ch 19 voccabulary cancer/oncology Flashcards
Drugs are given after primary therapy (surgery or radiation).
adjuvant chemotherapy
Adjuvant means to assist
Chemotherapeutic synthetic drugs that cause crosslinks and breaks in DNA to stop cells from dividing.
alkylating agents
Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type.
anaplasia
Chemotherapeutic drugs found in bacteria and fungi, which cause breaks in DNA strands to inhibit cell division.
antibiotics
Chemotherapeutic agents that block the synthesis of DNA components (nucleotides) and prevent cells from dividing.
antimetabolites
Chemotherapeutic chemicals that block the function of a protein necessary for mitosis.
antimitotics
Programmed cell death. Normal cells undergo ________ when damaged or aging.
apoptosis
If cancer cells lose the ability to undergo apoptosis, they survive indefinitely.
(Apo- means off, away; -ptosis means to fall.)
Noncancerous growth
benign tumor
Radiotherapy that uses insertion of sealed containers into body cavities or radioactive seeds directly into the tumor.
brachytherapy
Agents that cause cancer:
chemicals and drugs, radiation, and viruses.
carcinogens
Cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin.
carcinoma
Treatment with drugs that kill tumor cells.
chemotherapy
Use of several chemotherapeutic agents to treat tumors.
combination chemotherapy
Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type; anaplasia or undifferentiation.
dedifferentiation
Genetic material within the nucleus of a cell; controls cell division and protein synthesis.
DNAdeoxyribonucleic acid
differentiation
Specialization of cells
Low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors.
electron beams
Surrounded by a capsule; benign tumors are _________
encapsulated
Radiation is applied to a tumor from a source outside the body.
external beam irradiation
fractionation
Giving radiation in small, repeated doses.
Patients and family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene.
genetic screening
Evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells or degree of differentiation.
grading of tumors
gray (Gy)
Unit of absorbed radiation dose.
Visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye: cystic, fungating, inflammatory, medullary, necrotic, polypoid, ulcerating, or verrucous.
gross description of tumors
Cancer treatment using immune cells and antibodies to kill tumor cells; CAR-T cell therapy and checkpoint inhibitors are examples.
immunotherapy
Extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues.
infiltrative
Having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue.
invasive
Exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat, or x-rays.
irradiation
Large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors.
linear accelerator
Tumor having the characteristics of continuous growth, invasiveness, and metastasis.
malignant tumor
Pertaining to embryonic connective tissue from which all connective tissues arise. Sarcomas are tumors of connective tissues that arise originally from ________ cells.
mesenchymal
Spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site
metastasis
beyond (meta-) control (-stasis)
These terms are _____ _____of tumors
alveolar
carcinoma in situ
diffuse
dysplastic
epidermoid
follicular
papillary
pleomorphic
scirrhous
undifferentiated
microscopic description of tumors
Replication of cells by cell division; involving the production of two identical daughter cells from a parent cell.
mitosis
Tumors composed of different types of tissue (epithelial as well as connective tissue).
mixed-tissue tumors
Method of treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or irradiation.
modality
Use of drugs to attack specific targets (mutations) that drive cancer cell growth.
molecularly targeted therapy
These are antibodies created in a laboratory by special reproductive (cloning) techniques. They are designed to attack specific cancer cells directly or to activate T cells (or other effector cells) to kill the tumor.
monoclonal antibodies
Condition of being unwell or deficient in normal function.
morbidity
Containing mucus
(a thick whitish secretion).
mucinous
Change in the genetic material (DNA) of a cell; may be caused by chemicals, radiation, or viruses or may occur spontaneously.
mutation
Drugs are given before primary therapy (surgery or radiation) to reduce the size of a tumor.
neoadjuvant chemotherapy
neoplasm
New growth; benign or malignant tumor.
Component of DNA (gene) including sugar, phosphate, and a base. The arrangement of ____________’s on a gene is the genetic code.
nucleotide
Region of DNA in tumor cells (cellular ____ or in viruses (viral ____) that causes cancer.
oncogene
Relieving but not curing symptoms.
palliative
Possessing a stem or stalk (peduncle); characteristic of some polypoid tumors.
pedunculated
Radiation therapy using energy in the form of x-rays or gamma rays.
A linear accelerator produces ____ beams to treat tumors.
photon therapy
Detailed plan for treatment of an illness.
protocol
Subatomic positively charged particles produced by a cyclotron deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly focused point in the body.
proton therapy
Energy carried by a stream of particles.
radiation
Area of the body undergoing irradiation to treat a tumor from a specific angle.
radiation field
Tumor that is completely destroyed by radiation therapy. `Usually, this is a localized tumor with no evidence of metastasis.
Ex. Early Hodgkin lymphoma, and seminomas of the testes
radiocurable tumor
Tumor that survives large doses of radiation.
radioresistant tumor
Tumor for which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue.
radiosensitive tumor
Drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays.
radiosensitizers
Treatment of tumors using doses of radiation
radiotherapy / radiation therapy
Recurrence of tumor after treatment.
relapse
Absence of signs and symptoms of disease (tumor).
remission
Cellular substance that, along with DNA, plays a role in protein synthesis.
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Cancerous (malignant) tumor derived from connective-flesh and blood forming tissue. Less common than carcinomoas.
sarcoma
Having the appearance of a thin, watery fluid (serum).
serous
Having no stem; characteristic of some polypoid tumors.
Type of polyp that extends from a broad base as opposed to growing on a stalk.
sessile
Imaging study performed before radiation therapy using CT scan and/or MRI to map the treatment area.
