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LIFE 103 > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

Class Sarcopterygii

A

Lobe-finned fishes; Old lineage, fins shifting to legs, gills to lungs

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2
Q

What are derived characters of tetrapods?

A

Four limbs and feet with digits, ears for detecting airborne sounds

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3
Q

Amphibians are represented by about _____ species of organisms in 3 orders.

A

6,150

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4
Q

“Amphibian” translates to _____.

A

Both ways of life

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5
Q

Fertilization occurs externally in _____.

A

Amphibians

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6
Q

What are the 3 amphibian orders?

A

orders Caudata, Anura, and Apoda

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7
Q

Order Caudata

A

with tails; salamanders

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8
Q

Order Anura

A

Lacking tails; frogs and toads

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9
Q

Order Apoda

A

Legless, resembling words; Caecilians

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10
Q

What are the causes of the decline in amphibian populations?

A

Chrytid fungus, habitat loss, climate change, trematodes (cause deformities), pollution and chemicals

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11
Q

A derived character of tetrapods is

A

four limbs

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12
Q

Amniotes

A

A group of tetrapods whose living members are the reptiles, including birds, and mammals

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13
Q

Derived characters of amniotes?

A

Amniotic egg, relatively impermeable skin, ability to use the rib cage to ventilate the lungs

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14
Q

What are the extra-embryonic membranes in an amniotic egg?

A

Amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois

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15
Q

The reptile clade includes:

A

Tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and the extinct dinosaurs

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16
Q

Derived characters of reptiles?

A

Reptiles have scales that create a waterproof barrier, they lay shelled eggs on land

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17
Q

Ectothermic

A

Cold blooded. When an animal’s body temperature changes with the temperature of its surroundings

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18
Q

Endothermic

A

Warm blooded. Keeps a constant body temp. Temperature is regulated internally

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19
Q

Most reptiles are ___

A

Ectothermic

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20
Q

Birds are ___

A

Endothermic

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21
Q

Squamata

A

Lizards and snakes

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22
Q

Rhynchocephalia

A

Tautaras

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23
Q

Archosaur

A

A member of the reptilian group that includes crocodiles, alligators, and dinosaurs, including birds

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24
Q

Pterosaurs

A

Winged reptiles that lived during the time of dinosaurs

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25
Q

All turtles have a boxlike shell made of upper and lower shields that are fused to the _____, _____, and _____.

A

Vertebrae, clavicles, ribs

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26
Q

Crocodilians belong to the _____ lineage and dates back to the late _____.

A

Archosaur, Triassic

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27
Q

What are derived characters of birds?

A

Wings with Keratin feathers, lack of urinary bladder, four chambered heart, endothermy, females with only one ovary, small gonads, loss of teeth

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28
Q

A marsupial embryo develops within a _____ in the mother’s uterus.

A

Placenta

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29
Q

Mammals are represented by more than _____ species.

A

5,300

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30
Q

Eutherians

A

Placental mammal; mammal whose young complete their embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta.

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31
Q

What are derived characters of mammals?

A

Mammary glands, which produce milk, hair, a larger brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size, differentiated teeth

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32
Q

What were the three lineages of mammals that emerged by the Cretaceous?

A

Monotremes, marsupials, eutherians

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33
Q

Monotremes

A

Egg laying mammals

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34
Q

Placenta

A

A structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother’s blood supply

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35
Q

Primates

A

An animal order including lemurs and tarsiers and monkeys and apes and human beings

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36
Q

What are derived characteristics of primates?

A 
Grasping hand with 1st opposable digit 
Flat fingernails instead of claws 
Reduced sense of smell 
Stereoscopic, color vision 
Small litters 
Reduction to two mammary glands 
Relatively long gestation 
Relatively large brain size 
Teeth evolved for omnivorous diet
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37
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

The study of the history of human evolution through the fossil record

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38
Q

Hominids

A

Humans and other creatures that walk upright

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39
Q

Hominids originated in Africa about _____ million years ago.

A

6 1/2

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40
Q

Derived characteristics of humans?

