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LIFE 103 > Water and Sugar > Flashcards

Water and Sugar Flashcards

1
Q

what enters through the roots

A

Oxygen, minerals, and H2O

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2
Q

What enters through the leaves

A

CO2

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3
Q

What was the advantage of the evolution of xylem and phloem in land plants

A

made possible the long-distance transport of water, minerals, and products of photosynthesis
- plants gain the ability to maximize access to light, increase dispersal distance, occupy new habitats

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4
Q

Disadvantages of Xylem and Phloem

A

loss of H2O

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5
Q

Selective permeability

A

the control of movement of substances into and out of cells

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6
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive movement of particles across membrane

No energy is required for facilitating movement

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7
Q

Active transport

A

Pumping of solutes across membrane

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8
Q

what does active transport require

A

transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane

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9
Q

What does transport begin with

A

the absorption of resources by plant cells

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10
Q

Proton pump

A

Most important protein for active transport
Create hydrogen ion gradient that is a form of potential energy that can be harnessed to do work
Contribute to a voltage known as a membrane potential

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11
Q

Plant cells use energy stored in the ___

A

Proton gradient and membrane potential to drive the transport of many different solutes

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12
Q

Symport or cotransport

A

A transport protein couples the diffusion of one solute to the active transport of another

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13
Q

The “coattail” effect of cotransport

A

also responsible for the uptake of the sugar sucrose by plant cells

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14
Q

Aquaporins

A

water-selective pores in plasma membrane that increase the rate of osmosis because they allow bulk flow
restrict the flow of solutes
The rate of water movement is likely regulated by phosphorylation of the aquaporin proteins

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15
Q

Why do plants need to uptake water

A

to offset the loss of water

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16
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane down a water potential gradient
determines the net uptake or water loss by a cell and is affected by solute concentration and pressure

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17
Q

Water potential

A

a measurement that combines the effects of solute concentration and pressure

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18
Q

Water potential determines

A

the direction of movement of water

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19
Q

water flows from region of ____ potential to regions of ____ lower water potential

A

higher

lower

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20
Q

water potential is measured in units of pressure called

A

megapascals (MPa)

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21
Q

pressure of water at sea level and room temp

A

0 MPa

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22
Q

solute potential of a solution

A

proportional to the number of dissolved molecules

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23
Q

osmotic potential

A

another name for solute potential

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24
Q

Pressure potential

A

the physical pressure on a solution

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25
Q

Turgor pressure

A

the pressure exerted by the plasma membrane against the cell wall, and the cell wall against the protoplast

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26
Q

Water potential =

A

Pressure potential + Solute potential

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27
Q

Plasmolysis

A

cell membrane pulls away from cell wall

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28
Q

Turgid

A

cell membrane pushed against the cell wall

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29
Q

Transport is also regulated by

A

the compartmental structure of plant cells

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30
Q

The plasma membrane

A

directly controls the traffic of molecules into and out of the protoplast
is a barrier between two major compartments, the cell wall and the cytosol

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31
Q

Third major compartment in most mature plant cells is the

A

vacuole

32
Q

vacuole

A

a large organelle that occupies as much as 90% or more of the protoplast’s volume

33
Q

vacuolar membrane

A

regulates transport between the cytosol and the vacuole

34
Q

In most plant tissues, the cell wall and cytosol are

A

continuous from cell to cell

35
Q

symplast

A

the cytoplasmic continuum

36
Q

plasmodesmata

A

the cytoplasm of neighboring cells is connected by channels called the plasmodesmata

37
Q

apoplast

A

the continuum of cell walls and extracellular spaces

38
Q

Water and minerals can travel through a plant by these three routes

A

symplastic, apoplectic, transmembrane

39
Q

symplastic route

A

via the continuum of cytosol

40
Q

Apoplastic route

A

via the cell walls and extracellular spaces

41
Q

Transmembrane route

A

out of one cell, across a cell wall, and into another cell

42
Q

bulk flow

A

the movement of a fluid driven by pressure

Efficient long distance transport of fluid requires bulk flow

43
Q

Water and solutes move together through

A

tracheids and vessel elements of xylem, and sieve-tube elements of phloem

44
Q

Efficient movement is possible because

A

mature tracheids and vessel elements have no cytoplasm, and sieve-tube elements have few organelles in their cytoplasm

