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Language of Medicine > ch 19 voccabulary cancer/oncology > Flashcards

ch 19 voccabulary cancer/oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs are given after primary therapy (surgery or radiation).

A

adjuvant chemotherapy

Adjuvant means to assist

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2
Q

Chemotherapeutic synthetic drugs that cause crosslinks and breaks in DNA to stop cells from dividing.

A

alkylating agents

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3
Q

Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type.

A

anaplasia

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4
Q

Chemotherapeutic drugs found in bacteria and fungi, which cause breaks in DNA strands to inhibit cell division.

A

antibiotics

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5
Q

Chemotherapeutic agents that block the synthesis of DNA components (nucleotides) and prevent cells from dividing.

A

antimetabolites

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6
Q

Chemotherapeutic chemicals that block the function of a protein necessary for mitosis.

A

antimitotics

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7
Q

Programmed cell death. Normal cells undergo ________ when damaged or aging.

A

apoptosis

If cancer cells lose the ability to undergo apoptosis, they survive indefinitely.

(Apo- means off, away; -ptosis means to fall.)

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8
Q

Noncancerous growth

A

benign tumor

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9
Q

Radiotherapy that uses insertion of sealed containers into body cavities or radioactive seeds directly into the tumor.

A

brachytherapy

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10
Q

Agents that cause cancer:
chemicals and drugs, radiation, and viruses.

A

carcinogens

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11
Q

Cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin.

A

carcinoma

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12
Q

Treatment with drugs that kill tumor cells.

A

chemotherapy

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13
Q

Use of several chemotherapeutic agents to treat tumors.

A

combination chemotherapy

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14
Q

Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type; anaplasia or undifferentiation.

A

dedifferentiation

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15
Q

Genetic material within the nucleus of a cell; controls cell division and protein synthesis.

A

DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid

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16
Q

differentiation

A

Specialization of cells

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17
Q

Low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors.

A

electron beams

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18
Q

Surrounded by a capsule; benign tumors are _________

A

encapsulated

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19
Q

Radiation is applied to a tumor from a source outside the body.

A

external beam irradiation

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20
Q

fractionation

A

Giving radiation in small, repeated doses.

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21
Q

Patients and family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene.

A

genetic screening

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22
Q

Evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells or degree of differentiation.

A

grading of tumors

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23
Q

gray (Gy)

A

Unit of absorbed radiation dose.

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24
Q

Visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye: cystic, fungating, inflammatory, medullary, necrotic, polypoid, ulcerating, or verrucous.

A

gross description of tumors

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25
Q

Cancer treatment using immune cells and antibodies to kill tumor cells; CAR-T cell therapy and checkpoint inhibitors are examples.

A

immunotherapy

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26
Q

Extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues.

A

infiltrative

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27
Q

Having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue.

A

invasive

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28
Q

Exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat, or x-rays.

A

irradiation

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29
Q

Large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors.

A

linear accelerator

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30
Q

Tumor having the characteristics of continuous growth, invasiveness, and metastasis.

A

malignant tumor

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31
Q

Pertaining to embryonic connective tissue from which all connective tissues arise. Sarcomas are tumors of connective tissues that arise originally from ________ cells.

A

mesenchymal

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32
Q

Spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site

A

metastasis

beyond (meta-) control (-stasis)

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33
Q

These terms are _____ _____of tumors
alveolar
carcinoma in situ
diffuse
dysplastic
epidermoid
follicular
papillary
pleomorphic
scirrhous
undifferentiated

A

microscopic description of tumors

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34
Q

Replication of cells by cell division; involving the production of two identical daughter cells from a parent cell.

A

mitosis

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35
Q

Tumors composed of different types of tissue (epithelial as well as connective tissue).

A

mixed-tissue tumors

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36
Q

Method of treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or irradiation.

A

modality

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37
Q

Use of drugs to attack specific targets (mutations) that drive cancer cell growth.

A

molecularly targeted therapy

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38
Q

These are antibodies created in a laboratory by special reproductive (cloning) techniques. They are designed to attack specific cancer cells directly or to activate T cells (or other effector cells) to kill the tumor.

A

monoclonal antibodies

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39
Q

Condition of being unwell or deficient in normal function.

A

morbidity

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40
Q

Containing mucus
(a thick whitish secretion).

A

mucinous

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41
Q

Change in the genetic material (DNA) of a cell; may be caused by chemicals, radiation, or viruses or may occur spontaneously.

A

mutation

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42
Q

Drugs are given before primary therapy (surgery or radiation) to reduce the size of a tumor.