A

Upright posture and bipedal locomotion, larger brains capable of language, symbolic thought, artistic expression, the manufacture and use of complex tools, reduced jawbones and jaw muscles, shorter digestive tract

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41
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of body structure

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42
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Large structures, easily observable

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43
Q

Physiology

A

Study of function

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44
Q

Amphibians

A

Vertebrates that live in water and on land, smooth skin covers body, lay eggs, cold blooded

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45
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Fluid between cells

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46
Q

Tissues make up _____.

A

organs

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47
Q

How many body cavities do Vertebrates have?

A

2

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48
Q

Dorsal body cavity

A

Contains the cranial cavity and spinal column

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49
Q

Ventral body cavity

A

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

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50
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Cavity housing lungs and heart

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51
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities

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52
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Contains the heart

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53
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

Contains the lungs

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54
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

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55
Q

What are the four main categories of tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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56
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out

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57
Q

Cube shaped

A

Cuboidal

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58
Q

Columnar

A

Column shaped

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59
Q

Squamous

A

Flat, like floor tiles

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60
Q

The shape of epithelial cells can be one of three:

A

Cuboidal, squamous, columnar

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61
Q

Pseudostratified

A

This type of epithelial tissue appears to have multiple layers but all cells are in contact with the basement membrane; single layer of uneven thickness

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62
Q

The arrangement of epithelial cells may be _____, ______, or _____.

A

Simple (single cell layer), stratified (multiple tiers of cells), or pseudostratified (single uneven layer of thickness)

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63
Q

Connective tissue

A

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

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64
Q

Special connective tissue

A

Cartilage, bone, blood

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65
Q

Fibroblasts

A

In connective tissue, cells that secrete the proteins of the fibers.

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66
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels, binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place

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67
Q

Collagen

A

Structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue

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68
Q

Elastin

A

Protein base similar to collagen that forms elastic tissue

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69
Q

Reticulin

A

Helps support the network of collagen

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70
Q

Macrophages

A

Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.

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71
Q

Cartilage

A

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.

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72
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A

Dense tissue, large number of collagen fibers organized into parallel bundles. Includes ligaments and tendons.

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73
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone

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74
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone at joints

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75
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Tissue that stores fat.

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76
Q

Blood

A

A connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets are suspended.

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77
Q

Bone

A

A connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets are suspended.

Blood

Collagen and the mineral hydroxyapatite, forms skeleton

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78
Q

Muscle tissue

A

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

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79
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones, also known as striated muscle

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80
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body

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81
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Muscle of the heart

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82
Q

Matrix

A

Abundant extracellular material

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83
Q

Nervous tissue

A

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

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84
Q

Neurons

A

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

Nervous tissue

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

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85
Q

Cell body

A

Contains nucleus

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86
Q

Dendrites

A

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

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87
Q

Axon

A

The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

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88
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

Provide physical support, insulation, and nutrients for neurons

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89
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord; integration and interpretation of input

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90
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves and ganglia; Communication of signal to and from the CNS to the rest of the body

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91
Q

Endocrine system

A

The body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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92
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical signals

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93
Q

Regulator

A

An animal that uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external fluctuation.

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94
Q

Conformer

A

An animal that allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes.

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95
Q

Homeostasis

A

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

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96
Q

Set point

A

The point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

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97
Q

Negative feedback

A

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.

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98
Q

Positive feedback

A

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.

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99
Q

Most homeostatic control systems function by _____ _____.

A

Negative feedback

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100
Q

_____ _____ does not generally contribute to homeostasis.

A

Positive feedback

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101
Q

Antagonistic Effectors

A

Homeostasis is often maintained by opposing effectors that move conditions in opposite directions

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102
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

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103
Q

Thalamus

A

The brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

104
Q

If the hypothalamus detects high temperature, it _____.

A

Promotes heat dissipation via sweating and dilation of blood vessels in skin

105
Q

If the hypothalamus detects low temperature, it _____.

A

Promotes heat conservation via shivering and constriction of blood vessels in skin

106
Q

Examples of positive feedback?

A

Blood clotting, contractions during childbirth

107
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.

108
Q

Ectotherms can tolerate greater ranges of _____ temperature.

A

Internal

109
Q

Endotherms can tolerate greater ranges of _____ temperature.

