUL
percutaneous ultrasound lithotripsy
py/o
pus
pyel/o
renal pelvis
Incision to remove a stone from the renal pelvis of the kidney.
pyelolithotomy
Inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma caused by a bacterial infectin.
pyelonephritis
Pus in urine; sign of urinary tract infection (UTI).
pyuria
Image of the kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the bloodstream.
radioisotope scan
Process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream.
reabsorption
ren/o
kidney
X-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney. This procedure helps diagnose obstruction or constriction of blood vessels leading to the kidney. The same changes can be seen on CT and MRI urography.
renal angiography
Dilation of narrowed areas (stenosis) in renal arteries. A balloon attached to a catheter is inserted into the artery and then inflated to enlarge the vessel diameter.
renal angioplasty
Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney.
renal artery
Removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination. Biopsy may be performed at the time of surgery (open) or through the skin (percutaneous, or closed). When the latter technique is used, the patient lies in the prone position; then, after administration of local anesthesia to the overlying skin and muscles of the back, the physician inserts a biopsy needle down into the kidney. Several specimens are obtained for examination by a pathologist.
renal biopsy
Kidney stones
renal calculi
Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood.
renal cell carcinoma
Severe pain resulting from stones (calculi) in a ureter or in the kidney (renal pelvis).
renal colic
Failure of the kidneys to produce and excrete urine.
renal failure
High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease. Renal hypertension is a type of secondary hypertension (high blood pressure caused by an abnormal condition such as glomerulonephritis).
renal hypertension
Condition in which blood is held back from the kidney, often by blockage of renal arteries and arterioles.
renal ischemia
Central collecting region in the kidney.
renal pelvis
Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient. Patients with renal failure may receive a kidney from a living donor, such as an identical twin (isograft) or other person (allograft), or from a patient at the time of death (cadaver transplant).
renal transplantation
Microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration.
renal tubule
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart.
renal vein
Hormone synthesized, stored, and secreted by the kidney to raise blood pressure. Enzyme that raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels).
renin
retro-
behind; back; backward
X-ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder.
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
uses a hollow metal tube, passed through the urethra and into the bladder. It is used to take biopsy samples, remove polyps, or perform laser treatments. Both these tests can be done in the office or operating room.
Rigid cystoscopy
RP
retrograde pyelography
High blood pressure caused by kidney disease or other disorders.
secondary hyertension
—The presence of abnormal particles in the urine is a sign of a pathologic condition. Such particles, which may settle to the bottom of a urine sample as sediment, may include cells (epithelial, white, or red blood cells), bacteria, crystals, and casts (cylindric structures of protein often containing cellular elements).
Sediment and casts (iurinalysis)
sodium (Na+)
Electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys. It is needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions. Chemical element (Na) necessary for cellular functioning. As an electrolyte (NA+), its blood and urine levels are regulated by the kidney.
Electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys. It is needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions. Chemical element (Na) necessary for cellular functioning. As an electrolyte (NA+), its blood and urine levels are regulated by the kidney.
sodium (Na+)
sp gr
specific gravity
—The specific gravity of urine reflects the amounts of wastes, minerals, and solids in the urine. It is a comparison of the density of urine with that of water. The urine of patients with diabetes mellitus has a higher-than-normal specific gravity because of the presence of sugar.
Specific gravity (urinalysis)
Stress incontinence occurs with strain on the bladder opening during coughing or sneezing.
Stress incontinence
Abnormal narrowing of a tubular structure in the body, opening or passageway.
stricture
trigon/o
trigone (region of the bladder)
trigone
Triangular area in the urinary bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits.
Inflammation of the trigone of the urinary bladder.
trigonitis
TURBT
transurethral resection of bladder tumor
UA
urinalysis
Imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves. Kidney size, tumors, hydronephrosis, polycystic kidney disease, ureteral and bladder obstruction, and the presence of stones can be diagnosed using ultrasound techniques.
ultrasonography
ur/o
urine (urea)
Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine.
urea
This toxic state results when nitrogenous waste accumulates abnormally in the blood.
uremia
One of the two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
ureter
ureter/o
ureter
After cystectomy, the urologic surgeon forms a pouch from a segment of the ileum, used in place of the bladder to carry urine from ureters out of the body
ureteroileostomy
Surgical transplantation of a ureter to a new site in the urinary bladder. This occurs with a kidney transplant.
ureteroneocystostomy
Surgical repair of ureter.
ureteroplasty
urethr/o
urethra
Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
urethra
Narrowing of the urethra.
urethral stricture
Inflammation of the urethra.
urethritis
Surgical repair of the urethra.
urethroplasty
a type of urinary incontinence characterized by a sudden, intense urge to urinate, often followed by involuntary leakage of urine.
Urgency incontinence
Nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine.
uric acid
urin/o
urine
Series of tests to evaluate the composition of urine. It includes tests to determine color, appearance, sugar, bacteria, and protein in urine.
urinalysis
Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine.
urinary bladder
Passage of a catheter into the urinary bladder for temporary or permanent drainage of urine.
urinary catherization
Involuntary passage of urine. Literally means not (in-) able to hold (tin) together (con-).
urinary incontinence
Inability to pass urine, which is held back in the urinary bladder.
urinary retention
Process of expelling urine; voiding; micturition.
urination
UTI
urinary tract infection
Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water. Also called antidiuretic hormone, or ADH.
vasopressin
VCUG
voiding cystourethrogram
vesic/o
urinary bladder
Backflow of urine from the urinary bladder to the ureters.
vesicoureteral reflux
Urination
voiding
X-ray record of the urinary bladder and urethra taken while patient is urinating and after contrast material is injected retrograde through the urethra.
voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
Malignant neoplasm (tumor) of the kidney that occurs in childhood.
Wilms tumor
