eyes and ears Flashcards
suffix
-acusis or -cusis
hearing
suffix
-meter
instrument to measure
suffix
-opia
vision
suffix
-opsia
vision
suffix
-otia
ear condition
suffix
-tropia
to turn
Normal adjustment of the eye to focus on objects from far to near.
accommodation
combinig form
acous/o
hearing
Pertaining to hearing
acoustic
Benign tumor arising from the acoustic vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve) in the brain.
acoustic neuroma
abbreviation
AD
right ear (Latin, auris dextra)
abbreviation
ALT
argon laser trabeculoplasty.
combinig form
ambly/o
dull, dim
Decreased visual acuity often in a single eye and appearing in children; lazy eye.
(A condition in which the eye and brain fail to work together, resulting in vision impairment in just one eye)
amblyopia
abbreviation
AMD
age-related macular degeneration
Inequality in the size of pupils. Anis/o means unequal. ____ may be an indication of neurologic injury or disease
anisocoria
anis/o cor/ia
condition of unequal pupils
Immobility (fusion) of a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure.
Fixation (stiffening) of the stapes bone (ossicle). Conduction deafness occurs, as the ossicles cannot pass on vibrations when sound enters the ear.
ankylosis
“ankyl-“ or “ankyl/o” signifies stiffness, immobility, or a fusion of parts, often referring to joints.
-osis abnomal condition
Area behind the cornea and in front of the lens and iris. It contains aqueous humor.
anterior chamber
abbreviation
AOM
acute otitis media
Absence of the lens of the eye. This condition may be congenital, but most often it is the result of extraction of a cataract (clouded lens) without placement of an artificial lens (pseudophakia).
aphakia
a-no, not, without
phak/o (lense)
combinig form
aque/o
water
Fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in the anterior chamber.
aqueous humor
abbreviation
AS
left ear (Latin, auris sinistra)
Defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye.
astigmatism
combinig form
audi/o
hearing; the sense of hearing
Record of hearing using an audiometer.
audiogram
A health care professional specializing in the evaluation and rehabilitation of people with hearing loss.
audiologist
Testing the sense of hearing. An audiometer is an electrical device that delivers acoustic stimuli of specific frequencies and decibels (loudness) to determine a patient’s hearing level for each frequency
audiometry
combinig form
audit/o
hearing
ex… auditory
Channel that leads from the pinna to the eardrum.
auditory canal
Another term for the auditory canal.
auditory meatus
Carry impulses from the inner ear to the brain (cerebral cortex). These fibers compose the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII).
auditory nerve fibers
Channel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx; another name for the eustachian tube.
auditory tube
combinig form
aur/o, auricul/o
see also
ot/o
ear
Pertaining to the ear.
aural
The protruding part of the external ear, also called the pinna.
auricle
Consisting of two surfaces that are rounded, elevated, and curved evenly, like part of a sphere.
The lens of the eye is a ____ body.
biconvex
combinig form
blephar/o
same as
palpebr/o
eyelid
Inflammation of an eyelid.
blepharitis
Sagging or drooping eyelid; ptosis.
blepharoptosis
abbreviation
BPPV
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
remember that paroxysmal means-occurring in sudden, intense bursts or episodes.
Clouding of the lens, causing decreased vision.
cataract
Waxy substance secreted by the external ear; earwax.
cerumen
Small, hard cystic mass (granuloma) on the eyelid.
It is caused when a meibomian gland becomes blocked
*sounds a little like calzone + zion
Not to be confused with a a stye (or hordeolum) which is often caused by a bacterial infection of the oil gland or eyelash follicle.
chalazion
Collection of skin cells and cholesterol in a sac within the middle ear. Steat/o means fat.
cholesteatoma
Middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera.
choroid
Structure surrounding the lens that connects the iris to the choriod. It contains ciliary muscles, which control the shape of the lens, and it secretes aqueous humor.
ciliary body
combinig form
cochle/o
cochlea
Snail shell–shaped, spirally wound tube in the inner ear; contains hearing-sensitive receptor cells.
cochlea
Pertaining to the cochlea.
cochlear
Surgical insertion of a device that allows sensorineural hearing–impaired persons to understand speech. Electrical signals are sent directly into the auditory nerve by means of multiple electrodes inserted into the cochlea.
cochlear implant procedure
Results from the impairment of sound wave transmission from the external ear to the cochlea.
