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LIFE 103 > Cellular Structure in Plants > Flashcards

Cellular Structure in Plants Flashcards

1
Q

5 types of cells in plants

A 
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Water-conducting cells of the xylem
Sugar-conducting cells of the phloem
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2
Q

What is ground tissue composed of

A

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

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3
Q

Parenchyma cells in ground tissue

A 
have thin and flexible primary walls
Large central vacuole
Lack secondary walls
Are the least specialized
Perform the most metabolic functions
Retain the ability to divide and differentiate
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4
Q

Metabolic functions of parenchyma ground tissue cells

A

store nutrients

Photosynthesize

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5
Q

Collenchyma ground tissue cells

A

grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot
Have thicker and uneven cell walls
They lack secondary walls
These cells provide flexible support without restraining growth
Strings in a celery stalk

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6
Q

Sclerenchyma ground tissue cells

A

rigid because of thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin
dead at functional maturity

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7
Q

Two types of sclerenchyma cells

A

sclereids and fibers

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8
Q

sclereids

A

short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls
source of hardness in nutshells and seed coats

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9
Q

Fibers

A

long and slender and arranged in threads

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10
Q

Vascular Tissue cells

A

Xylem and Phloem

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11
Q

Tracheids

A

Found in all vascular plants
Tubular, elongated and dead
Water transfers via pits in the tracheids

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12
Q

Vessel elements

A

large diameter and shorter
Aligned end-to-end to form vessels
End walls have perforation plates

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13
Q

Phloem cells

A

Sieve-tube elements
Sieve plates
Companion cell

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14
Q

Sieve-tube elements

A

Alive at functional maturity
They lack organelles, including nucleus
Allows sugars to flow more easily

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15
Q

Sieve plates

A

The porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube

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16
Q

Companion cell

A

One for each sieve-tube element

Nucleus and ribosomes serve both cell

17
Q

Cell Growth

A

Indeterminate growth, Determinate growth, Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials

18
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

growing throughout and organism’s life

19
Q

Determinate growth

A

some plant organs cease to grow at a certain size

20
Q

Annuals

A

Complete their life cycle in a year or less

21
Q

Biennials

A

Require two growing seasons

22
Q

Perennials

A

Live for many years

23
Q

Meristems

A

Perpetually embryonic tissue
Maintains indeterminate growth
Functionally similar to animal stem cells

24
Q

Apical meristems

A

located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots

25
Q

Primary growth

A

occurs when apical meristems elongate shoots and roots

26
Q

Secondary growth

A

lateral meristems add thickness to woody plants. Involves two lateral meristems

27
Q

Two kinds of lateral meristems

A

vascular cambium and cork cambium

28
Q

vascular cambium

A

adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

29
Q

Cork cambium

A

replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher

30
Q

Tree rings

A

visible where late and early wood meet, and can be used to estimate a tree’s age

31
Q

Dendrochronology

A

the analysis of tree ring growth patterns, and can be used to study past climate change

32
Q

What is the vascular cambium made of

A

a cylinder of meristematic cells one cell layer thick

33
Q

what does the vascular cambium develop from

A

undifferentiated parenchyma cells

34
Q

what does the secondary xylem accumulate as

A

wood, and consists of tracheas, vessel elements (only in angiosperms), and fibers

35
Q

Early wood

A

formed in the spring, has thin cell walls to maximize water delivery

36
Q

late wood

A

formed in late summer, has thick-walled cells and contributes more to stem support

37
Q

As a tree or woody shrub ages,

A

the older layers of secondary xylem, the heartwood, no longer transport water and minerals
Outer layers, known as sapwood, still transport materials through the xylem
Older secondary phloem sloughs off and does not accumulate

38
Q

Xylem Cells

A

Tracheids and Vessel elements

LIFE 103 (28 decks)

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