Required in the treatment planning phase for all patients undergoing radiotherapy.
simulation
Tumor composed of a mass of cells.
solid tumor
System of evaluating/classifying tumors on the basis of extent of spread.
staging of tumors
Single large dose of radiation is delivered under precise 3D guidance.
The aim is to destroy small tumors, usually at a single site in the body.
stereotactic radiosurgery
(SRS)
Examples of ________ ________ to treat cancer
cryosurgery
cauterization
en bloc resection
excisional biopsy
exenteration
fulguration
incisional biopsy
surgical procedures
Pieces of DNA from viruses that, when mutated, cause normal cells to become malignant.
viral oncogenes
Infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host’s genetic material to make copies of itself.
virus
microscopic description of tumor
cell arrangement (found in connective tissue tumors).
also means pertaining to an alveolus-individual secion or air sac in the lung
alveolar
General ill health and malnutrition (wasting of muscle and emaciation) associated with chronic, severe disease
(-hexia means state or condition).
cachexia
microscopic description of tumor
Localized cancer; confined to the site of origin.
carcinoma in situ
surgical procedure
Burning a lesion to destroy tumor cells
cauterization or electrocauterization
surgical procedure:
Freezing a lesion to kill tumor cells
cryosurgery
Gross description of tumor:
Tumors form large, open spaces filled with fluid;
Ex. serous and mucinous tumors
cystic tumor
Malignant tumor of fibrous or connective tissue.
fibrosarcoma
Microscopic description of tumor:
Glandular tumors. Pertaining to small, round gland-type clusters.
follicular
Gross description of tumor:
growth in which cells pile one on top of another and project from the tissue surface. (mushrooming pattern)
fungating tumor
Gross description of tumor:
Tumors are large, soft, and fleshy:
medullary tumor
Inflammation of mucous membranes; often a side effect of radiation therapy or chemotherapy.
mucositis
Pertaining to producing a mutation.
mutagenic
Gross description of tumor
tumor containing dead tissue:
necrotic tumor
Genetic disorder that causes tumors (usually noncancerous) to form in nerve tissue.
neurofibromatosis
oncology
Study of tumors (malignant tumors).
microscopic description of tumor:
Pertaining to nipple-like projections.
papillary
Microscopic description of tumor:
Cells that are highly abnormal but not clearly cancerous. The suffix -tic means pertaining to.
dysplastic
Micorscopic description of tumor:
Tumors that are composed of a variety of cells.
pleomorphic
Gross description of tumor:
Tumors projecting from a base; resembling a polyp.
Grow out of the mucous lining of a hollow organ (colon, nose, female reporductive)
Ex. sessile and pedunculated tumors
polypoid tumor
Malignant tumor of bone.
osteosarcoma
microscopic description of tumor:
Pertaining to hard, densely packed tumors, overgrown with fibrous tissue.
scirrhous
dry mouth
xerostomia
Childhood cancer arising from immature cells in the retina.
retinoblastoma
Malignant childhood tumor originating in cells of the nervous system.
neuroblastoma
Formation or production of cancer.
carcinogenesis
Cancerous tumor of glandular tissue.
adenocarcinoma
Condition of increased formation of cells.
hyperplasia
Bone marrow activity decreases causing impaired formation of blood cells
Ex. leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia
myelosuppression
Microscopic description of tumor:
Cells that resemble epidermal tissue.
epidermoid
Also called external beam radiotherapy.
teletherapy
a mutation where two different chromosomes switch locations is called a?
translocation
tumor of glandular tissue (benign)
adenoma
partial or complete hair loss
alopecia
Loss of skin over an irradiated area
desquamation
Micrscopic description of tumor:
Spreading evenly throughout the affected tissue
diffuse
When DNA controls the production of new proteins it is called?
protein synthesis
surgical procedure:
Removal of entire tumor and regional lymph nodes.
Ex. Mastectomy, colectomy, and gastrectomy
en bloc resection
surgical procedure:
Removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue for diagnosis and possible cure of small tumors
excisional biopsy
surgical procedure:
Wide resection involving removal of tumor, its organ of origin, and surrounding tissue in the body space
exenteration
exposure of tissue to radiation
irradiation
Abnormal condition (proliferation) of fibrous connective tissue;
pulmonary ____ occurs in the lung as a side effect of radiation for lung cancer.
fibrosis
surgical procedure:
Placement of a very thin needle inside the tumor mass and extraction of cells for microscopic evaluation.
fine needle aspiration
surgical procedure:
Destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by a high-frequency current
fulguration
Eache DNA piece, contains the code for making a single protein
gene
term when doctors classify tumors on the basis of microscopic appearance
grade
surgical procedure:
Cutting into a tumor and removing a piece to establish a diagnosis
incisional biopsy
Loss of reproductive function:
infertility
Gross description of tumor:
Characterized by redness, swelling, and heat
inflammatory
Treatment using a linear accelerator in the operating room.
Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT)
Inflammation and ulceration of lining cells in the mouth caused by radiation to the jaw:
oral mucositis
tumor of bone (benign)
osteoma
Inflammation of the lungs.
pneumonitis
Procedure that can be used to remove as much of the primary tumor mass as possible to improve results of irradiation or drug therapy.
debulking procedure
New type of growths in separate sites from the primary tumor:
secondary tumors
subatomic particles
protons
Gross description of tumor:
Characterized by large, open, exposed surfaces
ulcerating
Microscopic description of tumor:
Description of cells or tissues that do not have specialized (“mature”) structures or functions.
____ cancer cells often grow and spread quickly.
undifferentiated
Gross description of tumor:
Tumors resemble wart-like growths
verrucous
inflammation of the urinary bladder
cystitis
inflammation of the rectum and anus
proctitis