Conductive deafness
Photoreceptor cell in the retina that transforms light energy into a nerve impulse. ____ are responsible for color and central vision. (They work best in bright light.)
cone
conjunctiv/o
conjunctiva
Delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball up to the cornea.
conjunctiva
Inflammation of the conjunctiva. Commonly called pinkeye . ____ occurs when blood vessels dilate from allergens like pollen (allergic ____), (bacterial ____), or (viral ____).
conjunctivitis
combinig form
cor/o
same as
pupill/o
pupil
combinig form
corne/o
same as
kerat/o
cornea
Fibrous transparent layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eyeball.
cornea
Superficial scratch on the cornea (front of the eye).
corneal abrasion
Pertaining to the cornea and sclera (white of the eye).
corneoscleral
combinig form
cycl/o
ciliary body or muscle of the eye
Pertaining to paralysis of the ciliary muscles of the eye.
cycloplegic
combinig form
dacry/o
same as
lacrim/o
tears, tear duct
Inflammation of tear glands.
dacryoadenitis
Loss of the ability to hear.
deafness
Disease of the retina caused by diabetes mellitus. Retinal effects include microaneurysms, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, and neovascularization (new blood vessels) in the retina.
diabetic retinopathy
combinig form
dipl/o
double
double vision
diplopia
Is marked by atrophy and degeneration of retinal cells and deposits of clumps of extracellular debris, or drusen. (affecting about 85% of patients)
Dry macular degeneration
Measurement of the temperature of the tympanic membrane by detection of infrared radiation from the eardrum.
ear thermometry
abbreviation
EENT
eyes, ears, nose, and throat
Fluid within the labyrinth (canals) of the inner ear; conducts sound waves.
endolymph
abbreviation
ENG
electronystagmography—a test of the balance mechanism of the inner ear by assessing eye movements (nystagmus is rapidly twitching eye movements)
abbreviation
ENT
ears, nose, and throat
Removal of the entire eyeball.
enucleation
Turning inward of one or both pupils; “cross eyes.” eso-means inward.
esotropia
Esotropia and Exotropia are two exmples of what?
strabismus
An eye movement disorder caused by a defect in eye muscles so that both eyes cannot be focused on the same point at the same time.
abbreviation
ETD
eustachian tube dysfunction
Channel between the middle ear and the throat; also called the auditory tube.
eustachian tube
is an outward turning of an eye.
Exotropia
Turning of one or both pupils to the side or outward. “wall eye”
exotropia
(fluid leakage from the blood) appear in the retina as yellow-white spots. Laser photocoagulation is helpful for patients in whom growth of abnormal blood vessels or hemorrhaging on the retina has been severe.
exudates
(black spots or filmy shapes), which are vitreous clumps that detach from the retina.
floaters
Intravenous injection of fluorescein (a dye) followed by serial photographs of the retina through dilated pupils.
fluorescein angiography
Tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision.
fovea centralis
Posterior, inner part of the eye; visualized with an ophthalmoscope.
fundus of the eye
combinig form
glauc/o
gray
Increased intraocular pressure that results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision. Here, -oma means mass or collection of fluid (aqueous humor)
glaucoma
abbreviation
HEENT
head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat
Absence of vision for one half, right or left, of an individual’s field of vision.
hemianopsia
hemi-an-opsia
half-without-vision
Small, superficial white nodule along lid margin due to infection of a sebaceous gland; stye.
hordeolum (stye or sty)
derived from the Latin word “hordeum,” which translates to “barley,” reflecting the stye’s resemblance to a small grain of barley.
