Circulatory System Flashcards
What do small and simple animals use
passive diffusion
simple animal circulatory system
gastrovascular cavity
three components of open and closed systems
A circulatory fluid
A set of tubules
A muscular pump
Open circulatory system
blood bathes the organs directly
there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid
arthropods, insects, and most molluscs
Open circulatory system fluid
hemolymph
closed circulatory system
blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid
which system, open or closed, is more efficient
closed systems are more efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to tissues and cells
Blood Plasma
92% water
what solutes does blood plasma contain
nutrients, wastes, and hormones
Ions
Proteins
Ions in blood plasma
Na+, Cl-, and trace Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, K+, and Zn2+
Proteins in blood plasma
Albumin, alpha and beta globulins, fibrinogen
what happens if fibrinogen is removed
plasma is called serum
Red Blood Cells
Erythrocytes
How many red blood cells per microliter of blood
5 million
Mature mammalian erythrocytes
lack nuclei
RBCs of vertebrates contain
hemoglobin
White blood cells
Leukocytes
How many blood cells are leukocytes
less than 1%
Two types of leukocytes
Granular leukocytes
Agranular leukocytes
Granular leukocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Agranular leukocytes
Monocytes and lymphocytes
where do blood cells develop
from pluripotent stem cells
Hemotopoiesis
blood cell production
Where does hematopoiesis occur
bone marrow
2 types of stem cells
Lymphoid stem cell
Myeloid stem cell
Lymphoid stem cell
Lymphocytes
myeloid stem cell
all other blood cells
Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin
stimulates the production of erythrocytes
Arteries
branch into arterioles and carry blood to capillaries
capillary beds
networks of capillaries
are the sites of chemical exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid
Venules
converge into veins and return blood from capillaries to the heart
How many chambers are there in vertebrate hearts
two or more
blood enters through the
atrium
blood is pumped out through a
ventricle
Single circulation
bony fishes, ray, and sharks have single circulation with a two-chambered heart
In single circulation, blood leaving the heart
passes through two capillary beds before returning
Double circulation
amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have double circulation
oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart
Capillaries
have thin walls, the endothelium plus its basement membrane to facilitate the exchange of materials
Arteries and veins
have an endothelium, smooth muscle, and connective tissue
Arteries and veins differences
Arteries have thicker walls than veins to accommodate the high pressure of blood pumped from the heart
What happens in veins
blood flows back to the heart mainly as a result of muscle action
