ch 19 cancer/oncology laboratory test and clinical procedures

Question 1

cytogenetic analysis

Answer 1

Chromosomes of normal or tumor cells are examined for breaks, translocations, or deletions of DNA.
The results of cytogenetic analysis can help confirm the diagnosis of a particular form of leukemia or other cancer.

Question 2

immunohistochemistry

Answer 2

Localization of antigens or proteins in tissues using labeled (colored or fluorescent) antibodies.
This technique allows for evaluation of the presence and amount of specific molecules in normal and tumor cells.

Question 3

protein marker tests

Answer 3

Measure the level of proteins in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells.
These tests diagnose cancer or detect its recurrence after treatment. Examples are: acid phosphatase ,alpha-fetoprotein (AFP),beta-hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin),CA-125 ,CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen),estrogen receptor,PSA (prostate-specific antigen),15.3 and 29.7, 19.9

Question 4

bone marrow biopsy

Answer 4

Aspiration of bone marrow cells and removal of a core of bone marrow tissue that will be examined under a microscope for evidence of malignancy.

Question 5

bone marrow or stem cell transplantation

Answer 5

Bone marrow or stem cells are infused intravenously into a patient.
In autologous marrow transplantation, marrow previously obtained from the patient and stored is reinfused after high-dose chemotherapy. In allogeneic marrow transplantation (all/o = other), marrow is obtained from a living donor. In peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, immature blood cells (stem cells) are selected and harvested from the blood instead of from the bone marrow. After undergoing chemotherapy, the patient gets a reinfusion of the stem cells to repopulate the bone marrow.

Question 6

core needle biopsy

Answer 6

Insertion of a large-bore needle into tissue to remove a core of cells for microscopic examination.
A needle (aspiration) biopsy is the insertion of a fine needle and aspiration (extraction) of a sample from a fluid-filled cavity or solid mass of tumor.

Question 7

exfoliative cytology

Answer 7

Cells are scraped from the region of suspected disease and examined under a microscope.
The Pap test (smear) to detect carcinoma of the cervix and vagina is an example.

Question 8

fiberoptic colonoscopy

Answer 8

Visual examination of the colon using a fiberoptic instrument.
This is an important screening procedure using an endoscope to detect cancer and remove premalignant polyps.

Question 9

laparoscopy

Answer 9

Visual examination of the abdominal cavity using small incisions and a laparoscope.
Also known as peritoneoscopy.

Question 10

liquid biopsy

Answer 10

Blood test to look for cancer cells or for pieces of DNA from cancer cells.
A liquid biopsy may be used to detect cancer at an early stage or to find out how well treatment is working. There are significant differences between a liquid biopsy and a solid tissue biopsy.

Question 11

mammography

Answer 11

X-ray examination of the breast to detect breast cancer.

Question 12

PET-CT scan

Answer 12

Diagnostic procedure combining CT (computed tomography) and PET (positron emission tomography).
The combination provides a more complete picture of a tumor’s location, growth, and spread than either done independently. See Figure 19-14. PET-CT uses a combination of two machines: one to examine chemical reactions (PET scan) and the other to examine physical structures (CT scan). A PET-MRI scan incorporates magnetic resonance imaging (especially good for soft tissues) and positron emission tomography to reveal sites of tumor growth.

Question 13

radionuclide scans

Answer 13

Radioactive substances (radionuclides) are injected intravenously, and scans (images) of organs are obtained.
These tests detect tumor and metastases. Examples of radionuclides are gallium-67 (whole-body scan), rose Bengal (liver), and technetium-99m (liver and spleen).

Question 14

LIQUID BIOPSY

Answer 14

Noninvasive blood test* Easily obtained and repeated
* Minimal pain/riskSampling of tumor components* Circulating tumor cells (CTC)
* Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)
Pieces of tumor DNA floating in
blood plasma
Example is Guardant360 CDx
Used to:* Diagnose presence of tumor
* Determine molecular targets for therapy
* Detect relapse of tumor during therapy
* Monitor evidence of metastatic disease

Question 15

TISSUE BIOPSY

Answer 15

Invasive excision of tissueMicroscopic analysis of tumor cells
Used to:* Diagnosis from tumor cell sample
* Determine molecular targets from analysis of genetic mutations in tumor cells
* Detect relapse of tumor during therap