ch 14 musculoskeletal system Flashcards
.algia
pain
.asthenia
lack of strength, weakness or debility
.blast
embryonic or immature cell
.clast
to break (large cells reabsorb, digest, bony tissue, bone phagocytes)
.desis
to bind, tie together
.emia
blood condition
.listhesis
slipping
.malacia
softening
.penia
a decrease or deficiency
.physis
to grow
.plasty
Surgical repair
.porosis
pore, passage
.stenosis
narrowing
.tome
instrument to cut
.trophy
development, nourishment; growth
PTSA
primary total shoulder arthroplasty
THR/THA
total hip replacement / arthroplasty
TKR/TKA
(TKR) total knee replacement / arthroplasty
a-, an-
no; not; without
Enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint).
A bunion
ab-
away from
Movement away from the midline of the body. Duct/o means to lead. (away from)
abduction
A walled-off area of infection that is difficult to penetrate with antibiotics. Surgical drainage usually is necessary.
abscess
AC
acromioclavicular (joint)
Pertaining to the acetabulum.
acetabular
acetabul/o
acetabulum (hip socket)
Hip socket; Rounded depression, or socket, in the pelvis that joins the femur (thigh bone), forming the hip joint.
acetabulum
This is an inherited condition in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size because of a defect in cartilage and bone formation. Dwarfism results, characterized by short limbs and a normal-sized head and trunk.
achondroplasia
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament of the knee
Outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder. It overlies the shoulder joint and articulates with the clavicle.
acromion
ad-
toward
Movement toward the midline of the body.
adduction
above-knee amputation
AKA
amyotrophic
without nourishment to muscles
(Lou Gehrig disease),muscles deteriorate (paralysis occurs) as a result of degeneration of nerves in the spinal cord and lower region of the brain. Also called ALS.
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ANA
antinuclear antibody—indicator of systemic lupus erythematosus
ankyl/o
stiff
Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine. Bilateral sclerosis (hardening) of the sacroiliac joints is a diagnostic sign. Joint changes are similar to those seen in rheumatoid arthritis, and the condition can respond to corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory drugs.
ankylosing spondylitis
Immobility (fusion) of a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure.
ankylosis
Detects an antibody often present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases.
antinuclear antibody test (ANA)
arthr/o
joint
Inflammation of any joint.
arthritis
Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space. Synovial fluid is removed for analysis using a needle and syringe.
arthrocentesis
Bones are fused across the joint space by surgery (artificial ankylosis). This operation is performed when a joint is very painful, unstable, or chronically infected.
arthrodesis
Taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint.
arthrography
Surgical repair or replacement of a joint. It can be used in conjunction with MRI and CT scan images.
arthroplasty
Visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope, which projects an image on a video monitor.
arthroscopy
Incision of a joint
arthrotomy
articul/o
joint
Smooth white tissue that covers the ends of bones at joints.
articular cartilage
Any type of joint.
articulation
Decrease in size of an organ or tissue.
atrophy
BKA
below-knee amputation
BMD
bone mineral density
Dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton. Ex. long bones (femur), short bones (carpals), flat bones (scapula), and sesamoid bones (patella).
bone
Low-energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass. Areas of decreased density indicate osteopenia and osteoporosis.
DEXA or DXA. Duel-energy x-ray absorptionmetry – a test of bone mineral density. Also called a bone densitometry
Opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bones, or as passageways for blood vessels and nerves. Examples are fissure, foramen, fossa, and sinus.
bone depression
Rounded end of a bone
Bone head
Enlarged area that extends from bones; sometimes covered in articular cartilage (examples: bone head, condyle) and sometimes serving as an attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments (examples: epicondyle, trochanter, tubercle, and tuberosity).
bone process
Uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone; also called bone scintigraphy. After a radioactive tracer is injected intravenously into the patient, a nuclear medicine technician uses a special scanning device to detect areas of increased uptake (found with tumors, infection, inflammation, stress fractures)
bone scan
BS
bone scan
Enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint).
bunion
burs/o
bursa
Sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another.
bursa; pl. bursae
Causes of this periarticular condition may be related to stress placed on the bursa or to diseases such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis. The bursa becomes inflamed and movement is limited and painful.
bursitis
Blood test to measure levels of a protein made by the liver. High levels indicate infection or chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
CRP: C-reactive protein test
cervical vertebrae
C1 to C7
Ca
calcium
calc/o, calci/o
calcium
calcane/o
calcaneus (heel)
one of the tarsal (hindfoot) bones.