A

External

110
Q

What are the four physical processes of heat exchange

A

Conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation

111
Q

Conduction

A

The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching.

112
Q

Convection

A

The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid, consistent flow of heat over top of organism

113
Q

heat Radiation

A

Direct transfer of heat from a radiation energy source of higher temperature to one of cooler temperature. directly absorbed without the need for a medium.

114
Q

Evaporation

A

Loss of heat

115
Q

What are the five ways organisms thermoregulate?

A

Insulation, circulatory adaptions, cooling by evaporative heat loss, behavioral responses, adjusting metabolic heat production

116
Q

Insulation

A

A major thermoregulatory adaptation in mammals and birds; skin, feathers, fur, and blubber reduce heat flow between an animal and its environment

117
Q

Circulatory Adaptations

A

Altering the amount of blood flowing between the body core and the skin

118
Q

Vasodilation

A

Blood flow in the skin increases, facilitating heat loss

119
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Blood flow in the skin decreases, lowering heat loss

120
Q

Alcohol is a _____.

A

Vasodilator

121
Q

The arrangement of blood vessels in many marine mammals and birds allows for _____ _____.

A

Countercurrent exchange

122
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A

The exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions

123
Q

Evaporative loss

A

Sweating, panting, bathing

124
Q

Behavioral responses to heat

A

Assume posture that minimizes or maximizes absorption of solar heat

125
Q

Migration

A

Cyclic movement often timed with the seasons

126
Q

Antifreeze

A

A substance which slows the process of freezing by changing the freezing point of water

127
Q

As an endotherm, would it be easier to be small or big?

A

Big

128
Q

The hypothalamus is involved in what?

A

Mammalian thermoregulation

129
Q

Thermogenesis

A

Generation of heat

130
Q

Epinephrine

A

Adrenaline

131
Q

Environmental stimuli

A

Change in an organism’s external surroundings like a change in light or temperature

132
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Specialized cells unique to each sense organ that respond to a particular form of sensory stimulation.

133
Q

Motor effectors

A

Respond to stimulus

134
Q

The nervous system links _____ _____ and _____ _____.

A

Sensory receptors, motor effectors

135
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

136
Q

Where is the central nervous system found?

A

The dorsal axis

137
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles

138
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

139
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

140
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

141
Q

Sensory neurons

A

(Afferent neurons) Carry impulses to central nervous system

142
Q

Motor neurons

A

(Efferent neurons) Carry impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

143
Q

Interneurons

A

(Association neurons) Provide more complex reflexes and associative functions (learning and memory)

144
Q

Neuroglia

A

Cells that support and protect neurons

145
Q

Schwann cells

A

Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin.

146
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Type of glial cell in the central nervous system that wrap axons in a myelin sheath.

147
Q

Myelin sheaths

A

Little bodies that speed up the time it takes for the impulse to pass through the neurons

148
Q

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes both produce _____ _____.

A

Myelin sheaths

149
Q

In the CNS, myelinated axons form _____ _____.

A

White matter

150
Q

In the PNS, myelinated axons are bundled to form _____.

A

Nerves

151
Q

Negative Pole

A

Cytoplasmic side

152
Q

Positive pole

A

Extracellular fluid side

153
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Sensory, motor, interneurons

154
Q

What is the average resting potential of an unstimulated neuron?

A

-70 mV

155
Q

The inside of the cell is more _____ charged than the outside.

A

Negatively

156
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

A carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

157
Q

Ion leakage channels

A

Allow more K+ to diffuse out than Na+ to diffuse in

158
Q

Concentration of K+ is _____ in the cell.

A

Higher

159
Q

Neuron membranes are not permeable to _____.

A

Negative ions

160
Q

Equilibrium potential

A

The magnitude of the membrane voltage at equilibrium for a particular ion

161
Q

Action potential

A

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

162
Q

_____ bring the neuron closer to the threshold potential (-55mV).

A

Depolarizations

163
Q

_____ moves the neuron further from the threshold potential (-55mV).

A

Hyperpolarizations

164
Q

Action potential is caused by _____ _____ _____ _____.

