Ch 16 skin Flashcards
Fat cell
adipocyte
condition of skin deficient in pigment (melanin)
albinism
one of the large dermal exocrine glands located in the axilla and genital areas. It opens into the hair follicle and secretes sweat that, with bacteria, is responsible for human body odor.
apocrine sweat gland
Deepest region of the epidermis; it gives rise to all the epidermal cells.
basal layer
structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue
collagen
band of epidermis at the base and sides of the nail plate.
cuticle
middle layer of the skin
dermis
most numerous sweat-producing exocrine gland in the skin
eccrine sweat gland
outermost layer of the skin
epidermis
layer of skin cells forming the outer and inner surfaces of the body.
epithelium
sac within which each hair grows.
hair follicle
the skin and its accessory structures, such as hair and nails.
integumentary system
hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails, _______ means horn and commonly is found in the horns of animals
keratin
half-moon-shaped, whitish area at the base of a nail.
lunula
skin pigment. It is formed by melanocytes in the epidermis. Eu________ is a brown-black pigmet, whereas pheo_________ is red-yellow.
melanin
soft tissue surrounding the nail border
paronychium
tiny opening on the surface of the skin
pore
oil-secreting gland in the dermis that is associated with hair follicles
sebaceous gland
oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands.
sebum
flat, scale-like cells composing the epidermis
squamous epithelium
arranged in layers
stratified
a layer (of cells)
stratum (plural: strata)
outermost layer of the epidermis, which consists of flattened, keratinized cells
stratum corneum
innermost layer of the skin, containing fat tissue.
subcutaneous layer
combining form:
adip/o
fat
combining form:
lip/o
fat
combining form:
albin/o
white
combining form:
caus/o
burn, burning
combining form:
cauter/o
heat, burn
combining form:
cutane/o
skin
combining form:
derm/o, dermat/o
skin
combining form:
diaphor/o
profuse sweating
combining form:
Eryth/o, erythemat/o
redness
combining form:
hidr/o
sweat
combining form:
ichthy/o
dry, scaly (fish-like_
combining form:
kerat/o
hard
combining form:
leuk/o
white
combining form colors
albin/o
white
combining form colors:
anthrac/o
black (as coal)
combining form colors:
chlor/o
green
combining form colors:
cirrh/o
tawny yellow
combining form colors:
cyan/o
blue
combining form colors:
eosin/o
rosy
combining form colors:
erythr/o
red
combining form colors:
jaund/o
yellow
combining form colors:
leuk/o
white
combining form colors:
lute/o
yellow
combining form colors:
melan/o
black
combining form colors:
poli/o
gray
combining form colors:
xanth/o
yellow
combining form:
myc/o
fungus (fungi include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms)
combining form:
onych/o
nail
combining form:
phyt/o
plant
combining form:
pil/o
hair, hair follicle
combining form:
py/o
pus
combining form:
rhytid/o
wrinkle
combining form:
seb/o
subum (oily secretion from sebaccous glands)
combining form:
squam/o
scale-like
combining form:
trich/o
hair
combining form:
ungu/o
nail
combining form:
xanth/o
yellow
combining form:
xer/o
dry
an area of abnormal tissue anywhere on or in the body
lesion, or cutaneous lesion
cutaneous lesion:
collection of dried serum and cellular debris.
A scab is a ____. The drying of exudate ecczema, impetigo, seborrhea)
crust
cutaneous lesion:
thick-walled, closed sac or pouch containing fluid or semisolid material.
ex. pilonidal____, epidermoid ___)
cyst
cutaneous lesion:
wearing away or loss of epidermis
do not penetrate below the dermoepidermal junction. They occur as a result of inflammation or injury and heal without scarring.
erosion
cutaneous lesion:
groove or crack-like sore
fissure
cutaneous lesion:
Flat, pigmented lesion measuring less than 1 cm in diameter.
ex. freckles, tattoo marks, and flat moles
macule
cutaneous lesion:
Solid, round or oval elevated lesion 1 cm or more in diameter.
ex. enlarged lymph _ and solid growths
nodule
cutaneous lesion:
Small (less than 1 cm in diameter), solid elevation (bump) on the skin
ex. skin tags, pimples
papule
cutaneous lesion:
Papule containing pus.
pustule
cutaneous lesion:
Open sore on the skin or mucous membranes (deeper erosion).