calcaneal
Heel bone
Calcaneus
calci/o
calcium
One of the mineral constituents of bone.
calcium
Spongy, porous bone tissue in the inner part of a bone.
cancellous bone
carp/o
carpals (wrist bones)
Compression of the median nerve as it passes between the transverse ligament, and bones and tendons of the wrist. CTS is caused by compression of the median nerve
CTS: carpal tunnel syndrome
Wrist bones
Carpals
Flexible, connective tissue; found in the immature skeleton, at the epiphyseal growth plate, and on joint surfaces.
cartilage
solid mold of the body part. Applied to fractures to immobilize the injured bone after a closed reduction.
cast
Seven backbones in the neck
cervical vertebrae
cervic/o
neck; cervix (neck of uterus)
chir/o
hand (chiropractor)
chondr/o
Cartilage
Cartilage that is attached to the ribs.
chondrocostal
Softening of cartilage.
chondromalacia
is a softening and roughening of the articular cartilaginous surface of the kneecap, resulting in pain, a grating sensation, and mechanical “catching” behind the patella with joint movement.
Chondromalacia patellae
Malignant (cancerous) tumor of cartilage. The root sarc indicates that the malignant tumor arises from a type of flesh or connective tissue.
chondrosarcoma
CK
creatine kinase—enzyme elevated in muscle disease
Collarbone
Clavicle
clavicul/o
clavicle (collarbone)
is manipulative reduction without a surgical incision.
closed reduction
CMC
carpometacarpal (joint)
coccyg/o
coccyx (tailbone)
Tailbone
Coccyx
Dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone and other tissues, such as ligaments, tendons, and skin.
collagen
Hard, dense bone tissue, usually found around the outer portion of bones.
compact bone
the bone is broken and a fragment of bone protrudes through an open wound in the skin.
compound (open) fracture
X-ray beam and computer show cross-sectional and other images of body tissues. CT scans identify bone abnormalities and musculoskeletal trauma.
computed tomography (CT)
Rounded knuckle-like process, at the end of a bone
Condyle
cost/o
ribs (true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs)
crani/o
cranium (skull)
Skull bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal.
cranial bones
Instrument to cut the skull (cranium).
craniotome
Incision of the skull.
craniotomy
Skull
Cranium
is the crackling sound produced when ends of bones rub each other or rub against roughened cartilage.
Crepitus
CRP
C-reactive protein
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
DEXA or DXA
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry—a test of bone mineral density
dia-
complete; through
Shaft, or midportion, of a long bone.
diaphysis
Flat, round, plate-like structure. An intervertebral disc is a fibrocartilaginous structure between two vertebrae.
disc
X-ray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disc after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus.
discography
Displacement of a bone from its joint. _____ bones do not articulate with each other. The most common cause of ______ is trauma.
dislocation
DJD
degenerative joint disease—another term for osteoarthritis
DMARD
disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
DO
doctor of osteopathy
dorsi-
back
Upward movement of the foot; achieved through ankle motion.
dorsiflexion
DTRs
deep tendon reflexes
Onset of muscle weakness occurs soon after birth, and diagnosis can be made by muscle biopsy and electromyography. The disease predominantly affects males; muscle weakness produces stumbling, falling, lordosis, winged (prominent) scapulae, and cardiac problems.is the most common form. Muscles appear to enlarge (pseudohypertrophy) as fat replaces functional muscle cells that have degenerated and atrophied. (most common form)
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
bone density test
duel-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA) also called
DVT
deep venous thrombosis
Recording the electrical activity of muscle tissue.
electromyography (EMG)
EMG
electromyography
epi-
above; upon; on
Small rounded process above (epi- means above) the condyle
Epicondyle
Cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place in the immature skeleton.
epiphyseal plate
Each end of a long bone; the area beyond the epiphyseal plate.
epiphysis
Indicates inflammation. Measures time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube. Elevated ESR is associated with inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, tumors, and infections.
ESR (sed rate): erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Supports nasal cavity and eye sockets
Ethmoid bone
Rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occurring in children.
