Land Plants

Question 1

sporopollenin

Answer 1

a layer of durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out in charophytes

Question 2

what did the movement onto land by charophyte ancestors provide

Answer 2

unfiltered sun, more plentiful CO2, nutrient-rich soil, and fw herbivores or pathogens

Question 3

Challenges of the move onto land

Answer 3

scarcity of water, lack of structural support

Question 4

Four key traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes

Answer 4

Alternation of generations (with multicellular, dependent embryos)
Walled spores produced in sporangia
Multicellular gametangia
Apical meristems (linear growth from root and shoot tips)

Question 5

Cuticle

Answer 5

provides protection and controls moisture loss

Question 6

Secondary compounds

Answer 6

defense against herbivory and UV protection

Question 7

Nonvascular plants

Answer 7

Bryophytes, Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses

Question 8

Phylum Hepatophyta

Answer 8

Includes liverworts

Question 9

phylum Anthocerophyta

Answer 9

includes hornworts

Question 10

phylum bryophyta

Answer 10

includes mosses

Question 11

Vascular plants

Answer 11

seedless

seeds

Question 12

gametophyte

Answer 12

haploid, produces haploid gametes by mitosis

Question 13

Sporophyte

Answer 13

diploid, produces haploid spores by meiosis. Produced by fusion of the gametes

Question 14

where is the diploid embryo retained

Answer 14

within the tissue of the female gametophyte

Question 15

placental transfer cells

Answer 15

nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through these

Question 16

embryophytes

Answer 16

land plants, called this because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent

Question 17

haplodiplontic life cycle

Answer 17

Multicellular diploid state - sporophyte

Multicellular haploid stage - gametophyte

Question 18

Multicellular diploid stage - sporophyte

Answer 18

Produces haploid spores by meiosis
diploid spore mother cells (sporophytes) undergo meiosis in sporangia
produce 4 haploid spores
first cells of gametophyte generation

Question 19

Multicellular haploid stage - gametophyte

Answer 19

spores divided by mitosis
produces gametes by mitosis
gametes fuse to form diploid zygote
first cell of next sporophyte generation

Question 20

Gametangia

Answer 20

organs that produce gametes

Question 21

archegonia

Answer 21

female gametangia

produce eggs and are the site of fertilization

Question 22

antheridia

Answer 22

male gametangia

the site of sperm production and release

Question 23

what grows out of archegonia

Answer 23

bryophyte and sporophytes

are the smaller and simplest sporophytes of all extant plant groups

Question 24

what does a sporophyte consist of

Answer 24

a foot, a seta (stalk), and a sporangium

Question 25

Another word for sporangium

Answer 25

capsule

Question 26

what does the capsule do

Answer 26

discharges spores through a peristome

Question 27

hornwort and moss sporophytes have a _______ for gas exchange

Answer 27

stomata

Question 28

stomata

Answer 28

openings in the surface of the plant controlled by two cells
all plants but liverworts have them
control CO2 gain and H2O loss

Question 29

Hornworts

Answer 29

Earliest fossils are cretaceous so origin is a mystery

about 100 known species

Question 30

peat

Answer 30

sphagnum, or “peat moss”, that forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material known as peat

Question 31

_______ is an important global reservoir of organic carbon

Answer 31

sphagnum