Ulcer
cutaneous lesion:
Small collection of clear fluid (serum); blister.
____s form in skin after burns and may be seen with allergies and dermatitis
vesicle
cutaneous lesion:
Smooth, edematous (swollen) papule or plaque that is cerntrally redder than the surrounding skin.
ex. papular (mosquito bite). Often with itching (hives/urticaria), anaphylaxis, and insect bites.
wheal
signs and symptoms:
Absence of hair from areas wwhere it normally grows.
alopecia
signs and symptoms:
Bluish-purplish mark (bruise) on the skin.
ecchymosis (pl. ecchymoses)
signs and symptoms:
Small, pinpoint hemorrhage
petechia (pl. petechiae)
signs and symptoms:
Itching
pruritus
sp. correctly condition not inflammation (-itis)
Chronic papular and pustular eruption of the skin with increased production of sebum.
acne
Rare autoimmune skin condtion causing large, fluid-filled blisters. Occurs when autoantibodies attack proteins that hold together the basal layer of the epidermis and the dermis underneath.
bullous pemphigoid
injury to tissue caused by heat contact
burns
Diffuse, acute infection of the skin marked by local heat redness, pain, and swelling.
cellulitis
Inflammatory skin disease with erythematous, papulovesicular, or papulosquamous lesions.
eczema (atopic dermatitis)
chronic or acute rash
Rash (exanthem or the skin due to a viral infection
ex. rubella, varicella, rubeola
exanthematous viral diseases
Death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply
ischemia resulting from injury, inflammation, frostbite, diseases such as diabetes, or arteriosclerosis can lead to necrosis of tissue followed by bacterial invasion and putrefaction (proteins are decomposed by bacteria).
gangrene
Bacterial inflammatory skin disease characterized by vesicles pustules, and crusted-over lesions.
a contagious pyoderma (py/o=pus) usually caused by staphylococci or strptococci.
impetigo
Chronic, recurrent dermatosis marked by itchy, scaly red plaques coverd by silvery gray scales.
commonly involves the forearms, knees, legs, and scalp
not infectious or contagious, caused by an increased rate of growth of the basal layer of the epidermis. It is an autoinflammatory disease that can run in families.
psoriasis
Contagious, parasitic infection of the skin with intense pruritus
commonly affects areas such as the groin, nipples, and skin between the fingers.
scabies
Chronic progressive disease of the skin and internal organs with hardening and shrinking of connective tissue.
Fibrous scar-like tissue forms in the skin, and the heart, lungs, kidneys, and esophagus may be affected as well. Skin is thick, hard, and rigid, with areas of both depigmentation and hyperpigmentation.
autoimmune disease for which palliative treatment consists of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agents, antifibrotics, and physical therapy.
scleroderma
Chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseas of collegen in skin, joints, and internal organs.
____means wolf-like (the shape and color of the erosive skin lesions and tissue loss resembling a wolf attack), produces a characteristic “butterfly” pattern of redness over the cheeks and nose.
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Infection of the skin caused by a fungus.
ex. ____ corporis, or ringworm
tinea
Acute allergic reaction in which red round wheals develop on the skin.
urticaria (hives)
Loss of pigment (depigmentation) in areas of the skin (milk-white patches).
vitiligo
Benign Neoplasms:
Increased growth of cells in the keratin layer of the epidermis caused by pressure or friction.
common site is feet and hands
callus
Benign Neoplasms:
Excess hypertrophied, thickened scar developing after trauma or surgical incision.
result from excessive collagen formation in the skin during connective tissue repair
keloid
Benign Neoplasms:
Thickened and rough lesion of the epidermis; associatd with aging or skin damage.
Keratosis
Benign Neoplasms:
White, thickened patches on musous membrane tissue of the tongue or cheek (evolves to squamous cell carcinoma)
precancerous lesion common with smokers
leukoplakia
Benign Neoplasms:
Pigmented lesion of the skin
Commonly known as moles. Many present at birth, but some are acquired.
nevus (pl. nevi)
Benign Neoplasms:
Epidermal growth (wart) caused by a virus.
