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LIFE 103 > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of feeding mechanism do fungi use

A

heterotrophs, absorb nutrients from outside their body

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2
Q

How do fungi feed

A

use enzymes to break down a large variety of complex molecules into smaller organic compounds

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3
Q

what enzymes are excreted

A

oxidases, cellulases, phosphatages, proteases

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4
Q

what does oxidases break down

A

Lignin

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5
Q

what does cellulases break down

A

carbohydrates

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6
Q

what does phosphates break down

A

phosphates

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7
Q

what does proteases break down

A

proteins

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8
Q

Human uses of fungal enzymes

A

Efects of climate change
Beer production
wastewater treatment
Paper production

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9
Q

What do hyphae do

A

can act as nooses, nets, or sticky traps

Penetrate victims

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10
Q

what are the most common body structures

A

multicellular filaments and single cells

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11
Q

multicellular filaments

A

hyphae

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12
Q

single cells

A

yeasts

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13
Q

mycelia

A

networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption

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14
Q

hyphae

A

string of cells

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15
Q

what are fungi cell walls made of

A

chitin

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16
Q

some fungi have hyphae divided into cells by____

A

septa

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17
Q

what is the advantages of septa

A

having pores that allow for cell-to-cell movement of organelles

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18
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots

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19
Q

Ectomycorrhizal fungi

A

form sheaths of hyphae over a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex

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20
Q

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

A

extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane

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21
Q

haustoria

A

specialized hyphae that allow the fungi to penetrate the tissues of their hose

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22
Q

Mutualistic dynamics between plant and fungus

A

fungus gains access to carbohydrates

plant gains an increased ability to uptake water and minerals

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23
Q

How do fungus reproduce

A

producing vast numbers of spores, either sexually or asexually

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24
Q

What ploidy are fungal nuclei usually

A

haploid

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25
Q

what is the exception for fungal nuclei

A

transient diploid stages formed during the sexual life cycles

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26
Q

Sexual reproduction requires the fusion of ___ from different mating types

A

hyphae

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27
Q

Pheromones

A

fungi use, to communicate their mating type

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28
Q

Plasmogamy

A

the union of to parent mycelia

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29
Q

heterokaryon

A

the haploid nuclei from each parent do not fuse right away’ they coexist in the mycelium, called a heterokaryon.

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30
Q

Dikaryotic

A

when the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell, the mycelium is said to be dikaryotic

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31
Q

Karyogamy

A

nuclear fusion

may take hours, days, or even centuries

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32
Q

What happens during karyogamy

A

the haploid nuclei fuse, producing diploid cells

33
Q

What happens after the short lived diploid stage

A

It undergoes meiosis, producing haploid spores

34
Q

Molds

A

produce haploid spores by mitosis and form visible mycelia

35
Q

Yeasts

A

reproduce asexually by single cell division and the pinching of “bud cells” from a parent cell

36
Q

Microsporidia

A

Obligate, intracellular animal parasites

37
Q

What do microsporidia lack

A

mitochondria

do not undergo aerobic respiration

38
Q

Chytrids

A

aquatic and found in freshwater and terrestrial habitats

39
Q

what kind of fungus are chytrids

A

can be decomposers, parasites, or mutualists

40
Q

zoospores

A

flagellated spores in chytrids

41
Q

What is in microsporidia

A

chytrids

42
Q

batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

A 
chytrid
infects thousands of amphibians
thickens the skin
drives populations to extinction
The spread has been linked to climate change
43
Q

Blastocladiomycetes

A

Unglagellated zoospores

44
Q

Allomyces

A

a Blastocladiomycetes
water mold
haplodiplontic life cycle
female gametes secrete pheromone to attract male gametes

45
Q

Neocallimastigomycota

A

digest plant biomass in mammalian herbivore rumens
Greatly reduced mitochondria lack cristae
Zoospores have multiple flagella
horizontal gene transfer Brought cellulase gene from bacteria into Neocallimastix genome

46
Q

How do neocallimastigomycota help animals

A

Digest plant biomass in mammalian herbivore rumens

mammal depends on fungi for sufficient calories

47
Q

Zygomycota

A

Include common bread molds
Not monophyletic
A few human pathogens

48
Q

Pilobolus

A

Grows on the excrement of herbivores
sporangium forms on the top of the stalk of a fruiting body
shoots spores toward the light

49
Q

Glomeromycota

A

tiny group of fungi
Form intracellular associations with plant roots called arbuscular mycorrhizawb
Cannot survive in absence of host plant

50
Q

what do basidomycetes contain

A

include mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi, mutualists, and plant parasites

51
Q

How is Basidomycetes defined

A

a clublike structure called a basidium, a transient diploid stage in the life cycle

52
Q

What is another name for basidiomycetes

A

club fungi

53
Q

basidiocarps

A

elaborate fruiting bodies that are produced sexually in response to environmental stimuli

54
Q

What is an example of basidiocarps

A

mushrooms

55
Q

where do Ascomycetes live

A

marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats

56
Q

How is Ascomycetes defined

A

by the production of sexual spores in saclike ascidians, usually contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps

57
Q

Common name for ascomycetes

A

sac fungi

58
Q

How do ascomycetes reproduce

A

asexually by enormous numbers of asexual spores called conidia
can also reproduce sexually

59
Q

Example of Ascomycetes

A

Ergot
infects grasses
rye is susceptibe
causes ergotism

60
Q

Ergotism

A

burning sensation lead to name, Saint Anthony’s fire

61
Q

Yeast

A

single-celled ascomycetes

62
Q

How do yeast reproduce

A

asexually by fission or budding

63
Q

What can yeasts do

A

break down carbohydrates
break down glucose into ethanol and CO2
Used to make bread, beer, wine

64
Q

Endophytes

A

live inside leaves or other plant parts, make toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogens

65
Q

Fungus-animal symbiosis

A

some fungi help break down plant material in the guts of cows and other grazing animals

66
Q

Lichen

A

a symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus in which millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal hyphae

67
Q

what is the fungal component of a lichen

A

most often an ascomycete, but can also be a basidomycete

68
Q

what occupies the inner layer below the lichen surface

A

Algae or cyanobacteria

69
Q

What does the algae provide in a lichen

A

carbon compounds

70
Q

what does cyanobacteria provide in a lichen

A

organic nitrogen

71
Q

what does fungi provide in a lichen

A

the environment for growth

72
Q

What are the forms of lichens

A

Fruticose (shrublike)
Foliose (Leaf-like)
Crustose (crust-like)

73
Q

How do humans use lichens

A

used as dyes
used in perfumes and incense
indicator species

74
Q

Mycoses

A

the general term for a fungal infection in animals

75
Q

Candida

A

Human pathogen
common name is thrush
affects immunocompromised
30% or more of systemic infections are fatal

76
Q

Aspergillus

A

Human pathogen
found on cereals and nuts
produces aflatoxins
Toxin and carcinogen

77
Q

Cryptococcus

A

Human pathogen

cause of meningitis in immunocompromised

78
Q

Penicillium

A

ascomycete

antibiotic for bacterial infections

LIFE 103 (28 decks)

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