Excessive sensitivity to sounds.
hyperacusis
Farsightedness; vision condition in which distant objects are seen more clearly than objects that are near.
hyperopia same as hypermetropia
Disease of the retina due to high blood pressure.
hypertensive retinopathy
upward deviation of one eye
hypertropia
downward deviation of one eye
hypotropia
Second ossicle, small anvil-shaped bone (ossicle) of the middle ear; incus means anvil.
incus
Pertaining to within the eye.
intraocular
Pertaining to within the vitreous humor. ____ injections are a method of treatment for ophthalmologic conditions such as diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration.
intravitreal
abbreviation
IOL
intraocular lens
abbreviation
IOP
intraocular pressure
combinig form
ir/o, irid/o
iris (colored portion of the eye around the pupil)
A portion of the iris is removed to improve drainage of aqueous humor or to extract a foreign body.
iridectomy
Pertaining to the iris.
iridic
Pigmented (colored) layer of the eye.
iris
Inflammation of the iris of the eye. Characterized by pain, sensitivity to light, and lacrimation.
iritis
combinig form
kerat/o
cornea
Inflammation of the cornea of the eye. Keratitis can be caused by infection (viral or bacterial), injury, or wearing contact lenses too long.
keratitis
Surgical repair of the cornea. Also known as a corneal transplant procedure. T
keratoplasty
Maze-like series of canals of the inner ear. This includes the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals.
labyrinth
combinig form
lacrim/o
tears
Pertaining to tears.
lacrimal
Production of tears.
lacrimation
Intense, precisely focused light beam (argon laser) creates an inflammatory reaction that seals retinal tears and leaky retinal blood vessels. This procedure is useful to treat retinal tears, diabetic retinopathy, and wet macular degeneration.
laser photocoagulation
abbreviation
LASIK
LASIK is an acronym for laser in situ keratomileusis (shaping the cornea).
Use of an excimer laser to correct errors of refraction (myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism).
Transparent, biconvex body behind the pupil of the eye. It bends (refracts) light rays to bring them into focus on the retina.
lens
Abnormally large ears; congenital anomaly.
macrotia
macr/o + otia
large + ear
Small oval region on the retina near the optic disc; contains the fovea centralis, which is the area of clearest vision.
macula
Progressive damage to the macula of the retina and resulting in loss of central vision.
macular degeneration
occurs as fluid leaks from blood vessels into the retina and vision is blurred.
Macular edema
A small break in the macula (central section) of the retina. It may cause blurred and distorted central vision, and development of this may be related to aging.
macular hole
First hammer-shaped ossicle of the middle ear; ____ means hammer.
malleus
Rounded projection on the temporal bone behind the ear.
mastoid process
combinig form
mastoid/o
mastoid process
Inflammation and infection of the mastoid process just behind the ear.
mastoiditis
Disorder of the labyrinth of the inner ear; elevated endolymph pressure within the cochlea (cochlear hydrops) and semicircular canals (vestibular hydrops).
Meniere disease
combinig form
mi/o
smaller, less
abbreviation
MIGS
minimally invasive glaucoma surgery
Contraction of the pupil of the eye.
miosis
is a drug (such as pilocarpine) that causes the pupil to contract.
miotic
combinig form
mydr/o
widen, enlarge
Enlargement of pupils. Tropicamide, atropine, and cocaine cause dilation, or enlargement, of pupils.
mydriasis
Nearsightedness; vision condition in which close objects are seen more clearly than objects that are far.
myopia
combinig form
myring/o
eardrum, tympanic membrane (seetympan/o)
Inflammation of the eardrum.
myringitis
Incision of the eardrum.
myringotomy
(sensorineural hearing loss) results from impairment of the cochlea or auditory (acoustic) nerve.
Nerve deafness
combinig form
nyct/o
night
Night blindness; difficult, poor vision at night.
nyctalopia
Repetitive rhythmic movements of one or both eyes.
nystagmus
abbreviation
OCT
optical coherence tomography
combinig form
ocul/o
eye
combinig form
ophthalm/o
eye
Pertaining to the eye.
ophthalmic
Medical doctor who specializes in treating disorders of the eye.
ophthalmologist
Paralysis of muscles that move the eyeball.
ophthalmoplegia
Visual examination of the interior of the eye.
ophthalmoscopy
combinig form
opt/o, optic/o
eye, vision
Point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain (Latin chiasma means crossing).