A

neoadjuvant chemotherapy

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43
Q

neoplasm

A

New growth; benign or malignant tumor.

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44
Q

Component of DNA (gene) including sugar, phosphate, and a base. The arrangement of ____________’s on a gene is the genetic code.

A

nucleotide

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45
Q

Region of DNA in tumor cells (cellular ____ or in viruses (viral ____) that causes cancer.

A

oncogene

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46
Q

Relieving but not curing symptoms.

A

palliative

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47
Q

Possessing a stem or stalk (peduncle); characteristic of some polypoid tumors.

A

pedunculated

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48
Q

Radiation therapy using energy in the form of x-rays or gamma rays.

A linear accelerator produces ____ beams to treat tumors.

A

photon therapy

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49
Q

Detailed plan for treatment of an illness.

A

protocol

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50
Q

Subatomic positively charged particles produced by a cyclotron deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly focused point in the body.

A

proton therapy

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51
Q

Energy carried by a stream of particles.

A

radiation

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52
Q

Area of the body undergoing irradiation to treat a tumor from a specific angle.

A

radiation field

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53
Q

Tumor that is completely destroyed by radiation therapy. `Usually, this is a localized tumor with no evidence of metastasis.

Ex. Early Hodgkin lymphoma, and seminomas of the testes

A

radiocurable tumor

54
Q

Tumor that survives large doses of radiation.

A

radioresistant tumor

55
Q

Tumor for which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue.

A

radiosensitive tumor

56
Q

Drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays.

A

radiosensitizers

57
Q

Treatment of tumors using doses of radiation

A

radiotherapy / radiation therapy

58
Q

Recurrence of tumor after treatment.

A

relapse

59
Q

Absence of signs and symptoms of disease (tumor).

A

remission

60
Q

Cellular substance that, along with DNA, plays a role in protein synthesis.

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

61
Q

Cancerous (malignant) tumor derived from connective-flesh and blood forming tissue. Less common than carcinomoas.

A

sarcoma

62
Q

Having the appearance of a thin, watery fluid (serum).

A

serous

63
Q

Having no stem; characteristic of some polypoid tumors.

Type of polyp that extends from a broad base as opposed to growing on a stalk.

A

sessile

64
Q

Imaging study performed before radiation therapy using CT scan and/or MRI to map the treatment area.

Required in the treatment planning phase for all patients undergoing radiotherapy.

A

simulation

65
Q

Tumor composed of a mass of cells.

A

solid tumor

66
Q

System of evaluating/classifying tumors on the basis of extent of spread.

A

staging of tumors

67
Q

Single large dose of radiation is delivered under precise 3D guidance.

The aim is to destroy small tumors, usually at a single site in the body.

A

stereotactic radiosurgery
(SRS)

68
Q

Examples of ________ ________ to treat cancer

cryosurgery
cauterization
en bloc resection
excisional biopsy
exenteration
fulguration
incisional biopsy

A

surgical procedures

69
Q

Pieces of DNA from viruses that, when mutated, cause normal cells to become malignant.

A

viral oncogenes

70
Q

Infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host’s genetic material to make copies of itself.

A

virus

71
Q

microscopic description of tumor

cell arrangement (found in connective tissue tumors).
also means pertaining to an alveolus-individual secion or air sac in the lung

A

alveolar

72
Q

General ill health and malnutrition (wasting of muscle and emaciation) associated with chronic, severe disease

(-hexia means state or condition).

A

cachexia

73
Q

microscopic description of tumor

Localized cancer; confined to the site of origin.

A

carcinoma in situ

74
Q

surgical procedure

Burning a lesion to destroy tumor cells

A

cauterization or electrocauterization

75
Q

surgical procedure:

Freezing a lesion to kill tumor cells

A

cryosurgery

76
Q

Gross description of tumor:

Tumors form large, open spaces filled with fluid;

Ex. serous and mucinous tumors

A

cystic tumor

77
Q

Malignant tumor of fibrous or connective tissue.

A

fibrosarcoma

78
Q

Microscopic description of tumor:

Glandular tumors. Pertaining to small, round gland-type clusters.

A

follicular

79
Q

Gross description of tumor:

growth in which cells pile one on top of another and project from the tissue surface. (mushrooming pattern)

A

fungating tumor

80
Q

Gross description of tumor:

Tumors are large, soft, and fleshy:

A

medullary tumor

81
Q

Inflammation of mucous membranes; often a side effect of radiation therapy or chemotherapy.

A

mucositis

82
Q

Pertaining to producing a mutation.

A

mutagenic

83
Q

Gross description of tumor

tumor containing dead tissue:

A

necrotic tumor

84
Q

Genetic disorder that causes tumors (usually noncancerous) to form in nerve tissue.

