Respiration Flashcards
____ ____ (….) is performed during bronchoscopy to diagnose and stage lung cancer.
Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)
____ ____ is when a brush is inserted through the bronchoscope and is used to scrape off tissue
bronchial brushing
____ ____is caused by material, such as food or vomitus, lodging in bronchi or lungs. It is a danger in the elderly, Alzheimer disease patients, stroke victims, and people with esophageal reflux and feeding tubes.
Aspiration pneumonia
____ -aquired ____ results from a contagious respiratory infection, caused by a variety of viruses and bacteria (including pneumococci and Mycoplasma bacteria). It usually is treated at home with oral antibiotics.
Community-acquired pneumonia
____ ____ ____ ____(….) allows the surgeon to view the chest from a video monitor.
Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)
____ ____ ____ or (…’s) are used for many reasons: (1) to evaluate patients with shortness of breath (SOB); (2) to monitor lung function in patients with known respiratory disease; (3) to evaluate disability; and (4) to assess lung function before surgery.
PFTs or pulmonary function tests
____ is a fluid-filled area within the lungs as seen on a chest x-ray or CT scan.
infiltrate
____ is a limited form of infection that produces patchy consolidation (abscesses) in the lung parenchyma. Treatment includes appropriate antibiotics and, if necessary, oxygen and mechanical ventilation in severe cases.
Bronchopneumonia
____ is the artificial production of adhesions between the parietal and visceral pleura for treatment of persistent pneumothorax and severe pleural effusion. This is accomplished by using talc powder or drugs, such as antibiotics, that cause irritation and scarring of the pleura.
Pleurodesis (-desis means to bind)
____ ____ ____ (….) is the combination of CT scanning and angiography. It is useful to examine the pulmonary circulation in the diagnosis of a pulmonary embolism.
CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA)
____ pneumonia involves an entire lobe of a lung
Lobar pneumonia
____ pneumonia is caused by material, such as food or vomitus, lodging in bronchi or lungs. It is a danger in the elderly, Alzheimer disease patients, stroke victims, and people with esophageal reflux and feeding tubes.
Aspiration pneumonia
____or ____ pneumonia is acquired during hospitalization (Greek nosokomeion means hospital). For example, patients may contract pneumonia while on mechanical ventilation or as a hospital-acquired infection.
Hospital-acquired pneumonia or nosocomial pneumonia
The____test, also known as the tuburculosis screaning test (TST) uses PPD given by intraepidermal injection
Mantoux test
-algia
sensitivity to pain
-capnia
carbon dioxide
-centesis
puncture to remove fluid
-dynia
pain
-ectasis
dilation; dilatation; widening
-ectomy
removal; excision; resection
-ema
condition
-lysis
breakdown; separation; destruction; loosening
-osmia
smell
-oxia
oxygen
-phonia
voice; sound
-plasty
surgical repair
-pnea
breathing
-ptysis
spitting
-rrhea
flow; discharge
-scopy
visual examination
-sphyxia
pulse
-stenosis
tightening; stricture
-stomy
new opening (to form a mouth)
-thorax
chest; pleural cavity
-tomy
process of cutting
-trophy
nourishment; development (condition of)
A ____ is equipped with a camera that magnifies the image on the monitor. T____copy can diagnose and treat conditions of the lung, pleura, and mediastinum.
thorascope / thorascopy
A ____ measures the volume and rate of air passing into and out of the lung.
spirometer
A blood clot is also calle an:
embolus, as in Pulmanary Embolism
a combination vaccine including Pertussis, tetanus toxins and diphtheria is called:
DPT
a-, an-
no; not; without
ABGs
arterial blood gases
Increased development of adenoids.
adenoid hypertrophy
adenoid/o
adenoids
Removal of the adenoids.
adenoidectomy
Small masses of lymphatic tissue in the throat, close to the nasal (nose) passageway. nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils.
adenoids
AFB
acid-fast bacillus/bacilli—the TB organism
alveol/o
alveolus(plural: alveoli), a small air sac in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the blood and inhaled air
Pertaining to an alveolus.
alveolar
Air sac in the lung.
alveolus (plural: alveoli)
an apparatus that moves air into and out of the lungs
mechanical ventilator
Loss of the sense of smell.
anosmia
another term for bronchial wasing
bronchoalveolar lavage
Abnormal condition of coal dust in the lungs; black lung disease.
anthracosis
Uppermost portion of the lung.
