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LIFE 103 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical signals secreted into circulatory system that communicate regulatory messages

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2
Q

What cells respond to hormones

A

target cells

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3
Q

Exogenous chemicals

A

interfere with hormone signaling.

Insecticides, herbicides, dyes, plastics, detergents

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4
Q

How do hormones work

A

Chemical signals bind to receptor proteins on target cells.

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5
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Have ducts and secrete substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities.
(tear ducts, sweat glands, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, mammary glands, stomach)

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6
Q

Local regulators

A

chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion

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7
Q

What do local regulators help regulate

A

blood pressure, nervous system function, and reproduction.

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8
Q

Paracrine signals

A

act on cells near secreting cell

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9
Q

Autocrine signals

A

act on secreting cell itself

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10
Q

Pheromones

A

chemical signals that are released from the body and used to communicate with other individuals in the species

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11
Q

Three major classes of molecules that function as hormones in vertebrates

A

Polypeptides
amines
steroid hormones

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12
Q

Lipophilic hormones (steroid hormones)

A

pass through cell membrane

travel in bloodstream bound to transport proteins and diffuse through membrane of target cells

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13
Q

Hydrophilic hormones

A

do not pass easily through membrane

secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in bloodstream, bind to cell-surface receptors

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14
Q

Binding of a hormone to its receptor initiates a ___

A

Signal transduction pathway which leads to responses in the cytoplasm, enzyme activation, or a change in gene expression

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15
Q

Where is vitamin D formed

A

In the skin of vertebrates

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16
Q

Where is Vitamin D transported

A

to the liver

converted to physiological active form

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17
Q

What does vitamin D regulate

A

calcium and phosphate in the blood
cell proliferation and apoptosis
Neuromuscular function

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18
Q

Gland hyposecretion

A

To little hormone

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19
Q

Gland hypersecretion

A

too much hormone

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20
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Melatonin

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21
Q

Pancreas gland

A

insulin/glucagon

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22
Q

Adrenal Medulla gland

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

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23
Q

Adrenal cortex gland

A

Glucocorticoids and Aldosterone

24
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Parathyroid hormone

25
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, Calcitonin

26
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A

Prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, MSH, Growth Hormone

27
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland

A

Oxytocin, ADH

28
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

inhibits a response by reducing initial stimulus

Regulates many hormonal pathways

29
Q

Insulin and glucagon

A

antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostatis

30
Q

What produces glucagon and insulin

A

Pancreas has clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhand) with alpha cells that produce glucagon and ceta cells that produce insulin

31
Q

alpha cells

A

produce glucagon

32
Q

beta cells

A

produce insulin

33
Q

Insulin

A

Reduces blood glucose levels

34
Q

How does insulin reduce blood glucose levels

A

promotes the cellular uptake of glucose
Slows glycogen breakdown in liver
Promoting fat storage

35
Q

Glucagon

A

increases blood glucose levels

36
Q

How does glucagon increase blood glucose levels

A

stimulating conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver

stimulating breakdown of fat and protein into glucose

37
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent)

A

The immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells

38
Q

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent)

A

Involves insulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells due to change in insulin receptors

39
Q

What can diabetes lead to

A

Peripheral neuropathy, wounds, infections, nephropathy, retinopathy

40
Q

Peripheral neuropathy

A

diabetes damages the nerves

41
Q

wounds

A

diabetes affects circulation, reducing the body’s ability to heal when damage occurs

42
Q

Infections

A

Diabetes slows the body’s response to infections
Antibody response is slow in type 1
Poor circulation`

43
Q

Nephropathy

A

Kidney disease (affects proteins that are involved in wound healing)

44
Q

Retinopathy

A

eye disease/blindness

45
Q

Oxytocin

A

induces uterine contractions and the release of milk

46
Q

How is oxytocin released

A

suckling sends a message to the hypothalamus via the nervous system to release oxytocin, which further stimulates milk glands

47
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

enhances water reabsorption in the kidneys

48
Q

Influence of hormones on insects

A

influence molting and metamorphosis

49
Q

How do insects molt

A

Brain hormone stimulates prothoracic gland to produce ecdysone, or molting hormone
high levels cause molting

50
Q

How does metamorphosis occur

A

Corpora allata produces juvenile hormone

low levels result in metamorphosis

51
Q

juvenile hormone

A

causes metamorphosis in insects

52
Q

Where are the adrenal glands

A

adjacent to the kidneys

53
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

54
Q

what class of hormones are epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

catecholamines

55
Q

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do

A

Trigger release of glucose and fatty acids into the blood
Increase oxygen delivery to body cells
Direct blood toward heart, brain, skeletal muscles, and away from skin, digestive system, and kidneys

LIFE 103 (28 decks)

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