ch 21 pharmacology wk 7 Flashcards
suffix:
-amine
nitrogen compound
suffix:
-dote
to give
suffix:
-genic
produced by or in
suffix:
-in
substance
suffix:
-phylaxis
protection
suffix:
-sol
solution
a.c., ac
before meals
(ante cibum)
ACE
angiotensin-converting enzyme
ad lib
freely, as desired
(ad libitum)
APAP
acetaminophen
acetyl-p-aminophenol—acetaminophen (Tylenol)
ARB
angiotensin II receptor blocker
b.i.d., bid
two times a day
(bis in die)
c–
with
Caps
capsules
cc
cubic centimeter
DOAC
direct oral anticoagulant
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
gm, g
gram
gtt
drops
(guttae)
h
hour
(hora)
h.s., hs
at bedtime
(hora somni)
H2 blocker
histamine H2 receptor antagonist
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
IM
intramuscular
INH
isoniazid—antituberculosis agent
IT
intrathecal
IV
intravenous
MAOI
monoamine oxidase inhibitor
mg
milligram
ml, mL
milliliter
NPO
nothing by mouth
(nil per os)
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
p–
after
(post)
p.c., pc
after meals
(post cibum)
PCA
patient-controlled analgesia
PDR
Physicians’ Desk Reference
PICC
peripherally inserted central catheter
intravenous access for over a long period of time
PO, p.o., po
by mouth
(per os)
p.r.n., prn
as needed
(pro re nata)
Pt
patient
q
every
(quaque)
q.h., qh
every hour
(quaque hora)
q2h
every 2 hours
q.i.d., qid
four times a day
(quater in die)
q.s., qs
sufficient quantity
(quantum satis)
qAM
every morning
qPM
every evening
Rx
prescription
s–
without
(sine)
SERM
selective estrogen receptor modulator
Sig.
directions—how to take medication
SL
sublingual
s.o.s.
if it is necessary (si opus sit)
SSRI
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
subQ
subcutaneous
tab
tablet
TCA
tricyclic antidepressant
t.i.d., tid
three times daily (ter in die)
3 words with its abbreviation
Lowers blood pressure by dilating blood vessels. ____-____ ____ or ____ inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a powerful vasoconstrictor).
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
ACE inhibitor
Physical and psychologic dependence on and craving for a drug.
addiction
Drug action in which the combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each.
additive action
aer/o
air
Particles of drug suspended in air and inhaled. Suffix -sol means solution.
aerosol
alges/o
sensitivity to pain
Central nervous system stimulant.
amphetamine
ana-
upward, excessive, again
Relieves pain.
analgesic
Exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered drug or foreign protein. Suffix -phlaxis means protection.
anaphylaxis
Male hormone.
androgen
Absence of nervous feeling or sensation.
anesthesia
Reduces or eliminates sensation; general and local.
anesthetic
Lowers blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels.
angiotensin II receptor blocker
Neutralizes acid in the stomach.
antacid
Combination of two drugs gives less than an additive effect (action).
antagonistic action
anti-
against
Blocks the formation of androgens or interferes with their effect in tissues.
antiandrogen
Treats abnormal heart rhythms.
antiarrhythmic
Chemical substance, produced by a plant or microorganism, that has the ability to inhibit or destroy foreign organisms in the body.
antibiotic
Prevents blood clotting.
anticoagulant
Prevents convulsions (abnormal brain activity).
anticonvulsant
Relieves symptoms of depression.
antidepressant
Drug given to prevent or treat diabetes mellitus.
antidiabetic
Prevents diarrhea.
antidiarrheal
Agent given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug. Suffix -dote means what is given.
antidote
Prevents nausea and vomiting.
antiemetic
Blocks the action of histamine and helps prevent symptoms of allergy.
antihistamine
Agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth.
antimicrobial
Relieves nausea and vomiting; antiemetic.
antinauseant
Reduces the tendency of platelets to stick together and form a clot.
antiplatelet
Drug that acts against itching (pruritus).
antipruritic
Drug that lowers fever.
antipyretic
against infection
Antiseptics
Inhibits the secretion of acid by cells lining the stomach.
antiulcer
Acts against viruses such as herpesviruses and HIV.
antiviral
Reduces estrogen in the blood by blocking the enzyme aromatase.
aromatase inhibitor
Blocks the action of epinephrine at sites on receptors of heart muscle cells, the muscle lining of blood vessels, and bronchial tubes; antiarrhythmic, antianginal, and antihypertensive.
beta blocker
group of drugs that prevents bone loss in osteoporosis.