Ewing sarcoma
exo-
out; away from
Bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone.
exostosis
Straightening of a flexed limb; increasing the angle between the bones of a joint.
extension
Bones of the face: lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic.
facial bones
fasci/o
fascia (forms sheaths enveloping muscles)
Fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles.
fascia
Fascia is cut to relieve tension or pressure on muscles.
fasciotomy
Pertaining to the femur
femoral
femor/o
femur (thigh bone)
Thigh bone
Femur
fibr/o
fibrous connective tissue
Chronic pain and stiffness in muscles, joints, and fibrous tissue, especially of the back, shoulders, neck, hips, and knees. Fatigue is a common complaint. Cause is not completely understood.
fibromyalgia
fibul/o
fibula (smaller lower leg bone)
Smaller of the two lower leg bones
Fibula
Pertaining to the fibula
fibular
Narrow groove or slit-like opening / Orbital (eye socket) fissure
Fissure
Bending a limb; decreasing the angle between bones.
flexion
Soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant.
fontanelle
Opening for blood vessels and nerves / Foramen magnum of the skull
Foramen
Opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.
foramen magnum
Shallow cavity in or on a bone
Fossa
Traumatic breaking of a bone.
fracture
Forehead; part of eye sockets
Frontal bone
Fx
fracture
Fluid-filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons. Most common in the wrist, but can occur in the hand, shoulder, knee, hip, or ankle.
ganglion cyst
Inflammation and painful swelling in and around joints caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals.
gouty arthritis (gout)
another name for a bunion
hallux valgus
Minute spaces filled with blood vessels; found in compact bone.
haversian canals
Condition of blood in a joint.
hemarthrosis
Abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disc into the spinal canal or spinal nerves. This condition is commonly referred to as a “slipped disc.” Pain is experienced as the inner portion of the disc (nucleus pulposus) presses on spinal nerves or on the spinal cord.
herniation of an intervertebral disc
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus
humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
Pertaining to the humerus (upper arm bone)
humeral
Upper arm bone
Humerus
Synovial fluid collects abnormally in the joint.
hydrarthrosis
hyper-
above; excessive
High levels of calcium in blood.
hypercalcemia
Increase in uric acid in the blood.
hyperuricemia
Increase in size of an organ or tissue.
hypertrophy
ili/o
ilium (upper part of the pelvis)
Upper part of pelvis
Ilium
IM
intramuscular
Pertaining to below the patella (kneecap)
infrapatellar
infra-
below; inferior to; beneath
Connection of muscle to a bone that moves; usually distal on the skeleton.
insertion of a muscle
Pertaining to the ischium (posterior portion of the hip bone)
ischial
ischi/o
ischium (posterior part of the pelvis)
Inferior or lower part of the pelvis
Ischium
kyph/o
humpback, hunchback (posterior curvature in the thoracic region)
(from Greek meaning hill or mountain) Hump on the back. Loss of bone mass due to osteoporosis produces posterior curvature of the spine in the thoracic region. kyphosis may lead to pressure on the spinal cord or peripheral nerves
Kyphosis
lumbar vertebrae
L1 to L5
Corners of each eye
Lacrimal bones
One of two posterior (back) arches of a vertebra
lamina
lamin/o
lamina (part of the vertebral arch)
An operation often performed to relieve the symptoms of compression of the spinal cord or spinal nerve roots. It involves removal of the lamina and spinous process and is sometimes referred to as a spinal decompression.
laminectomy
leiomy/o
smooth (visceral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs
Benign tumor of smooth, involuntary muscle; when in the uterus, called a fibroid.
leiomyoma
Fibrous, connective band binding bones to other bones; supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint. Located in and around joints.
ligament
Pertaining to a ligament
ligamentous
ligament/o
ligament
lord/o
curve, swayback (anterior curvature in the lumbar region)
The normal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine becomes exaggerated . The word ___ is derived from Greek, describing a person leaning backward in a lordly fashion.
lordosis
lumb/o
loins, lower back
Lumbago
is a term used to describe low back pain.
Five backbones in the region of the waist.
Lumbar vertebrae
Pertaining to the lumbar and sacral regions of the back.
lumbosacral
Chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia, and malaise; cause is a bacterium carried by a tick.
Lyme disease (Lyme arthritis)
Strong magnetic field and advanced computing technology are used to create high-resolution images of soft tissues inside the body.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
malleol/o
malleolus (process on each side of the ankle)
The medial malleolus is at the distal end of the tibia, and the lateral malleolus is at the distal end of the fibula.
malleolar
Ankle-Round process on both sides of the ankle joint. The lateral malleolus is part of the fibula, and the medial malleolus is part of the tibia.
malleolus
Lower jawbone
Mandible
Pertaining to the lower jawbone.
mandibular
mandibul/o
mandible (lower jawbone)
Upper portion of the sternum; joins with the clavicle to form the sternoclavicular joint.
manubrium
Rounded projection on the temporal bone behind the ear.
