Chapter 2 Extra Flashcards
spell and give its meaning
anabolism
ana/bol/ism
Process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids. Ana-means up, bol means to cast, and -ism is a process
process of casting up or building up large proteins from small proteins
spell and give its meaning
catabolism
cata/bol/ism
Process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released. Cata-down, bol-cast, -ism-process.
process of casting down or breaking down to simpler substanes
spell and give its meaning
cell membrane
Structure surrrounding and protecting the cell. It determines what enters and leaves the cell.
spell and give its meaning
chromosomes
Rod-shaped sturctures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes. There are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell except for the egg and sperm cells, which contain only 23 individual, unpaired chromosomes.
spell and give its meaning
cytoplasm
All of the material that is outside the nucleus an yet contained whithin the cell membrane.
cyt/o= cell, -plasm= formation
spell and give its meaning
DNA
(deoxyrybonucleic acid)
Chemical found within each chromosome. Arranged like a sequence of recipes in code, it directs the activities of the cell.
spell and give its meaning
endoplasmic reticulum
Network of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell. Here, large proteins are made from smaller protein pieces.
spell and give its meaning
genes
Regions of DNA within each chromosome.
spell and give its meaning
Karyotype
Picture (classification) of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. The chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure.
spell and give its meaning
metabolism
Total of the chemical processes in a cell. It includes catabolism and anabolism. Meta-change, bol-cast, ism-process
process of casting change into energy
spell and give its meaning
mitochondria
Rod-shaped structures in the cytoplasm that provide the principal source of energy (mniature “power plants”) for the cell. Catabolism is the proccess that occurs in mitochondria.
mitos means thread, chondrion means granule. Think “mighty” mitochondri
Sausage shaped bodies that provide the principal soure of energy for the cell. Use oxygen and nutirents to release energy.
spell and give its meaning
nucleus
Control center of the cell. It contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell.
spell and give its meaning
cell
smallest living unit, the fundamental unit of all living things (animal or plant)
what are the 6 major parts of a cell?
cell membrane, nucleus, chromosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum
how many chromosomes does a sex cell have (egg and sperm)?
Only 23, all other cells have 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes each.
spell and give its meaning
amniocentesis
Puncture of the sac around the fetus for removal of fluid and cells. The karyotype of the baby can be examined by this process.
Down Syndrom is?
also called?
Karyotype with 47 chromosomes. the extra chromosome 21 is what rusults in the development of a child with Down syndrome. Also called Trisome 21 syndrome
spell and identify the 7 organs in the following system
Digestive
Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (tubve from the throat to the stomach), stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas
spell and identify the 4 organs in the following system
Urinary or excretory
Kidneys, ureters (tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder), urinary bladder, urethra ( tube from the bladder to the outside of the body)
spell and identify the 6 organs in the following system
Respiratory
Nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windppe), bronchial tubes, lungs (where the exchange of gases takes place)
spell and identify the organs in female (5) and male (4) reproductive sy
Reproductive
Female: Ovaries, fallopian tuves, uterus (womb), vagina, mammary glands
Male: Testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland
spell and identify the organs in the following system
Endocrine
Thyroid gland (in the neck), pituitary gland (at the base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), parathyroid glands
spell and identify the organs in the followin system
Nervous
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collections of nerves
spell and identify the 5 organs in the following system
Circulatory
Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland.
spell and identify the 3 organs in the following system
Musculoskeletal
Muscles, bones, and joints
spell and identify the 9 organs in the following system
Skin and sense organs
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue
spell and give its meaning
adipose tissue
Collection of fat cells.
spell and give its meaning
cartilage
Flexible connective tissue often attached to bones and joints. Cartilage forms part of the external ear and the nose. Rings of cartilage surround the trachea.
spell and give its meaning
epithelial cells
Skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surface of organs.
spell and give its meaning
histologist
Specialist in the study of tissues.
spell and give its meaning
Larynx
Voice box; located above the trachea.
Hint: think of the word laryngitis, which means inlammation of the voice box.
spell and give its meaning
pharynx
Throat. The pharynx serves as the common passageway for food (from the mouth going to the esophagus) and air (from the nose to the trachea).
Hint: Note that “y” comes before “n” in both pharynx and larynx.
spell and give its meaning
pituitary gland
Endocrine gland at the base of the brain.