(4 syllables)
bisphosphonate
Commercial name for a drug; trademark or trade name.
brand name
bronch/o
bronchial tube
Agent that dilates (widens) blood vessels and relieves bronchospasm. Theophylline is a smooth muscle relaxant used to treat asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.
bronchodilator
Central nervous system stimulant
(found in coffee and tea).
caffeine
Blocks the entrance of calcium into heart muscle and muscle lining of blood vessels; used as an antiarrhythmic, antianginal, and antihypertensive; also called calcium antagonist.
calcium channel blocker
Drug that treats heart failure by increasing the force of contraction of the heart; digoxin is an example.
cardiac glycoside
Acts on the heart and blood vessels. This category of drug includes ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, cholesterol-lowering drugs or statins, and diuretics.
cardiovascular drug
Relieves constipation.
cathartic
chem/o
drug or chemical
Chemical formula for a drug.
chemical name
Treatment using drugs.
chemotherapy
Binds to dietary cholesterol and prevents its uptake from the gastrointestinal tract.
cholesterol-binding drug
Lowers cholesterol by preventing its production by the liver; statin. Other drugs, PCSK9 inhibitors, promote cholesterol clearance from the blood.
cholesterol-lowering drug
Includes the most dangerous drugs that have no recognized medicinal use
Class (Schedule) I
Dangerous substances with general medical indications and high potential for abuse and addiction.
Class (Schedule) II
Carries less potential for abuse, but casual use can lead to psychologic addiction and dependence.
Class (Schedule) III
Carries low potential for abuse but a risk of psychologic or limited physical dependence.
Class (Schedule) IV
This class includes codeine preparations (Robitussin A-C) and opium/opioid preparations (Kapectolin PG—antidiarrheal, Lomotil—antidiarrheal, Motofen—antidiarrheal).
Class (Schedule) V
contra-
against, opposite
Factors that prevent the use of a drug or treatment.
Alternatively, drug indications are reasons to prescribe a medication; a bacterial infection may be an indication to prescribe a specific antibiotic.
contraindications
Drugs that produce tolerance and dependence and have potential for abuse or addiction.
Drugs regulated under existig federal law. Divided into 5 classes (schedules) based on the subtance’s medical value, harmfulness, and potential for abuse or addiction.
controlled substances
cras/o
mixture
cutane/o
skin
Physiologic need for a drug with prolonged use.
dependence
derm/o
skin
Increases the production of urine and thus reduces the volume of fluid in the body; antihypertensive.
diuretic
Amount of drug administered, usually measured in milligrams.
dose
Promotes vomiting.
emetic
Hormone or hormone-like drug.
Examples are androgens, estrogens, progestins, SERMs, thyroid hormones, and glucocorticoids.
endocrine drug
enter/o
intestines (usually small intestine)
erg/o
work
Antibiotic that is extracted from a red (erythr/o) mold (-mycin).
erythromycin
esthes/o
feeling, sensation
Female hormone that promotes development of secondary sex characteristics and supports reproductive tissues.
estrogen
Government agency having the legal responsibility for enforcing proper drug manufacture and clinical use.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Relieves symptoms of diseases in the gastrointestinal tract.
Examples are antacids, antiulcer drugs, antidiarrheal drugs, cathartics, laxatives, purgatives, and antinauseants (antiemetics).
gastrointestinal drug
Legal noncommercial name for a drug.
generic name
Hormone from the adrenal cortex that raises blood sugar and reduces inflammation.
glucocorticoid
hist/o
tissue
hypn/o
sleep
Produces sleep or a trance-like state.
hypnotic
Pertaining to under the skin.
hypodermic
iatr/o
treatment
Condition caused by treatment (drugs or procedures) given by physicians or medical personnel.
iatrogenic
Unexpected effect produced in a particularly sensitive individual, but not seen in most patients.
Idi/o means individual, peculiar; syn- means together. An ____ is an abnormal, unexpected effect of a drug that is peculiar to an individual patient.
idiosyncrasy
Unexpected reaction produced in a particularly sensitive patient but not seen in most people.
idiosyncratic reaction
Administration of drugs in gaseous or vapor form through the nose or mouth.
inhalation
injection is made into a body cavity, such as the peritoneal or pleural cavity.
Intracavitary instillation
superficial injection is made into the upper layers of the skin and is used chiefly in skin testing for allergic reactions.
Intradermal injection
The buttock or upper arm is the usual site for this injection into muscle.