apex of the lung
Pertaining to the tip of an organ.
apical
Without breathing.
apnea
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome—severe, sudden lung injury caused by acute illness
Abnormal condition of asbestos fiber particles in the lungs.
asbestosis
Deficient oxygen and increased carbon dioxide in the bloodstream leading to unconsciousness or death.
asphyxia
Chronic inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial and bronchiolar edema and constriction. Associated signs and symptoms of asthma are dyspnea, wheezing, increased mucous production, and cough. Etiology can involve allergy or infection. Triggers for asthmatic attacks include exercise, strong odors, cold air, stress, allergens (e.g., tobacco smoke, pet dander, dust, molds, pollens, foods), and medications (aspirin, beta blockers).
asthma
Asthma treatments are:
• Fast-acting agents for acute symptoms; example is an albuterol inhaler (bronchodilator). • Long-acting agents for long-term control; examples are glucocorticoids (inhaled), oral steroids (anti-inflammatory drugs), and leukotriene blockers such as montelukast (Singulair).
Collapsed lung; incomplete expansion (-ectasis) of a lung
atelectasis
Listening for sounds in the chest and abdomen using a stethoscope.
auscultation
Rod-shaped bacteria that are the cause of tuberculosis.
bacilli (singular: bacillus)
BAL
bronchoalveolar lavage
base of the lung
brady-
slow
Bronch
bronchoscopy
bronch/o bronchi/o
bronchial tube, bronchus
Abnormal condition of the lung in which bronchi become damaged and widened (dilated); usually secondary to infection.
bronchiectasis
bronchiol/o
bronchiole, small bronchus
Small bronchial tubes.
bronchioles
Inflammation of a bronchiole.
bronchiolitis
Irrigation or washing of a bronchus by injecting fluid through a bronchoscope and then removing it to analyze the contents.
bronchoalveolar lavage
Agent that dilates (widens) blood vessels and relieves bronchospasm. An example is albuterol, delivered via an inhaler.
bronchodilator
Pertaining to the bronchus and the pleura.
bronchopleural
Visual examination of the bronchial tubes using an endoscope or bronchoscope.
bronchoscopy
Involuntary muscular contractions in bronchial tubes leading to narrowing of the bronchi. A chief characteristic of bronchitis.
bronchospasm
Branch of the trachea that leads toward the air sacs of the lung.
bronchus (plural: bronchi)
C&S
culture and sensitivity testing (of sputum)
capn/o
carbon dioxide
Gas produced in tissue cells when oxygen and food combine; exhaled through the lungs.
carbon dioxide (CO2)
CF
cystic fibrosis
Inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long period.
chronic bronchitis
Lung and bronchial tube conditions that block and damage airways and persist over a long period. Examples are chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract. They clear bacteria and foreign substances from the lung. Cigarette smoke impairs the function of cilia.
cilia
CO2
carbon dioxide
Common causes of ____ include throat abscess, airway injury, croup, allergic reaction, or epiglottitis and laryngitis.
stridor
a contagious respiratory infection, caused by a variety of viruses and bacteria (including pneumococci and Mycoplasma bacteria). It usually is treated at home with oral antibiotics.
Community-acquired pneumonia results from
Computer-generated series of x-ray images show thoracic structures in cross section and other planes. This test is for diagnosis of lesions difficult to assess by conventional x-ray studies, such as those in the lungs, mediastinum, and pleura.
computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest
coni/o
dust
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease—airway obstruction associated with emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Enlargement of the right side of the heart due to lung disease.
cor pulmonale
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation—three basic steps (CAB): C, circulation restored by external cardiac compression; A, airway opened by tilting the head; B, breathing restored by mouth-to-mouth breathing
Acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, accompanied by barking cough and stridor. The most common causative agents are influenza viruses or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
croup
CT-PE
Chest CT scan for pulmonary emboli
CTPA
computed tomography (CT) pulmonary angiogram
Culture and sensitivity (C&S) testing identifies:
a sputum pathogen and determines which antibiotic will be effective in destroying or reducing its growth.