Verruca (pl. verrucae)
Cancerous Lesions:
Malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis.
basal cell carcinoma
Cancerous Lesions:
Malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial cells in the epidermis.
tumor may grow in places other than the skin, wherever squamous epithelium is found (mouth, larynx, bladder, esophagus, lungs)
squamous cell carcinoma
Cancerous Lesions:
Cancerous growth composed of melanocytes.
malignant melanoma
Cancerous Lesions:
Malignant, vascular, neoplastic growth characterized by cutaneous nodules.
Kaposi sarcoma
Laboratory Tests
Samples of skin are examined for presence of microorganisms
bacterial analyses
Laboratory Tests
Scrapings from skin lesions, hair specimens, or nail clippings are sent to a laboratory for culture and microscopic identification of fungal infectionl
fungal tests
Clinical Procedures
Use of subfreezing temperature achieved with liquid nitrogen application to destroy tissue.
cryosurgery
Clinical Procedures
Use of a sharp dermal curette to scape away a skin lesion.
curettage
Clinical Procedures
Tissue is destroyed by burning with an electric spark.
electrodesiccation
Clinical Procedures
Thin layers of malignant tissue areremoved, and each slice is examined microscopically to check for adequate extent of the resection.
also called ____ micrographic surgery
excision to treat basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and other tumors. It is used in areas in which a wide local excision is not feasible (such as on the face) or tissue sparing is required
Mohs surgery
Clinical Procedures
Suspicious skin lesions are removed or sampled and examined microscopically by a pathologist.
skin biopsy
Clinical Procedures
Substances are injected intradermally or applied to the skin, and results are observed.
skin test
Abbreviations:
ABCDE
asymmetry (of shape), border (irregularity), color (variation within one lesion), diameter (greater than 6 mm), evolution (change)—characteristics associated with melanoma
Abbreviations:
BCC
basal cell carcinoma
Abbreviations:
Bx
biopsy
Abbreviations:
Derm
dermatology
Abbreviations:
DLE
discoid lupus erythematosus
Abbreviations:
PPD
purified protein derivative-used in skin test for tuberculosis
Abbreviations:
PUVA
psoralen-ultraviolet A light therapy; treatment for psoriasis and other skin conditions
Abbreviations:
SCC
squamous cell carcinoma
Abbreviations:
SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus
Abbreviations:
sub Q
subcutaneous
brown-black pigment
Eumelanin
red-yellow pigment
Pheomelanin
intensely unpleasant burning sensation in skin and muscles when there is damage to nerves
causalgia
instrument containing a needle or blade used durning surgery to burn througn tissue by menas of an electircal current. Very effectibe in minimizing blood loss.
electrocautery
a collection of keratinous debris within the epidermis
epidermoid cyst
Abrasion means a scraping away. ____ using a sandpaper-like material removes acne scars and fine wrinkles.
Dermabrasion
Loosening of ther epidermis with the development of large blisters; occures after injury or with blister producing diseases
epiderolysis
Flushing; widespread redness of the skin.
erythema
sweating
diaphoreis
Fungal infection
mycosis
Separation of the nail plate from the nail bed in fungal infections or after trauma. Often seen in psoriasis
onycholysis
inflammation and swelling of the soft tissue around the nail and is associated with torn cuticles or ingrown nails.
paronychia
Excessive secretion from sebaceous glands.
seborrhea
a collection of yellowish, cheesy sebum commonly found on the scalp, vulva, and scrotum
epidermoid cyst
A large macule, greater than 1 cm in diameter
patch
sun related premalignant lesions in people with sun-damaged skin.
Actinic keratosis
most common in people of color (acr/o) extremities (hands, feet, fingers, toes and under the nails) lentigious menas the meanoma is much darker and has sharp border.
acral leniginous melanoma
acral leniginous melanoma
Subunqual melanoma
surgical instrument removes a core of tissue obtained by rotation of its sharp, circular edge.
punch biopsy
tissue is excised using a cut parallel to the surface of the surrounding skin.
shave biopsy