This form of drug administration gives rapid absorption of single doses of drugs, but is inconvenient for continuous drug dosing
Intramuscular injection (IM)
Pertaining to within the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
intrathecal
Pertaining to within a vein.
intravenous
a weak cathartic is a?
laxative
lingu/o
tongue
Study of new drug synthesis; relationship between chemical structure and biologic effects.
medicinal chemistry
Study of interaction of drugs and their target molecules (such as enzymes or cell surface receptors).
molecular pharmacology
myc/o
mold, fungus
narc/o
stupor
Habit-forming drug (potent analgesic) that relieves pain by producing stupor or insensibility;
Examples-morphine and opium
narcotic
or/o
mouth
Pertaining to the mouth.
oral
Drugs are given by mouth.
oral administration
par-
other than, apart from
Pertaining to by some route other than through the gastrointestinal tract, as by intravenous injection. Enter/o means intestine.
parenteral
Drugs are given by injection into the skin, muscles, or veins (any route other than through the digestive tract).
Examples are subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intrathecal, and intracavitary injections and instillations.
parenteral administration
pharmac/o
drug
Specialist in preparing and dispensing drugs.
pharmacist
Study of drug effects within the body.
pharmacodynamics
Study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion over a period of time.
pharmacokinetics
Specialist in the study of the properties, uses, and side effects of drugs.
pharmacologist
Study of the preparation, properties, uses, and side effects of drugs.
pharmacology
Location for preparing and dispensing drugs; also the study of preparing and dispensing drugs.
pharmacy
Reference book that lists drug products; PDR.
Physicians’ Desk Reference
Female hormone that stimulates the uterine lining during pregnancy and is also used in treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding and for hormone replacement therapy.
progestin
prurit/o
itching
Relieves constipation; strong cathartic.
purgative
pyret/o
fever
Target substance with which a drug interacts in the body.
receptor
Drugs are inserted through the anus into the rectum.
rectal administration
Lack of beneficial response; seen when drugs are unable to control the disease process.
resistance
Treats asthma, emphysema, and infections of the respiratory system. Bronchodilators are examples.
respiratory drug
Desired and beneficial effect of a drug.
response
Exact dose, timing, and frequency of drug administration.
schedule
Mildly hypnotic drug that relaxes without necessarily producing sleep. Benzodiazepines are examples.
sedative
Adverse reaction, usually minor, that routinely results from the use of a drug.
side effect
Excites and promotes activity. Caffeine and amphetamines are examples.
stimulant
Pertaining to under the skin.
subcutaneous
A small hypodermic needle is introduced into the subcutaneous tissue under the skin, usually on the upper arm, thigh, or abdomen.
Subcutaneous (hypodermic) injection (subQ)
Pertaining to under the tongue.
sublingual
Drugs are given by placement under the tongue.
sublingual administration
syn-
together, with
Combination of two drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug alone.
synergism
Pertaining to synergism.
synergistic
Instrument (tube) for introducing or withdrawing fluids from the body.
syringe
thec/o
sheath (of brain and spinal cord)
Hormone that stimulates cellular metabolism.
thyroid hormone
Larger and larger drug doses must be given to achieve the desired effect. The patient becomes resistant to the action of a drug as treatment progresses.
tolerance
Drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body; ointments, creams, and lotions are applied topically.
topical application
tox/o
poison
Pertaining to a toxin (a poisonous or harmful substance).
toxic
toxic/o
poison
Harmful effects of a drug.
toxicity
Study of harmful chemicals and their effects on the body.
toxicology
Controls anxiety and severe disturbances of behavior.
tranquilizer
used to deliver drugs continuously through the skin.
Transdermal patches
Movement of a drug across a cell membrane into body cells.
transport
Authoritative list of drugs, formulas, and preparations that sets a standard for drug manufacturing and dispensing; USP.
United States Pharmacopeia
vas/o
vessel
Drug that widens blood vessels.
vasodilator
ven/o
vein
vit/o
life
Substance found in foods and essential in small quantities for growth and good health.
vitamin
True or False and Why?
You may take your cholesterol-lowering statin pill with grapefruit juice.
False
Grapefruit juice is acidic and increases uptake of some statins into the bloodstream. This may lead to toxic side effects in liver and muscle.
True or False and Why?
It’s a good idea to take your ACE inhibitor (blood pressure medication) with bananas.
False
Bananas contain potassium, and ACE inhibitors cause the body to retain potassium. If you combine the two, you may end up with a dangerously high level of potassium in the blood.
True or False and Why?
Add vegetables like kale, mustard greens, and spinach to your diet when you are taking the anticoagulant warfarin (Coumadin).
False
Kale and similar vegetables are rich in vitamin K. Warfarin works as an anticoagulant by decreasing the activity of vitamin K, which is necessary for clotting. Therefore, kale and other vegetables can counteract the anti-clotting benefits of warfarin.
