Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What do small and simple animals use

A

passive diffusion

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2
Q

simple animal circulatory system

A

gastrovascular cavity

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3
Q

three components of open and closed systems

A

A circulatory fluid
A set of tubules
A muscular pump

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4
Q

Open circulatory system

A

blood bathes the organs directly
there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid
arthropods, insects, and most molluscs

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5
Q

Open circulatory system fluid

A

hemolymph

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6
Q

closed circulatory system

A

blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid

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7
Q

which system, open or closed, is more efficient

A

closed systems are more efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to tissues and cells

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8
Q

Blood Plasma

A

92% water

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9
Q

what solutes does blood plasma contain

A

nutrients, wastes, and hormones
Ions
Proteins

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10
Q

Ions in blood plasma

A

Na+, Cl-, and trace Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, K+, and Zn2+

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11
Q

Proteins in blood plasma

A

Albumin, alpha and beta globulins, fibrinogen

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12
Q

what happens if fibrinogen is removed

A

plasma is called serum

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13
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

Erythrocytes

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14
Q

How many red blood cells per microliter of blood

A

5 million

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15
Q

Mature mammalian erythrocytes

A

lack nuclei

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16
Q

RBCs of vertebrates contain

A

hemoglobin

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17
Q

White blood cells

A

Leukocytes

18
Q

How many blood cells are leukocytes

A

less than 1%

19
Q

Two types of leukocytes

A

Granular leukocytes

Agranular leukocytes

20
Q

Granular leukocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

21
Q

Agranular leukocytes

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

22
Q

where do blood cells develop

A

from pluripotent stem cells

23
Q

Hemotopoiesis

A

blood cell production

24
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur

A

bone marrow

25
Q

2 types of stem cells

A

Lymphoid stem cell

Myeloid stem cell

26
Q

Lymphoid stem cell

A

Lymphocytes

27
Q

myeloid stem cell

A

all other blood cells

Erythropoietin

28
Q

Erythropoietin

A

stimulates the production of erythrocytes

29
Q

Arteries

A

branch into arterioles and carry blood to capillaries

30
Q

capillary beds

A

networks of capillaries

are the sites of chemical exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid

31
Q

Venules

A

converge into veins and return blood from capillaries to the heart

32
Q

How many chambers are there in vertebrate hearts

A

two or more

33
Q

blood enters through the

A

atrium

34
Q

blood is pumped out through a

A

ventricle

35
Q

Single circulation

A

bony fishes, ray, and sharks have single circulation with a two-chambered heart

36
Q

In single circulation, blood leaving the heart

A

passes through two capillary beds before returning

37
Q

Double circulation

A

amphibians, reptiles, and mammals have double circulation

oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart

38
Q

Capillaries

A

have thin walls, the endothelium plus its basement membrane to facilitate the exchange of materials

39
Q

Arteries and veins

A

have an endothelium, smooth muscle, and connective tissue

40
Q

Arteries and veins differences

A

Arteries have thicker walls than veins to accommodate the high pressure of blood pumped from the heart

41
Q

What happens in veins

A

blood flows back to the heart mainly as a result of muscle action