optic chiasm
Region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina. It is the blind spot of the eye because it contains only nerve fibers, no rods or cones, and is thus insensitive to light.
optic disc
Cranial nerve carrying impulses from the retina to the brain (cerebral cortex).
optic nerve
Noninvasive imaging technique using light waves to take cross-sectional pictures of the retina. ____ can be used to examine the optic nerve and retina for glaucoma and other retinal diseases.
optical coherence tomography (OCT)
Nonmedical professional who grinds lenses and fits glasses but cannot prescribe lenses.
optician
Nonmedical professional who can examine eyes to determine vision problems and prescribe lenses; a doctor of optometry (O.D.).
optometrist
Sensitive auditory receptor area found in the cochlea of the inner ear.
organ of Corti
abbreviation
OS
left eye (Latin, oculus sinister)
Small bone of the ear; includes the malleus, incus, and stapes.
ossicle
combinig form
ossicul/o
ossicle
Surgical repair of an ossicle (small bone) of the middle ear.
ossiculoplasty
combinig form
ot/o
ear
Pertaining to the ear.
otic
Inflammation of the middle ear.
otitis media
Specialist (surgeon) in ear, nose, and throat disorders.
otolaryngologist
Fungal infection of the ear.
otomycosis
Discharge of pus from the ear.
otopyorrhea
Hardening of the bony tissue of the middle ear.
otosclerosis
Visual examination of the ear canal with an otoscope.
otoscopy
abbreviation
OU
both eyes (Latin, oculus uterque, “each eye”)
Membrane between the middle ear and the inner ear.
oval window
combinig form
palpebr/o
eyelid
Pertaining to an eyelid.
palpebral
combinig form
papill/o
optic disc; nipple-like
This condition is associated with increased intracranial pressure and hyperemia (increased blood flow) in the region of the optic disc. The suffix -edema means swelling.
papilledema
pressure-equalizing tube—a polyethylene ventilating tube placed in the eardrum (to treat recurrent episodes of acute otitis media)
PE tube
Fluid contained in the labyrinth of the inner ear.
perilymph
abbreviation
PERRLA
pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation
combinig form
phac/o, phak/o
lens of the eye
Technique of cataract extraction using ultrasonic vibrations to fragment (emulsify) the lens and aspirate the pieces from the eye.
phacoemulsification
combinig form
phot/o
light
Sensitivity to light.
photophobia
bright flashes of light
photopsia
Conjunctivitis occurs when blood vessels dilate from allergens like pollen (allergic conjunctivitis), bacterial infection (bacterial conjunctivitis), or virus (viral conjunctivitis).
pinkeye
Auricle; protruding part of the external ear.
pinna
an outpatient surgical alternative for selected retinal detachment and scleral buckle. A gas bubble is injected into the middle of the eye, and the tear is sealed with a freezing probe or laser beam.
Pneumatic retinopexy
abbreviation
POAG
primary open-angle glaucoma
Pertaining to behind the ear.
postauricular
combinig form
presby/o
old age
Progressive loss of hearing, occurring in middle and older age.
presbycusis
Impairment of vision as a result of old age.
presbyopia
abbreviation
PRK
photorefractive keratectomy—a laser beam flattens the top layer of the cornea to correct myopia
Central opening of the eye, surrounded by the iris, through which light rays pass. It appears dark.
pupil
combinig form
pupill/o
pupil
Pertaining to the pupil of the eye.
pupillary
Bending of light rays by the cornea, lens, and fluids of the eye to bring the rays into focus on the retina.
refraction
combinig form
retin/o
retina
Light-sensitive nerve cell layer of the eye containing photoreceptor cells (rods and cones).
retina
Two layers of the retina separate from each other.
retinal detachment
may be small and diagnosed early and require treatment with just a laser rather than surgery.
retinal hole
Inflamation of the retina of the eye
retinitis
Inflammation of the retina with pigmentation and progressive scarring of tissue. It is a genetic disorder (pigmented scar forms on the retina) that destroys retinal rods. Decreased vision and night blindness (nyctalopia) occur.