True or False and Why?
After taking your heart medicine digoxin, you may enjoy a treat of black licorice.
False
Black licorice, or glycyrrhiza glabra, decreases potassium levels in the body. Low potassium levels can increase the side effects that may occur with digoxin usage. These side effects are nausea, vomiting, headache, loss of appetite and diarrhea.
True or False and Why?
Enjoy a glass or two of wine when you are taking the antibiotic Flagyl (metronidazole).
False
Flagyl interferes with how alcohol is eliminated from the body and results in gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.
True or False and Why?
Eat walnuts, Brazil nuts, soybean flour, or foods with high fiber content when you are taking thyroid medication (levothyroxine).
False
Walnuts, Brazil nuts, soybean flour, and high-fiber foods can prevent your body from absorbing thyroid medication.
What class of drug is Omeprazole (Prilosec)?
anti-GERD drug
Antiulcer drugs and anti-gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD) drugs
GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS
True or False and Why?
What class of drug is Fluoxetine (Prozac)?
antidepressant
What class of drug is Ondansetron (Zofran)?
antiemetic (antinauseant)
GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS
What class of drug is Lisinopril (Zestril)?
antihypertensive
CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS
What class of drug is Olanzapine (Zyprexa)?
antipsychotic
Combination of two drugs is greater than the total effects of each drug by itself
synergism
Combination of two drugs that is equal to the sum of the effects of each
additive action
Two drugs give less than an additive effect (action)
antagonistic
an agent that reduces or eliminates sensation
Anesthetic
An agent (mildly hypnotic) that relaxes and calms nervousness
sedative
an agent that excites and promotes activity
stimulant
a drug used to control anxiety and severe disturbances of behavior
tranquilizer
What class of drug is nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)?
Analgesic
What class of drug is insulin?
Antidiabetic
What class of drug is heparin?
Anticoagulant
What class of drug is penicillin or erythromycin?
Antibiotic
What class of drug is caffeine or amphetamines?
Stimulant
What class of drug is a benzodiazepine?
control minor symptoms of anxiety
sedative-hypnotic
minor tranquilizer
What class of drug is phenothiazine?
control more severe disturbances of behavior. Useful for controlling anxiety.
major tranquilizer
Sedative-hypnotics and tranquilizers
What does sedative and hypnotics mean?
drowsiness (sedatives) and sleep (hypnotics)
What class or type of drug would you use to treat ____?
epilepsy
anticonvulsant
What class or type of drug would you use to treat ____?
thrombosis and embolism
anticoagulant
What class or type of drug would you use to treat ____?
epigastric discomfort
antacid
What class or type of drug would you use to treat ____?
abnormal uterine bleeding caused by hormonal imbalance
progestins
What class or type of drug would you use to treat ____?
streptococcal pharyngitis
antibiotic
What class or type of drug would you use to treat ____?
congestive heart failure and hypertension
ACE inhibitor
What class or type of drug would you use to treat ____?
asthma
bronchodilator
respiratory drugs
What class or type of drug would you use to treat ____?
anaphylactic shock
antihistamine
What class or type of drug would you use to treat ____?
severe behavioral disturbances
major tranquilizer
What class or type of drug would you use to treat ____?
arthritis and neuralgia
analgesic
An agent that reduces fever
antipyretic
a habit-forming analgesic is a ____
narcotic
an antibiotic derived from a red mold
erythromycin
Cephalosporins (such as cefuroxime and cefprozil) and penicillins are examples of ?
antibiotic drugs
Advil (ibuprofen) is an example of a/an
NSAID
Tegretol (carbamazepine) and Dilantin (phenytoin) are examples of a/an
anticonvulsant drug
Zovirax (acyclovir) and Crixivan (indinavir) are both types of a/an
antiviral drug
Nolvadex (tamoxifen), used to treat estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer in women, is an example of a/an
antiestrogen drug
Patients with high blood pressure may need Vasotec (enalapril) or Zestril (lisinopril). Both of these are examples of a/an
ACE inhibitor
Elavil (amitriptyline) and Prozac (fluoxetine) are two types of a/an
antidepressant drug
Metformin and Avandia (rosiglitazone) are two types of ?
oral antidiabetic for type 2 diabetes drugs
If you have an allergy, your doctor may prescribe Allegra (fexofenadine), which is a/an
antihistamine drug
Two agents that reduce the amount of fluid in the blood and thus lower blood pressure are Lasix (furosemide) and Aldactone (spironolactone). These are ________ drugs.
diuretic drugs
Xylocaine (lidocaine) is an example of of a/an
anesthetic drug