CXR
chest x-ray [film]
cyan/o
blue
Abnormal condition of bluish coloration of the skin.
cyanosis
Inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucinous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally.
cystic fibrosis (CF)
Muscle separating the abdominal (abdomen) and thoracic (chest) cavities. The diaphragm moves up and down and aids in breathing.
diaphragm
Acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium (Corynebacterium). Characterized by formation of a thick membrane that obstructs the throat and breathing.
diphtheria
Dlco
diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO)
DOE
dyspnea on exertion
DPT
diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (caccine)
dys-
abnormal, bad, difficult, painful
Abnormal voice or sound produced when speaking. Or horseness of voice. Stroboscopy is examination of vibrating (strob/o) vocal cords as the patient is producing sound.
dysphonia
Difficult breathing. Dys- means abnormal here and is associated with shortness of breath (SOB).Paroxysmal(sudden)nocturnal(at night)dyspneamay be experienced by patients with congestive heart failure when they recline in bed. Patients often describe the sensation as “air hunger.”
dyspnea
EBUS
endobronchial ultrasound
em-
in
emphysema
Hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls.
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are both forms of ____.
COPD
Pus in the pleural space (cavity) surrounding the lungs; pyothorax. Em- at the beginning of this term means in. Empyema (pyothorax) is a collection of pus in the pleural cavity.
empyema
Tube is placed through the mouth and throat into the trachea to establish an airway.
endotracheal intubation
epiglott/o
epiglottis
Lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the voice box and windpipe when a person is swallowing.
epiglottis
Inflammation of the epiglottis. Characterized by fever, sore throat, and an erythematous, swollen epiglottis.
epiglottitis
Nosebleed.
epistaxis
eu-
good; normal; true
ex-
out; away from
Examples of the ____ test are the Heaf test and the tine test, using purified protein derivative (PPD) applied with multiple punctures of the skin, and the Mantoux test, using PPD given by intraepidermal injection.
tuberculin test
process of breathing out; expiration.
exhalation
Coughing up of sputum (mucus) from the throat and respiratory tract.
expectoration
Process of breathing out; exhalation.
expiration
Fluid, cells, and other substances (pus) that filter from cells or capillaries ooze into lesions or areas of inflammation.
exudate
FEV1
forced expiratory volume in first (1)second
fluid, blood cells, and debris often associated with infecrtion is called:
exudate
Forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration is abbreviated as:
FEV1
FVC
forced vital capacity—amount of gas that can be forcibly and rapidly exhaled after a full inspiration
Slit-like opening between the vocal cords of the larynx.
glottis
Spitting up blood from the respiratory tract.
hemoptysis
Blood in the chest (pleural cavity) surrounding the lungs.
hemothorax
Pertaining to the hilum.
hilar
Midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs. Hilar means pertaining to (at) the hilum.
hilum of the lung
hyper-
above; excessive
Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.
hypercapnia
Increase in breathing rate.
hyperpnea
hypo-
deficient; below; under; less than normal
Deficiency of oxygen in tissues.
hypoxia
ICU
intensive care unit
in ____ ____ ____ airways are narrowed, which results in resistance to airflow during breathing. A hallmark PFT abnormality in ____ disease is decreased expiratory flow rate or FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration). Examples of ____ lung diseases are asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, and bronchiolitis.
obstructive lung disease
In ____ ____ ____, expansion of the lung is limited by disease that affects the chest wall, pleura, or lung tissue itself. A hallmark PFT abnormality in restrictive disease is decreased total lung capacity (TLC). Examples of lung conditions that stiffen and scar the lung are pulmonary fibrosis, radiation damage to the lung, and pneumoconiosis. Other causes of restrictive lung disease are neuromuscular conditions that affect the lung, such as myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, and diaphragmatic weakness and paralysis.The ability of gas to diffuse across the alveolar-capillary membrane is assessed by determining the diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO). A patient breathes in a small amount of carbon monoxide (CO), and the length of time it takes the gas to enter the bloodstream is measured. A common cause of reduced DLCO is emphysema due to destruction of alveoli.
restrictive lung disease
In bronchoalveolar lavage (bronchial washing), fluid is ____and ____.
injected and withdrawn
Collection of fluid or other material within the lung, as seen on a chest film, CT scan, or other radiologic image.
infiltrate
Act of breathing in; inspiration. Also administration of drugs in gaseous or vapor form through the nose or mouth.
inhalation
Act of breathing in; inhalation.
inspiration
laryng/o
larynx, voice box
Pertaining to the larynx (voice box).
laryngeal
Inflammation of the larynx (voice box).
laryngitis
Endoscopic visual examination of the larynx.
laryngoscopy
Involuntary contraction of muscles surrounding the voice box.
laryngospasm
Voice box; located above the trachea (windpipe). Contains the vocal chords.
larynx
LLL
left lower lobe (of lung)
lob/o
lobe of the lung
lobe
Division of a lung.
lobectomy
Removal of a lobe or section of a lung.