Hint: Be careful spelling pituitary; it contains 2 i’s.
spell and give its meaning
thyroid gland
Endocrine gland that surround the trachea in the neck.
spell and give its meaning
trachea
Windpipe (tube leading from the throat and larynx to the bronchial tubes.)
spell and give its meaning
ureter
One of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder.
Hint: Spelling clue: Ureter has two e’s, and there are two ureters.
spell and give its meaning
urethra
Tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
Hint: Spelling clue: Urethra has one e, and there is only one urethra.
spell and give its meaning
uterus
womb; the organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops.
spell and give its meaning
viscera
Internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen.
body cavities are divided into which anatomical positions (2)
ventral (front)
dorsal (back)
What are the names of the 5 body cavities?
cranial, spinal (Dorsal/posterior)
thoracic, abdominal, pelvic (Ventral/anterior)
Name the 2 organs in the following cavity
Cranial
Brain, pituitary gland.
Name the 7 organs in the following cavity
Thoracic
Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta (large artery). The Thoracic cavity is divided into two smaller cavities (Pleural cavity and Mediastinum cavity)
spell and describe
What are the two smaller cavities that make up the larger thoracic cavity?
Pleural cavity-space surrounding each lung. The pleura is a double membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them.
and
Mediastinum-centrally located space outside of and between the lungs. It contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and manuy lymph ndes
spell and describe
what is the pleural cavity
part of the thoricic region it is a space surrounding each lung. The pleura is a double membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them. If the pleura is inflamed (pleuritis or pleurisy), the pleural cavity may fill with fluid. This is called a pleural effusion
spell and describe
What is pleuritis/pleurisy?
When the pleura is inflamed (pleuritis or pleurisy), the pleural cavity may fill with fluid. This is called a pleural effusion
What is a pleural effusion
when the pleural cavity (space surrounding each lung) fills up with fluid
spell and describe
What is the Mediastinum
Mediastinum-one of two cavities that make up the thoracic region. It is a centrally located space outside of and between the lungs. It contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and manuy lymph ndes
spell and describe
What 7 organs are in the Mediastinum?
heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes.
spell and explain the following cavity
Abdominal
Consists of the the peritoneum- the double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity.
peritoneal cavity- The abdominal cavity that contains the stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
retroperitoneal area contiaing the kidneys (two bean shaped organs situated behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone.
The diaphragm (a muscular wall) divides the abdominal and thoracic cavities
The ____ is a ____wall that divides the ___ and ___cavities. It is part of the abdominal cavity.
The diaphragm (a muscular wall) divides the abdominal and thoracic cavities
What is the peritoneum and its purpose
- The peritoneum is the double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity.
- It attaches the abdominal organs to the abdominal muscles
- and surrounds each organ to hold it in place.
What does the peritoneal cavity contain?
peritoneal cavity- The abdominal cavity that contains the stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
What does the retroperitoneal area contain?
retroperitoneal area contiaing the kidneys (two bean shaped organs situated behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone.
spell and name the organs in the following cavity
Pelvic
Portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters; uterus and vagina in the female.
the spinal cavity consists of what?
Nerves of the spinal cord.
ascites is?
fluid accumulating in the peritoneal cavity due to disease
The abdominal cavity is AKA?
the peritoneal cavity
spell the term and define
abdominal cavity
space below the chest containing organs such as theliver, stomach, gallbldder, and intestines; also called the abdomen or peritoneal cavity
spell and define
cranial cavity
Space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull. Cranial means pertaining to the skull.
spell and define
diaphragm
muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The diaphragm moves up and down and aids in breathing.
spell and define
dorsal (posterior)
Pertaining to the back.
spell and define
mediastinum
Centrally located space outside of and between the lungs.
spell and define
pelvic cavity
space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs. Composed of the hip bones and surrounding the pelvic cavity.
Pelvic means?
pertaining to the pelvis
spell and define
peritoneum
Double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum attaches abdominal viscera to muscles and functions as a protective membrane (containing blood vessels and neves) around the organs
Pleura
Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung. Pleural means pertaining to the pleura.
Hint: Don’t confuse pleural with plural, which means more than one!
spell and define
pleural cavity
Space between the pleural layers.
spell and define
spinal cavity
Space within the spinal column (backbones) containing the spinal cord.
spell and define
thoracic cavity
Space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other organs.
spell and define
Ventral (anterior) means?