A

Voltage-gated ion channels

165
Q

What are the three phases of action potential?

A

Depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization

166
Q

Action potentials are always _____.

A

Separate, all-or-none events with same amplitude

167
Q

Intensity of a stimulus is coded by the _____, not amplitude, of action potentials

A

Frequency

168
Q

Each action potential, in its rising phase, reflects a reversal in _____ _____.

A

membrane polarity

169
Q

Positive charges are due to an influx of _____.

A

NA+

170
Q

What is the process of an action potential?

A

Positive charges can depolarize the adjacent region to threshold, the next region produces its own action potential, and the previous region depolarizes back to the resting membrane potential

171
Q

What are two ways to increase velocity of conduction?

A

Axon has a large diameter, axon is myelinated

172
Q

Axons with _____ _____ are found primarily in invertebrates.

A

Large diameters

173
Q

When an axon is myelinated, action potential is only produced at nodes of _____.

A

Ranvier

174
Q

When an axon is myelinated, impulse jumps from _____ to _____.

A

Node to node

175
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of Ranvier to another, skipping the myelin-sheathed regions of membrane.

176
Q

_____ cell transmits action potential.

A

Presynaptic

177
Q

____ cell receives action potential.

A

Postsynaptic

178
Q

What are the two basic types of synapses?

A

Electrical and chemical

179
Q

Electrical synapse

A

A type of synapse in which the cells are connected by gap junctions, allowing ions (and therefore the action potential) to spread easily from cell to cell

180
Q

_____ synapses are rare in vertebrates.

A

Electrical

181
Q

Chemical synapses have a _____ _____ between the two cells.

A

Synaptic cleft

182
Q

Action potential triggers an influx of _____.

A

Ca^2+

183
Q

_____ _____ fuse with the cell membrane.

A

Synaptic vesicles

184
Q

Neurotransmitter is released by _____.

A

Exocytosis

185
Q

_____ action is terminated by enzymatic digestion or cellular uptake.

A

Neurotransmitter

186
Q

Diffuses to other side of cleft and binds to chemical-or ligand-gated receptor proteins

A

Neurotransmitter

187
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction

188
Q

_____ binds to receptor in the postsynaptic membrane.

A

Acetylcholine

189
Q

Acetylcholine causes _____-gated ion channels to open.

A

Ligand

190
Q

Acetylcholine produces a depolarization called an _____ _____ _____.

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

191
Q

What degrades acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

192
Q

Acetylcholinesterase causes _____ _____.

A

Muscle relaxation

193
Q

Glutamate

A

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

194
Q

Glycine and GABA are _____ neurotransmitters.

A

Inhibitory

195
Q

Glycine and GABA produce a hyperpolarization called an _____ _____ _____.

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

196
Q

Dopamine

A

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

197
Q

Serotonin

A

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

198
Q

Dopamine also acts outside the nervous system as a _____ messenger and _____.

A

Paracrine, vasodilator

199
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Brain chemicals, such as enkephalins and endorphins, that regulate the activity of neurons

200
Q

Intensity of pain perception depends on _____ and _____.

A

Enkephalins and endorphins

201
Q

Nitric oxide

A

A gas released by the endothelial cells to promote blood flow

202
Q

What are the two ways that the membrane can reach the threshold voltage?

A

Spatial summation, temporal summation

203
Q

Spatial summation

A

Many different dendrites produce EPSPs

204
Q

Temporal summation

A

One dendrite produces repeated EPSPs

205
Q

What chemicals interfere with hormone signals?

A

Exogenous chemicals

206
Q

Endocrine disruptors

A

Chemicals that interfere with the normal functioning of hormones in an animal’s body

207
Q

What are examples of endocrine disruptors?

A

Insecticides, herbicides, dyes, plastics, detergents

208
Q

Chemical signals bind to _____ _____ on target cells.

A

Receptor proteins

209
Q

Only _____ _____ respond to chemical signals.

A

Target cells

210
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

211
Q

Examples of exocrine glands?

A

Tear ducts, sweat glands, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, mammary glands, stomach

212
Q

Local regulators

A

Chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion; help regulate blood pressure, nervous system function, reproduction

213
Q

What are the two types of local regulators?