Retinitis pigmentosa
To perform the ____ test, the examiner places the base of the vibrating fork against the patient’s mastoid bone (bone conduction) and in front of the auditory meatus (air conduction).
Rinne test
Photoreceptor cell of the retina essential for vision in low light and for peripheral vision.
rod
combinig form
salping/o
eustachian tube, auditory tube
Pertaining to the eustachian tube and the throat.
salpingopharyngeal
combinig form
scler/o
sclera (white of the eye); hard
Tough, white outer coat of the eyeball.
sclera
made of silicone is sutured to the sclera directly over the detached portion of the retina to push the two retinal layers together.
scleral buckle
Inflammation of the sclera.
scleritis
combinig form
scot/o
darkness
Blind spot in the field of vision.
scotoma
A MIGS
selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT)
Passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining equilibrium.
semicircular canals
Examination of anterior ocular structures under microscopic magnification. This procedure provides a magnified view of the conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, lens, and vitreous.
slit lamp microscopy
abbreviation
SLT
selective laser trabeculoplasty
abbreviation
SOM
serous otitis media
combinig form
staped/o
stapes (third bone of the middle ear)
Removal of the stapes (third middle ear bone). After stapedectomy a prosthetic device is used to connect the incus and the oval window.
stapedectomy
Third stirrup-shaped ossicle of the middle ear. Stapes means stirrup.
stapes
Abnormal deviation of the eye; esotropia or exotropia are examples. A failure of the eyes to look in the same direction because of weakness of a muscle controlling the position of one eye.
strabismus
Relay center of the brain. Optic nerve fibers pass through the thalamus on their way to the cerebral cortex.
thalamus
Sensation of noises (ringing, buzzing, whistling, booming) in the ears without an external source. Caused by irritation of delicate hair cells in the inner ear. Tinnitus, a Latin-derived term, means tinkling. HINT: Tinnitus is a condition (-itus), not an inflammation (-itis).
tinnitus
Measurement of tension and pressure within the eye; glaucoma test. (ton/o = tension)
Tonometry
Procedure using a laser beam to reduce intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma.
trabeculoplasty
Test of ear conduction using a vibration source (tuning fork). Rine and Weber test.
tuning fork test
combinig form
tympan/o
eardrum, tympanic membrane
Membrane between the outer and the middle ear; also called the eardrum.
tympanic membrane
Surgical repair of the eardrum. With or without surgical reconstruction of the bones of the middle ear with reconnection of the eardrum to the oval window.
tympanoplasty
combinig form
uve/o
uvea; vascular layer of the eye (iris, ciliary body, and choroid)
Inflammation of the uvea, which is the vascular layer of the eye (including the iris, choroid, and ciliary body).
uveitis
abbreviation
VA
visual acuity
Sensation of irregular or whirling motion either of oneself or of external objects.
vertigo
combinig form
vestibul/o
vestibule
Central cavity of the labyrinth, connecting the semicircular canals and the cochlea. The vestibule contains two structures, the saccule and utricle, that help to maintain equilibrium.
vestibule
Pertaining to the vestibule and cochlea of the inner ear.
vestibulocochlear
abbreviation
VF
visual field
Eye exam that measures clarity of vision.
visual acuity test
Eye examination that measures the entire scope of vision (peripheral and central).
visual field test
combinig form
vitre/o
glassy
Removal of the vitreous humor. The vitreous is replaced with a clear solution. Can be used to remove nonresolving hemorrhage into the vitreous jelly.
vitrectomy
Soft, jelly-like material behind the lens in the vitreous chamber; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball. Often referred to as the vitreous.
vitreous humor
In the ____ test, the tuning fork is placed on the center of the forehead. The perceived loudness of sound is the same in both ears if hearing is normal.
Weber test
involves new and leaky macular blood vessels.
Wet macular degeneration
SLT, which is as effective as ALT, is the preferred laser treatment because it causes less scarring and may be repeated twice every 2 to 3 years if needed.
What is the preferred laser treatment ALT or SLT? Why?
combinig form
xer/o
dry
Condition of excessive dryness of the eye.
xerophthalmia