LUL
left upper lobe (of lung)
Surgical removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination of cells.
lung biopsy
Malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchial tubes.
lung cancer
MAC
Mycobacterium avium complex—the cause of a noncontagious lung infection related to tuberculosis
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest
Magnetic waves and radio waves produce images of organs and tissues in all three planes of the body; MRI. frontal, lateral (sagittal), and cross-sectional (axial) planes.
Malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi. This group of cancers, often associated with cigarette smoking, is the most frequent fatal malignancy. ____ are divided into two general categories: non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC).
Lung cancers
MDI
metered-dose inhaler—used to deliver aerosolized medications to patients
mediastin/o
mediastinum
Endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum. An incision is made above the breastbone (suprasternal) for inspection and biopsy of lymph nodes in the underlying space (mediastinum).
mediastinoscopy
Region between the lungs in the chest cavity. It contains the trachea, heart, lymph nodes, major blood vessels, esophagus, and bronchial tubes.
mediastinum
Rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura and associated with asbestos exposure.
mesothelioma
Mesotheliomas are derived from ____, which forms the lining of the pleural surface. These tumors usually are caused by asbestos exposure.
mesothelium
nares
Openings through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities; nostrils.
nas/o
nose
nasogastric intubation
Placement of a tube through the nose into the stomach.
NSCLC
non–small cell lung cancer
O2
oxygen
obstructive lung disease
Narrowed airways result in resistance to airflow during breathing. Examples are asthma, bronchiectasis, COPD, and cystic fibrosis.
or/o
Mouth
orth/o
straight
orthopnea
An abnormal condition in which breathing (-pnea) is easier in the upright position. A major cause of orthopnea is congestive heart failure. Physicians assess the degree of orthopnea by the number of pillows a patient requires to sleep comfortably (e.g., two-pillow orthopnea).
OSA
obstructive sleep apnea
ox/o
oxygen
oxygen (O2)
Gas inhaled and entering the bloodstream through the lungs. (Makes up 21 percent of the air that we breathe.) It passes into the bloodstream at the lungs and travels to all body cells.
PaCO2
carbon dioxide partial pressure—measure of the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
palatine tonsil
One of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx (palatine means pertaining to the roof of the mouth).
palliative
Relieving symptoms, but not curing the disease.
PaO2
partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood. A measure of the amount of oxygen in arterial blood
One of a pair of air cavities in the bones near the nose.
paranasal sinus
Outer layer of the pleura lying closest to the chest wall.
parietal pleura
Pertaining to a sudden occurrence, such as a spasm or seizure; oxysm/o means sudden.
paroxysmal
para-
near; beside; abnormal; apart from; along the side of
PCP
Pneumocystis pneumonia—a type of pneumonia seen in patients with AIDS or other immunosuppression
PE
pulmonary embolism
pector/o
chest
PEEP
positive end-expiratory pressure—common mechanical ventilator setting in which airway pressure is maintained above atmospheric pressure
PEP
positive expiratory pressure—mechanical ventilator strategy in which the patient takes a deep breath and then exhales through a device that resists airflow (helps refill underventilated areas of the lung)
Tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure. Tapping over a solid organ produces a dull sound without resonance. Percussion over an air-filled structure, such as the lung, produces a resonant, hollow note.
percussion
Whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by Bordetella pertussis.
pertussis
per-
through
PFTs
pulmonary function tests
Pertaining to the pharynx (throat).
pharyngeal
Throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
pharynx
pharyng/o
pharynx, throat
phon/o
voice; sound
The motor nerve that carries impulses between the brain and the diaphragm.
phrenic nerve
phren/o
diaphragm; mind
Double-layered membrane surrounding each lung.
pleura
Space between the layers of the pleura.
pleural cavity
Abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity.
pleural effusion
Scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other.
pleural rub
Inflammation of the pleura; pleuritis.
pleurisy (pleuritis)
Pain associated with the pleura. (The suffix -dynia means pain. The intercostal muscles or pleura are inflamed, causing pain during breathing.)
pleurodynia
pleur/o
pleura
PND
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Abnormal lung condition caused by exposure to certain dusts; with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis. Various forms are named according to the type of dust particle inhaled: anthracosis—coal (anthrac/o) dust; asbestosis—asbestos (asbest/o) particles (in shipbuilding and construction trades); silicosis—silica (silic/o = rocks) or glass (grinder’s disease).