mastoid process
maxill/o
maxilla (upper jawbone)
Upper jawbone
Maxilla (pl. maxillae)
pertaining to the maxilla or upper jawbone
maxillary
abbreviation for:
medial collateral ligament of the knee
MCL
Central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone.
medullary cavity
Crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure, which helps provide cushion for a joint (such as the knee).
meniscus
meta-
change; beyond
metacarp/o
metacarpals (hand bones)
Hand bones
Metacarpals
Removal of hand bones
metacarpectomy
Flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) and the epiphyseal plate (in this term, meta- means between).
metaphysis
Malignant tumors from other parts of the body (breast, prostate, lung, thyroid gland, and kidney) that metastasize to bones
metastatic bone lesions
metatars/o
metatarsals (foot bones)
Foot pain
metatarsalgia
Foot bones
Metatarsals
Removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination to assess for abnormalities or disease.
muscle biopsy
Group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system.
muscular dystrophy
Ultrasonic waves are used to image muscles, tendons, and joints. Often used for accuracy with joint injections and to image torn muscles and tendons.
musculoskeletal ultrasound
my/o
muscle
myalgia
Muscle pain
Muscles lose strength because of a failure in transmission of the nervous impulse from the nerve to the muscle cell.
myasthenia gravis
myelopoiesis
Formation of bone marrow
myel/o
bone marrow
myocardi/o
heart muscle
myopathy
Disease of muscles.
myos/o
muscle
myositis
Inflammation of muscles
Bridge and septum of nose
Nasal bones
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug—often prescribed to treat musculoskeletal disorders
OA
osteoarthritis
Back and base of skull
Occipital bone
olecran/o
olecranon (elbow)
Pertaining to the elbow (olecranon)
olecranal
Tip of the elbow. Large process on the proximal end of the ulna at the elbow.
Olecranon
an incision is made for access to the fracture site.
open reduction
ORIF
open reduction (of fracture)/internal fixation
means open reduction/internal fixation. Often this involves insertion of metal plates, screws, rods, or pins to stabilize the bone.
ORIF
Connection of the muscle to a stationary bone; usually proximal on the skeleton.
origin of a muscle
orth/o
straight
orthopedics (or orthopaedics)
ortho
Surgical specialty devoted to straightening, correcting, and treating deformities and diseases in bones.
orthopedics
Medical doctor who specializes in bone, joint, and muscle conditions.
orthopedist
Bone tissue.
osseous tissue
Process of bone formation.
ossification
oste/o
bone
Osteitis deformans is better known as Paget’s disease. Bones become weak and painful, especially in the spine, skull, pelvis, and legs.
osteitis
Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces. This condition, also known as degenerative joint disease, can occur in any joint, but occurs mainly in the spine, hips, and knees of older people. It is marked by a narrowing of the joint space (due to loss of articular cartilage).
osteoarthritis (OA)
Bone cell that forms bony tissue.
osteoblast
Malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found primarily in children and adolescents.
Osteoblasts multiply, forming large, bony tumors, especially at the ends of long bones (half of the lesions are located just below or just above the knee)
osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma)
are benign exostosis usually found on the metaphyses of long bones near the epiphyseal plates.
Osteochondromas (composed of cartilage and bone)
Bone cell that breaks down and absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue.
osteoclast
Abnormal development of bone.
osteodystrophy
a genetic disorder involving defective bone development. Bones are brittle and fragile. It is caused by abnormal collagen production; fractures occur with the slightest trauma.
osteogenesis imperfecta
Malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found primarily in children and adolescents.
osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma)
Softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone. A condition in which vitamin D deficiency leads to decalcification of bones; known as rickets in children.
osteomalacia
Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection. Bacteria enter the body through a wound and infect the bone. Children are affected most often, and infection usually occurs near the ends of long bones of legs and arms. Adults are affected too, usually as the result of an open fracture.
osteomyelitis
is a condition in which bone mineral density is lower than normal. In some cases, it is a precursor to osteoporosis. In osteoporosis, the interior of bones is diminished in structure, as if the steel skeleton of a building had rusted and deteriorated. The condition commonly occurs in older women as a consequence of estrogen deficiency with menopause.