45
Q

what accounts for much of the surface area of roots

A

root hairs

46
Q

most water and mineral absorption occurs near

A

root tips, where the epidermis is permeable to water and root hairs are located

47
Q

After soil solution enters the roots, the extensive surface area of Cortical Cell membranes

A

enhances uptake of water and selected minerals

48
Q

Water can cross the cortex via the

A

symplast or apoplast

49
Q

Endodermis

A

The innermost layer of cells in the root cortex
Surrounds the vascular cylinder and is the last checkpoint for selective passage of minerals from the cortex into the vascular tissue

50
Q

Waxy Casparian strip of the endodermal wall

A

blocks apoplectic transfer of minerals from the cortex to the vascular cylinder

51
Q

Transpiration

A

the evaporation of water from a plant’s surface

52
Q

Xylem sap

A

Bulk flow of water and minerals replacing water lost

From the steles of roots to the stems and leaves

53
Q

Root pressure sometimes results in

A

guttation

54
Q

guttation

A

the exudation of water droplets on tips or edges of leaves

55
Q

Positive root pressure is _____ and is a ______ of xylem bulk flow

A

relatively weak, minor mechanism

56
Q

Transpiration produces a ____pressure in the leaf, which exerts a

A

negative,

pulling force on water in the xylem, pulling water into the leaf

57
Q

Transpirational pull is facilitated by ______ of water molecules to each other and _____ of water molecules to cell walls

A

Cohesion

Adhesion

58
Q

What accounts for 95% water loss

A

Stomata

59
Q

Three cues signal stomatal opening

A

Light stimulates the uptake of K+ in guard cells
- Blue wavelengths
Depletion of CO2 within the leaf
Internal clock

60
Q

Internal clock

A

Circcadian rhythm

plants kept in the dark continue to open stomata on a 24 cycle

61
Q

What is the major cue for closing during the day

A

water stress

62
Q

Guard Cell Movement

A

Active pumping of sucrose out of guard cells in the evening leads to loss of turgor and closes the guard cell

63
Q

Xerophytes

A

plants adapted to low water conditions that have morphological adaptations

64
Q

Xerophyte adaptations

A

reduced leaves
dormancy
loss of leaves - deciduous plants
covering leaves with cuticle and wooly trichomes
reducing the number of stomata
having stomata in pits on the leaf surface

65
Q

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)

A

stomata open at night
CO2 stored as malate
released during the day to the Calvin cycle allowing the stomata to be closed during the day
Ferns, gymnosperms, monocots all have species that use CAM
Most of CAM species are angiosperms

66
Q

Phloem sap

A

an aqueous solution that is high in sucrose

67
Q

Sugar sources move from

A

a sugar source to a sugar sink

68
Q

sugar source

A

an organ that is a net producer of sugar, such as mature leaves

69
Q

sugar sink

A

an organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar, such as a tuber or bulb

70
Q

storage organ can be both

A

a sugar sing in summer and a sugar source in winter

71
Q

sugar must be loaded into ______ before being exposed to sinks

A

sieve-tube elements

72
Q

Sugar may be moved by ________ or both _______ and ______ pathways

A

symplastic or both symplastic and apoplastic

73
Q

Transfer cells

A

modified companion cells that enhance solute movement between the app-last and symplast

74
Q

What do some plants use the phloem for

A

a form of electrical signaling

75
Q

What does the phloem do in some plants

A

moves macromolecules and some types of RNA via plasmodesmata

Movement of proteins and RNA unique to plants

LIFE 103 (28 decks)

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