pneumoconiosis
Removal of a lung.
pneumonectomy
Acute inflammation and infection of the alveoli of the lungs.
pneumonia
Collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity between the pleura. (The suffix -thorax means chest. Because of a hole in the lung, air accumulates in the pleural cavity, between the layers of the pleura)
pneumothorax
Radioactive glucose is injected, and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs; PET scan of the lung.
pneum/o, pneumon/o
air, lung, gas
pulmon/o
Lung
Radioactive glucose is injected, and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs.
positron emission tomography (PET scan) of the lung
PPD
purified protein derivative (used in test for tuberculosis)
Pertaining to the lungs.
pulmonary
Collection of pus in the lungs.
pulmonary abscess
Collection of fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles of the lung.
pulmonary edema
Clot or material from a distant vein that blocks a blood vessel in the lung.
pulmonary embolism (PE)
Formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs.
pulmonary fibrosis
Tests that measure the ventilation (breathing) mechanics of the lungs.
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
Area of necrosis (death of cells) in lung tissue.
pulmonary infarction
Essential parts of the lung, responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli.
pulmonary parenchyma
purulent
Pus-filled; forming or containing pus.
py/o
pus
Pus collection in the pleural cavity; empyema of the chest.
pyothorax
Abnormal, fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation when there is fluid in the alveoli.
rales (crackles)
Radiographic image of the thoracic cavity. Taken in frontal (coronal) plane, posteroanterior (PA) or anteroposterior (AP) views as well as sagittal plane and leteral views.
chest x-ray (CXR)
RDS
respiratory distress syndrome—in the newborn infant; marked by dyspnea and cyanosis and related to absence of surfactant (lubricating substance that permits normal expansion of lungs); also called hyaline membrane disease
re-
back; again; backward
Exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide): at the lung capillaries (external respiration or breathing) and at the tissue capillaries (internal respiration).
respiration
Condition in which lung expansion is limited by disease that affects the chest wall, pleura, or lung tissue itself. Examples are pulmonary fibrosis, radiation damage, and pneumoconiosis.
restrictive lung disease
Surgical repair of the nose.
rhinoplasty
Discharge of mucus from the nose. Commonly known as “runny nose.”
rhinorrhea
rhin/o
nose
rhonchi (singular: rhonchus)
Loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum. (These coarse rumbling sounds resemble snoring and are usually caused by secretions in larger bronchial tubes.)
RLL
right lower lobe (of lung)
RML
right middle lobe (of lung)
Rod-shaped bacteria called ____ are bacteria that invade the lungs in tuberculosis
bacilli invade the lungs, producing small tubercles (from Latin tuber, a swelling) of infection. Early TB usually is asymptomatic and detected on routine chest x-ray studies. Signs and symptoms of advanced disease are cough, weight loss, night sweats, hemoptysis, and pleuritic pain. Antituberculosis chemotherapy (isoniazid, rifampin) is effective in most cases. Immunocompromised patients are particularly susceptible to antibiotic-resistant TB. It is important and often necessary to treat TB with several drugs at the same time to prevent drug resistance.
RSV
respiratory syncytial virus—common cause of bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, and the common cold, especially in children (in tissue culture, forms syncytia, or giant cells, so that cytoplasm flows together)
RUL
right upper lobe (of lung)
RV
residual volume—amount of air remaining in lungs at the end of maximal expiration
SABA
short-acting beta agonist (for relief of asthma symptoms)
sarcoidosis
Chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause in which small nodules or tubercles develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs.
SARS-CoV-2
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Silica glass dust collects in the lungs; a type of pneumoconiosis. (Occurs in mining occupations.)
silicosis
sinus/o
sinus, cavity
SCLC
small cell lung cancer
Inflammation of paranasal sinuses.
sinusitis
SOB
shortness of breath
spir/o
breathing or to breathe
Instrument that measures breathing.
spirometer
Material expelled from the chest by coughing or by clearing the throat; phlegm.
sputum
Sputum is collected and placed in a growth medium to analyze the type of microorganisms that may be present.
sputum culture
Strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx.
stridor
Abnormally rapid breathing. (Tachy- means fast. Excessively rapid and shallow breathing; hyperventilation.)
tachypnea
tachy-
fast
TB
tuberculosis
tel/o
complete
Term for Tapping over a solid organ produces a dull sound without resonance. ____ over an air-filled structure, such as the lung, produces a resonant, hollow note. When the lungs or the pleural space are filled with fluid and become more dense, as in pneumonia, resonance is replaced by dullness.
percussion
Test given to most hospital and medical employees because TB is highly contagious. A positive PPD test indicates exposure to TB, and treatment with isoniazid will be necessary even in the absence of lung infection.