Osteopenia
Decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone.
osteoporosis
This surgical chisel is designed to cut bone.
osteotome
OT
occupational therapy– perform activities of daily living and function in work-related situations
P
phosphorus
Top and sides of skull
Parietal bones
patell/o
patella
Kneecap
Patella
PE
pulmonary embolism
Ped/o
means child
pelv/o
pelvis
Pertaining to the pelvis
pelvic
peri-
surrounding
Membrane surrounding bones; rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue.
periosteum
perone/o
fibula
phalang/o
phalanges (finger and/or toe bones)
Pertaining to finger and toe bones
phalangeal
Finger and toe bones
Phalanges
Mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium.
phosphorus
Medical doctor specializing in rehabilitation (physi/o means function).
physiatrist
plant/o
sole of the foot
Downward movement of the foot; achieved through ankle motion.
plantar flexion
Foot pain that occurs in the joint of the big toe in gout (gouty arthritis)
podagra
poly-
many, much
Inflammation of many joints
polyarthritis
pain of many (several) muscles, especially in the shoulders and hips. inflammatory autoimmune disorder marked by aching and morning stiffness in the shoulder, hip, back, or neck for longer than 1 month.
polymyalgia
Chronic inflammatory myopathy. This condition is marked by symmetric muscle weakness and pain, often accompanied by a rash around the eyes and on the face and limbs.
polymyositis
Turning the palm downward. As applied to the foot, it is inward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion.
pronation
PRP
platelet-rich plasma—patient’s blood is separated, and concentrated platelets and plasma are injected into arthritic joint or partially torn tendon
PT
physical therapy—helps patients with movement disorders regain use of muscles and joints after injury or surgery
PTSA
primary total shoulder arthroplasty
pub/o
pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)
Pertaining to the anterior part of the pelvis
pubic
Junction of the two pubic bones in the anterior of the pelvis. They are joined (sym- = together, -physis = to grow) by a fibrocartilaginous disc.
pubic symphysis
Anterior part of the pelvis
Pubis
Fever
pyrexia
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
radi/o
radius (forearm bone—thumb side)
Pertaining to the radius, a bone in the lower arm (thumb side of the wrist)
radial
Forearm bone—thumb side
Radius
Soft spongy (cancellous) tissue found in the interior of flat bones, such as the hip bone and breastbone; site of hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells).
red bone marrow
restoration of the bone to its normal position.
reduction
________replacement of one or both bone ends by a prosthesis (artificial part) of metal or plastic.
replacement arthroplasty
(surgery with reverse prostheses) can lesson shoulder pain and improve function in shoulders after failed surgery or in combined arthritis, rotator cuff tears, and instability.
TRSA (rTSA): Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty
RF
rheumatoid factor
rhabdomy/o
skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones
Breakdown of damaged skeletal muscle
rhabdomyolysis
Benign tumor of striated, voluntary muscle (attached to bones)
rhabdomyoma
Malignant tumor of striated, voluntary muscle
rhabdomyosarcoma
rheumat/o
watery flow, referes to joint fluid
Chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane. The small joints of the hands and feet are affected first, and larger joints later. Women are more commonly afflicted than men
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in many patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
rheumatoid factor test (RF)
Medical doctor specializing in diagnosis and treatment of joint disorders.
rheumatologist
Twelve pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall. True ribs are the first 7 pairs; false ribs are pairs 8 to 10; floating ribs are pairs 11 and 12.
ribs
Osteomalacia occurs primarily as a disease of infancy and childhood and is then known as a____. Bones fail to receive adequate amounts of calcium and phosphorus; they become soft, bend easily, and become deformed.In affected patients, vitamin D is deficient in the diet, which prevents calcium and phosphorus from being absorbed into the bloodstream from the intestines.
rickets
ROM
range of motion
Circular movement around an axis (central point). Internal rotation is toward the center of the body and external rotation is away from the center of the body.
rotation
RTSA (rTSA)
reverse total shoulder arthroplasty
sarc/o
muscle and flesh
Bones of the sacrum (lower back below the lumbar region)
sacral vertebrae
Loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging. Exercise and strength training can help preserve and enhance muscle mass.
sarcopenia
SC
sternoclavicular joint
scapul/o
scapula (shoulder blade)
Shoulder blade
Scapula
Pertaining to the shoulder blade
scapular
scoli/o
crooked, bent (lateral curvature)
The spinal column is bent abnormally to the side.
scoliosis
Depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located.
sella turcica
Measurement of calcium level in serum. Hypercalcemia may be caused by parathyroid gland disorders and malignancy that affects bone metabolism. Hypocalcemia is seen in critically ill patients with burns, sepsis, and acute renal failure.
serum calcium (Ca)
Measurement of creatine kinase in serum. This enzyme is present in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Increased levels occur in muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, rhabdomyolysis, and traumatic injuries.
