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LIFE 103 > Water and Sugar > Flashcards

Water and Sugar Flashcards

1
Q

what enters through the roots

A

Oxygen, minerals, and H2O

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2
Q

What enters through the leaves

A

CO2

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3
Q

What was the advantage of the evolution of xylem and phloem in land plants

A

made possible the long-distance transport of water, minerals, and products of photosynthesis
- plants gain the ability to maximize access to light, increase dispersal distance, occupy new habitats

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4
Q

Disadvantages of Xylem and Phloem

A

loss of H2O

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5
Q

Selective permeability

A

the control of movement of substances into and out of cells

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6
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive movement of particles across membrane

No energy is required for facilitating movement

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7
Q

Active transport

A

Pumping of solutes across membrane

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8
Q

what does active transport require

A

transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane

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9
Q

What does transport begin with

A

the absorption of resources by plant cells

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10
Q

Proton pump

A

Most important protein for active transport
Create hydrogen ion gradient that is a form of potential energy that can be harnessed to do work
Contribute to a voltage known as a membrane potential

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11
Q

Plant cells use energy stored in the ___

A

Proton gradient and membrane potential to drive the transport of many different solutes

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12
Q

Symport or cotransport

A

A transport protein couples the diffusion of one solute to the active transport of another

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13
Q

The “coattail” effect of cotransport

A

also responsible for the uptake of the sugar sucrose by plant cells

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14
Q

Aquaporins

A

water-selective pores in plasma membrane that increase the rate of osmosis because they allow bulk flow
restrict the flow of solutes
The rate of water movement is likely regulated by phosphorylation of the aquaporin proteins

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15
Q

Why do plants need to uptake water

A

to offset the loss of water

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16
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane down a water potential gradient
determines the net uptake or water loss by a cell and is affected by solute concentration and pressure

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17
Q

Water potential

A

a measurement that combines the effects of solute concentration and pressure

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18
Q

Water potential determines

A

the direction of movement of water

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19
Q

water flows from region of ____ potential to regions of ____ lower water potential

A

higher

lower

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20
Q

water potential is measured in units of pressure called

A

megapascals (MPa)

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21
Q

pressure of water at sea level and room temp

A

0 MPa

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22
Q

solute potential of a solution

A

proportional to the number of dissolved molecules

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23
Q

osmotic potential

A

another name for solute potential

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24
Q

Pressure potential

A

the physical pressure on a solution

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25
Turgor pressure
the pressure exerted by the plasma membrane against the cell wall, and the cell wall against the protoplast
26
Water potential =
Pressure potential + Solute potential
27
Plasmolysis
cell membrane pulls away from cell wall
28
Turgid
cell membrane pushed against the cell wall
29
Transport is also regulated by
the compartmental structure of plant cells
30
The plasma membrane
directly controls the traffic of molecules into and out of the protoplast is a barrier between two major compartments, the cell wall and the cytosol
31
Third major compartment in most mature plant cells is the
vacuole
32
vacuole
a large organelle that occupies as much as 90% or more of the protoplast's volume
33
vacuolar membrane
regulates transport between the cytosol and the vacuole
34
In most plant tissues, the cell wall and cytosol are
continuous from cell to cell
35
symplast
the cytoplasmic continuum
36
plasmodesmata
the cytoplasm of neighboring cells is connected by channels called the plasmodesmata
37
apoplast
the continuum of cell walls and extracellular spaces
38
Water and minerals can travel through a plant by these three routes
symplastic, apoplectic, transmembrane
39
symplastic route
via the continuum of cytosol
40
Apoplastic route
via the cell walls and extracellular spaces
41
Transmembrane route
out of one cell, across a cell wall, and into another cell
42
bulk flow
the movement of a fluid driven by pressure Efficient long distance transport of fluid requires bulk flow
43
Water and solutes move together through
tracheids and vessel elements of xylem, and sieve-tube elements of phloem
44
Efficient movement is possible because
mature tracheids and vessel elements have no cytoplasm, and sieve-tube elements have few organelles in their cytoplasm
45
what accounts for much of the surface area of roots
root hairs
46
most water and mineral absorption occurs near
root tips, where the epidermis is permeable to water and root hairs are located
47
After soil solution enters the roots, the extensive surface area of Cortical Cell membranes
enhances uptake of water and selected minerals
48
Water can cross the cortex via the
symplast or apoplast
49
Endodermis
The innermost layer of cells in the root cortex Surrounds the vascular cylinder and is the last checkpoint for selective passage of minerals from the cortex into the vascular tissue
50
Waxy Casparian strip of the endodermal wall
blocks apoplectic transfer of minerals from the cortex to the vascular cylinder
51
Transpiration
the evaporation of water from a plant's surface
52
Xylem sap
Bulk flow of water and minerals replacing water lost | From the steles of roots to the stems and leaves
53
Root pressure sometimes results in
guttation
54
guttation
the exudation of water droplets on tips or edges of leaves
55
Positive root pressure is _____ and is a ______ of xylem bulk flow
relatively weak, minor mechanism
56
Transpiration produces a ____pressure in the leaf, which exerts a
negative, | pulling force on water in the xylem, pulling water into the leaf
57
Transpirational pull is facilitated by ______ of water molecules to each other and _____ of water molecules to cell walls
Cohesion | Adhesion
58
What accounts for 95% water loss
Stomata
59
Three cues signal stomatal opening
Light stimulates the uptake of K+ in guard cells - Blue wavelengths Depletion of CO2 within the leaf Internal clock
60
Internal clock
Circcadian rhythm | plants kept in the dark continue to open stomata on a 24 cycle
61
What is the major cue for closing during the day
water stress
62
Guard Cell Movement
Active pumping of sucrose out of guard cells in the evening leads to loss of turgor and closes the guard cell
63
Xerophytes
plants adapted to low water conditions that have morphological adaptations
64
Xerophyte adaptations
reduced leaves dormancy loss of leaves - deciduous plants covering leaves with cuticle and wooly trichomes reducing the number of stomata having stomata in pits on the leaf surface
65
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)
stomata open at night CO2 stored as malate released during the day to the Calvin cycle allowing the stomata to be closed during the day Ferns, gymnosperms, monocots all have species that use CAM Most of CAM species are angiosperms
66
Phloem sap
an aqueous solution that is high in sucrose
67
Sugar sources move from
a sugar source to a sugar sink
68
sugar source
an organ that is a net producer of sugar, such as mature leaves
69
sugar sink
an organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar, such as a tuber or bulb
70
storage organ can be both
a sugar sing in summer and a sugar source in winter
71
sugar must be loaded into ______ before being exposed to sinks
sieve-tube elements
72
Sugar may be moved by ________ or both _______ and ______ pathways
symplastic or both symplastic and apoplastic
73
Transfer cells
modified companion cells that enhance solute movement between the app-last and symplast
74
What do some plants use the phloem for
a form of electrical signaling
75
What does the phloem do in some plants
moves macromolecules and some types of RNA via plasmodesmata | Movement of proteins and RNA unique to plants

LIFE 103 (28 decks)

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