Pertaining to the front.
what is the disc in the spinal cavity?
a pad of cartilage that acts as a cushion between each backbone of the spinal column.
the peritoneum membrane surrounds abdominal ____?
viscera (liver, small and large intestines, and stomach)
the pleura membrane covers the _____?
lungs
Pleural effusion
A collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
ascites
A collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Abdominopelvic regions are?
9 regions that can be used to clinincally locate internal organs.
hypochondriac region
Right and left upper region beneath the ribs. below (hypo-) the cartilage (chondr/o) of the ribs that extend over the abdomen
Epigastric region
Middle upper region above the stomach
lumbar region
Right and left middle regions near the waist
Umbilical region
Central region near the navel or umbilicus
inguinal regions AKA the iliac regions
Right and left lower region near the groin. Also called iliac regions.
(inguin/o = groin), the area where the legs join the trunk of the body. aka the right and left iliac region because it lies near the ilium (the upper portion of the hip bone).
Hypogastric region
Middle lower region below the umbilical region
the abdominopelvic area can be divided into ___ quadrants by two imaginary lines.
4 right and left upper quadrants (RUQ and LUQ) and the right and left lower quadrants (RLQ and LLQ)
What are the 5 divisons of the back (spinal column)
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Coccygeal
desribe the back region, give is abv. and how many bones are within that
Cervical region
(C)
neck region
(C1-C7).
desribe the back region, give is abv. and how many bones are within that
Thoracic
(T)
Chest region
(T1-T12)
each bone is joined to a rib.
desribe the back region, give is abv. and how many bones are within that
Lumbar
(L)
Loin (waist) or flank region
(Between the ribs and the hipbone).
(L1-L5).
desribe the back region, give is abv. and how many bones are within that
Coccygeal
No abreviation
Region of the coccyx (tailbone)- a small bone composed of 4 fused pieces.
desribe the back region, give is abv. and how many bones are within that
Sacral
(S)
(S1-S5) are fused to form one bone, the sacrum.
the spinal column is?
Bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity.
the spinal cord is?
Nervous tissue within the spinal cavity.
the disc is?
pad of cartilage between verebrae. (composed of water and cartilage, it is a shock absorber).
vertebra
Single backbone.
Hint: There are twe e’s in vertebra
vertebrae
Backbones
spell and meaning of the following positional and directional term
Anterior (ventral)
Front surface of the body.
Ex: The forehead is on the anterior (ventral) side of the body.
spell and meaning of the following positional and directional term
Posterior (dorsal)
Back surface of the body.
Ex: The back of the head is posterior (dorsal) to the face.
spell and meaning of the following positional and directional term
Deep
Away from the surface.
Ex: The stab wound penetrated deep into the abdomen
spell and meaning of the following positional and directional term
Superficial
On the surface.
Ex: Superficial veins can be viewed through the skin.
spell and meaning of the following positional and directional term
Proximal
Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure.
Ex: The proximal end of the thigh bone (femur) joins with the hip socket
spell and meaning of the following positional and directional term
Distal
Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure.
Ex: At its distal end, the femur joins with the knee.
spell and meaning of the following positional and directional term
Inferior
Below another structure.
Ex:The feet are at the inferior part of the body. inferior to the knees.
spell and meaning of the following positional and directional term
Superior (Cephalic)
Above another structure; pertaining to the head.
Ex: The head lies superior to the neck.
spell and meaning of the following positional and directional term
Medial
Pertaining to the middle, or near the medial plane of the body.
Ex: When palms are facing up, the fifth (little) finger is medial
spell and meaning of the following positional and directional term
Lateral
Pertaining to the side.
Ex: When palms are facing up the thumb is lateral.
spell and meaning of the following positional and directional term
Supine
Lying on the back.
Ex: One lies supine during an examination of the abdomen or pelvic exam.
spell and meaning of the following positional and directional term
Prone
Lying on the belly (face down, palms down).
Ex: in a prone position one lies on their stomach.
A pelvic exam for a female is called a?
gynecologic exam
describe the ___ plane of the body
Frontal or (coronal) plane
Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
Chest x-ray, posteroanterior view (back to front) in the frontal plane
describe the ___ plane of the body
Sagittal or (lateral) plane
Lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides.
a midsagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves.
A lateral chest x-ray is taken in the sagittal (side to side) plane.
describe the ___ plane of the body
Transverse or (axial) plane
Horizontal (cross-sectional) plane parallel to the ground. Dividing the body into upper and lower portions
A CT is taken in the transvers plane