serum creatine kinase (CK)
the bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin.
simple (closed) fracture
Hollow air cavity within a bone.
sinus
SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus
Base of skull and behind eyes (bat-shaped bone)
Sphenoid bone
Narrowing of the spinal (neural) canal often in the lumbar spine.
spinal stenosis
spondyl/o
vertebra, (used to make words about conditions of the structure)
The forward slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra over a lower vertebra.
spondylolishesis
Degeneration of the intervertebral discs and vertebrae in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions. Signs and symptoms include pain and restriction of movement.
spondylosis
Injury, often the result of trauma, involving overstretching of the ligaments around a joint. Application of gentle compressive wraps is an immediate measure to relieve pain and minimize swelling. Ice and elevation of the extremity as well as physical therapy are also helpful HINT: Don’t confuse a sprain with a strain, which is an injury involving the overstretching of muscle.
sprain
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
Breastbone
Sternum
Muscle injury involving overstretching of muscle
strain
Muscle connected to bones; voluntary or skeletal muscle.
striated muscle
Pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull.
styloid process
sub-
under; below
Pertaining to under the ribs
subcostal
Partial or incomplete dislocation of a bone from its normal position; often a misalignment of vertebrae
subluxation
Turning the palm upward. As applied to the foot, it is outward roll of the foot/ankle during normal motion.
supination
supra-
above, upper
Pertaining to above the clavicle (collarbone)
supraclavicular
Immovable joint between bones, such as between the bones of the skull (cranium)
suture
Immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skulln(cranium)
suture joint
Sx
surgery
sym-
together; with
synov/o
synovial membrane
Space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane.
synovial cavity
Viscous (sticky) fluid within the synovial cavity. similar in viscosity to egg white
synovial fluid
Freely movable joint.
synovial joint
Tissue lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid.
synovial membrane
Inflammation of the synovial membrane lining the synovial joint
synovitis
Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, central nervous system (CNS), heart, and lungs. This condition affects connective tissue (specifically the protein component called collagen) in tendons, ligaments, bones, and cartilage all over the body. Typically, there is a red, scaly rash over the nose and cheeks (“butterfly” rash)
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
thoracic vertebrae
T1 to T12
Congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus). ____ (Latin talus = ankle, pes = foot) is a congenital anomaly. The most common form is ___ equinovarus (equin/o = horse), or clubfoot. The infant cannot stand with the sole of the foot flat on the ground.
talipes
tars/o
tarsals (bones of the mid and hindfoot)
Hindfoot and midfoot bones
Tarsals
Removal of an anklebone.
tarsectomy
Lower sides and back of skull
Temporal bones
Connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and mandibular bone of the jaw.
temporomandibular joint
ten/o
tendon
tendin/o
tendon
Abnormal condition of tendons
tendinosis
Fibrous, connective tissue binding muscles to bones.
tendon
Suture of a tendon
tenorrhaphy
Inflammation of a tendon and its sheath or covering.
tenosynovitis
thorac/o
chest
Twelve backbones in the region of the chest
thoracic vertebrae
THR/THA
total hip replacement/arthroplasty
tibi/o
tibia (shinbone)
Shinbone—larger of the two lower leg bones
Tibia
Pertaining to the larger of the two lower leg bones
tibial
TKR/TKA
total knee replacement/arthroplasty
TMJ
temporomandibular joint
Supporting latticework of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone.
trabeculae
Large and small processes for tendon attachments on the femur
Trochanters
TSR
total shoulder replacement
Round elevation where tendons and muscles attach on the humerus, calcaneous (heel bone), and pelvis
Tuberosity (tubercle)
U/S
ultrasound
uln/o
ulna (forearm bone—little finger side)
Forearm bone—little finger side
Ulna
Pertaining to the ulna
ulnar
Measurement of uric acid in serum. High levels are associated with gouty arthritis.
uric acid test
vertebr/o
vetebra (backbone)
Backbone/spine. Individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, and lamina, enclosing the neural canal and spinal cord.
vertebra; pl. vertebrae
Percutaneous vertebroplasty relieves pain caused by compression fractures of the vertebrae. Medical cement is used to fill in the cracks and strengthen bone.
vertebroplasty
Muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle.
visceral muscle
Nasal septum (thin, flat bone)
Vomer
Lower, narrower portion of the sternum.
xiphoid process
Fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones.
yellow bone marrow
Cheekbones
Zygomatic bones
great toe
hallux
condition of the angulation away from midline of the toe
valgus