A

Paracrine and autocrine

214
Q

Paracrine system

A

Signals act on cells near the secreting cell

215
Q

Autocrine system

A

Signals acting on the secreting cell itself

216
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

A nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell

217
Q

Neuroendocrine signaling

A

Neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body

218
Q

Target cells

A

Cells that have receptors for a particular hormone

219
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemical signals released by an animal that communicate information and affect the behavior of other animals of the same species.

220
Q

What are functions of pheromones?

A

Marking trails leading to food, defining territories, warning of predators, and attracting potential mates

221
Q

What are the three major classes of hormones?

A

Polypeptides, steroids, amines

222
Q

Polypeptides

A

Proteins and peptides

223
Q

Amines

A

Derived from amino acids

224
Q

The solubility of a hormone correlates with the location of _____ inside or on the surface of _____ cells.

A

Receptors, target

225
Q

Hydrophilic hormones

A

Secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, bund to cell-surface receptors. Cannot penetrate the target cell, must stimulate physiology indirectly

226
Q

Lipophilic hormones

A

Diffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins, and diffuse through the membrane of target cells. Steroid hormones

227
Q

Signal transduction

A

A series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell’s surface to a specific response inside the cell.

228
Q

Binding of a hormone to a receptor initiates a _____ _____.

A

Signal transduction

229
Q

Signal transductions lead to what reactions?

A

Reactions in the cytoplasm, enzyme activation, or a change in gene expression

230
Q

Response to lipid-soluble hormone?

A

Change in gene expression (typically bypasses most steps to get to receptor)

231
Q

Steroids, thyroid hormones, and the hormonal form of vitamin D enter target cells and bind to protein receptors in the _____ or _____.

A

Cytoplasm or nucleus

232
Q

_____-_____ complexes act as transcription factors in the nucleus for lipophilic hormones, regulating transcription of specific genes.

A

Protein-receptor

233
Q

Vitamin D is formed on the skin of _____.

A

Vertebrates

234
Q

Vitamin D is transported to the _____.

A

Liver

235
Q

Vitamin D regulates what?

A

Calcium and phosphate in the blood, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and neuromuscular function

236
Q

Gland hyposecretion

A

Not producing enough secretion

237
Q

Gland hypersecretion

A

Gland overproducing secretion

238
Q

What is caused by either an overabundance or a limitation of a hormone?

A

Gland hyposecretion, gland hypersecretion, tumors (benign or malignant)

239
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving

240
Q

What regulates many hormonal pathways involved in homeostasis?

A

Negative feedback

241
Q

Antagonistic hormones

A

Two hormones that have opposite effects.

242
Q

What are examples of antagonistic hormones?

A

Insulin and glucagon

243
Q

What do the antagonistic hormones insulin and glucagon do?

A

Maintain glucose homeostasis

244
Q

Pancreas

A

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood

245
Q

The pancreas has clusters of endocrine cells called _____ _____.

A

Pancreatic islets

246
Q

What is the older term for pancreatic islets?

A

Islets of Langerhans

247
Q

Pancreatic islets have _____ cells that produce glucagon and _____ cells that produce insulin.

A

Alpha, beta

248
Q

Insulin

A

A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues

249
Q

Glucagon

A

A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.

250
Q

How does insulin reduce blood glucose levels?

A

Promoting the cellular uptake of glucose, slowing glycogen breakdown in the liver, promoting fat storage

251
Q

How does glucagon increase blood glucose levels?

A

Stimulating conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, stimulating breakdown of fat and protein into glucose

252
Q

Type I Diabetes Mellitus

A

Insulin dependent, caused by autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas leading to little or no production of insulin, require regular injections of insulin to permit entry of glucose into cells

253
Q

Type II Diabetes Mellitus

A

Non-insulin dependent, caused by receptor level resistance to insulin, partially inherited and partially due to environmental factors like obesity, meds can help body more effectively use the insulin it produces

254
Q

Peripheral neuropathy

A

Disorder of the peripheral nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord

255
Q

Nephropathy

A

Disease of the kidney

LIFE 103 (28 decks)

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