A

neurofibromatosis

85
Q

oncology

A

Study of tumors (malignant tumors).

86
Q

microscopic description of tumor:

Pertaining to nipple-like projections.

A

papillary

87
Q

Microscopic description of tumor:

Cells that are highly abnormal but not clearly cancerous. The suffix -tic means pertaining to.

A

dysplastic

88
Q

Micorscopic description of tumor:

Tumors that are composed of a variety of cells.

A

pleomorphic

89
Q

Gross description of tumor:

Tumors projecting from a base; resembling a polyp.

Grow out of the mucous lining of a hollow organ (colon, nose, female reporductive)

Ex. sessile and pedunculated tumors

A

polypoid tumor

90
Q

Malignant tumor of bone.

A

osteosarcoma

91
Q

microscopic description of tumor:

Pertaining to hard, densely packed tumors, overgrown with fibrous tissue.

A

scirrhous

92
Q

dry mouth

A

xerostomia

93
Q

Childhood cancer arising from immature cells in the retina.

A

retinoblastoma

94
Q

Malignant childhood tumor originating in cells of the nervous system.

A

neuroblastoma

95
Q

Formation or production of cancer.

A

carcinogenesis

96
Q

Cancerous tumor of glandular tissue.

A

adenocarcinoma

97
Q

Condition of increased formation of cells.

A

hyperplasia

98
Q

Bone marrow activity decreases causing impaired formation of blood cells

Ex. leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia

A

myelosuppression

99
Q

Microscopic description of tumor:

Cells that resemble epidermal tissue.

A

epidermoid

100
Q

Also called external beam radiotherapy.

A

teletherapy

101
Q

a mutation where two different chromosomes switch locations is called a?

A

translocation

102
Q

tumor of glandular tissue (benign)

A

adenoma

103
Q

partial or complete hair loss

A

alopecia

104
Q

Loss of skin over an irradiated area

A

desquamation

105
Q

Micrscopic description of tumor:

Spreading evenly throughout the affected tissue

A

diffuse

106
Q

When DNA controls the production of new proteins it is called?

A

protein synthesis

107
Q

surgical procedure:

Removal of entire tumor and regional lymph nodes.

Ex. Mastectomy, colectomy, and gastrectomy

A

en bloc resection

108
Q

surgical procedure:

Removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue for diagnosis and possible cure of small tumors

A

excisional biopsy

109
Q

surgical procedure:

Wide resection involving removal of tumor, its organ of origin, and surrounding tissue in the body space

A

exenteration

110
Q

exposure of tissue to radiation

A

irradiation

111
Q

Abnormal condition (proliferation) of fibrous connective tissue;

pulmonary ____ occurs in the lung as a side effect of radiation for lung cancer.

A

fibrosis

112
Q

surgical procedure:

Placement of a very thin needle inside the tumor mass and extraction of cells for microscopic evaluation.

A

fine needle aspiration

113
Q

surgical procedure:

Destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by a high-frequency current

A

fulguration

114
Q

Eache DNA piece, contains the code for making a single protein

A

gene

115
Q

term when doctors classify tumors on the basis of microscopic appearance

A

grade

116
Q

surgical procedure:

Cutting into a tumor and removing a piece to establish a diagnosis

A

incisional biopsy

117
Q

Loss of reproductive function:

A

infertility

118
Q

Gross description of tumor:

Characterized by redness, swelling, and heat

A

inflammatory

119
Q

Treatment using a linear accelerator in the operating room.

A

Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT)

120
Q

Inflammation and ulceration of lining cells in the mouth caused by radiation to the jaw:

A

oral mucositis

121
Q

tumor of bone (benign)

A

osteoma

122
Q

Inflammation of the lungs.

A

pneumonitis

123
Q

Procedure that can be used to remove as much of the primary tumor mass as possible to improve results of irradiation or drug therapy.

A

debulking procedure

124
Q

New type of growths in separate sites from the primary tumor:

A

secondary tumors

125
Q

subatomic particles

A

protons

126
Q

Gross description of tumor:

Characterized by large, open, exposed surfaces

A

ulcerating

127
Q

Microscopic description of tumor:

Description of cells or tissues that do not have specialized (“mature”) structures or functions.

____ cancer cells often grow and spread quickly.

A

undifferentiated

128
Q

Gross description of tumor:

Tumors resemble wart-like growths

A

verrucous

129
Q

inflammation of the urinary bladder

A

cystitis

130
Q

inflammation of the rectum and anus

A

proctitis

Language of Medicine (32 decks)

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