The PPD skin test
Test when a sputm specimen is maintained in a nutrient medium to promote growth of a pathogen. Culture and sensitivity (C&S) testing identifies the sputum pathogen and determines which antibiotic will be effective in destroying or reducing its growth.
a sputum culture
Theese are the reasons ____ tests are used: (1) to evaluate patients with shortness of breath (SOB); (2) to monitor lung function in patients with known respiratory disease; (3) to evaluate disability; and (4) to assess lung function before surgery
pulmonary function tests (PFTs) PFTs determine whether lung disease is obstructive, restrictive, or both.
This condition causes pleurodynia and dyspnea and, in chronic cases, pleural effusion.
pleurisy (pleuritis)
This procedure also allows the patient to be placed on a mechanical ventilator (an apparatus that moves air into and out of the lungs).
intubation
This procedure, performed with a stethoscope, is used chiefly for listening to the passage of air into and out of the lungs and listening to heart sounds. It is helpful to diagnose conditions of the lungs, pleura, heart, and abdomen, as well as to determine the condition of the fetus during pregnancy.
auscultation
This test can identify areas of the lung not receiving adequate airflow (ventilation) or blood flow (perfusion), as well as areas where there is a mismatch in airflow (V) and blood flow (Q). Airflow without matched blood flow suggests a pulmonary embolus.
ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
This test is helpful in defining mediastinal tumors (such as those of Hodgkin lymphoma) difficult to assess by CT scan.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest
thorac/o
chest
Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the chest.
thoracentesis
Pertaining to the chest.
thoracic
Visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope.
thoracoscopy
Incision of the chest. (Large surgical incision of the chest. The incision is large, cutting into bone, muscle, and cartilage. It is necessary for major resections of the lung -lobectomy and pneumonectomy).
thoracotomy
tonsill/o
tonsils
TLC
total lung capacity—volume of gas in the lungs at the end of maximal inspiration; equals VC plus RV
Removal of tonsils. (The oropharyngeal (palatine) tonsils are removed.)
tonsillectomy
trache/o
trachea, windpipe
Windpipe; tube leading from the pharynx (throat) and larynx (voice box) to the bronchial tubes.
trachea
Narrowing of the trachea.
tracheal stenosis
Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck. A tube is inserted to create an airway. The tracheostomy tube may be permanent as well as an emergency device. (Figure 12-22 A and B). A tracheotomy is the incision necessary to create a tracheostomy.
tracheostomy
Flexible, plastic chest tube is passed into the pleural space through an opening in the chest. (This procedure is used to continuously remove air (pneumothorax), fluid (pleural effusion), blood (hemothorax), pus (empyema)).
tube thoracostomy
Determines past or present tuberculous exposure based on a positive skin reaction. Examples are the Heaf test and the tine test, using purified protein derivative (PPD) applied with multiple punctures of the skin, and the Mantoux test, using PPD given by intraepidermal injection.
tuberculin test
Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs usually are involved, but any organ in the body may be affected.
tuberculosis (TB)
Two types of pleural effusions are ____ and ____.
exudates (fluid from tumors and infections) and transudates (fluid from congestive heart failure or cirrhosis).
URI
upper respiratory infection
V/Q scan
ventilation-perfusion scan—radioactive test of lung ventilation and blood perfusion throughout the lung capillaries (lung scan)
VATS
video-assisted thoracic surgery (thoracoscopy)
VC
vital capacity—the maximum volume of air expelled from the lung after taking the deepest possible breath
Nuclear medicine lung scan using radioactive material to evaluate air flow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs; V/Q scan.It uses a radioactive gas called xenon.
ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
Innermost membrane of the pleura, lying closest to the lung tissue itself.
visceral pleura
VT
tidal volume—amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal ventilation
What are popping or clicking sounds that can be heard in patients with pneumonia, bronchiectasis, or acute bronchitis. The French word rale means rattle.
rales (crackles)
Continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing.
wheezes
what does paroxysmal mean?
violent, sudden
