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LIFE 103 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Detect stimulus

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2
Q

Motor effectors

A

Respond to stimulus

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3
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory and motor neurons
Somatic NS stimulates skeletal muscles
Autonomic NS stimulates smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

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5
Q

Somatic NS

A

Stimulates skeletal muscles

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6
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Stimulates smooth and cardiac muscles as well as glands

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7
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

A

Counterbalance each other

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8
Q

Types of neurons

A

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, inter neurons

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9
Q

Sensory neurons

A

(Afferent neurons) carry impulses to CNS

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10
Q

Motor neurons

A

(Efferent neurons) carry impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

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11
Q

Interneurons

A

(Association neurons) provide more complex reflexes and associative functions (learning and memory)

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12
Q

Components of a neuron

A

Cell body, dendrites, axon

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13
Q

Cell body

A

Enlarged part containing nucleus

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14
Q

Dendrites

A

Short cytoplasmic extensions that receive stimuli

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15
Q

Axon

A

Single long extension that conducts impulses away from cell body

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16
Q

Neuroglia

A

Support neurons structurally and functionally

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes produce myelin sheaths

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17
Q

Myelinated axons in CNS

A

Form white matter. Dendrites/cell bodies form gray matter

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18
Q

Myelinated axons in PNS

A

Bundled to form nerves

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19
Q

Negative pole

A

Cytoplasmic side

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20
Q

Positive pole

A

Extra cellular fluid side

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21
Q

Resting potential of an I stimulated neuron

A

-70mV

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22
Q

Inside of the cell is more ____ charged than outside

A

Negatively

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23
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Brings two K+ into cell for every three Na+ it pumps out

24
Q

Ion leakage channels

A

Allow more K+ to diffuse out than Na+ to diffuse in

25
Q

Membrane is not permeable to

A

Negative ions

26
Q

Equilibrium potential

A

Balance between diffusion all force and electrical force

27
Q

Action potentials

A

Result when depolarization reaches the threshold potential (-55mV)

28
Q

Depolarizations

A

Bring neuron closer to threshold

29
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Move neuron further from threshold

30
Q

Action potentials are caused by

A

Voltage-gated ion channels

  • voltage gated Na+ channels
  • voltage gated K+ channels
31
Q

Phases of an action potential

A

Rising, falling, undershoot

32
Q

Action potentials are always

A

Separate, all-or-none events with the same amplitude

33
Q

Two ways to increase velocity of conduction

A

Axon has large diameter, axon is myelinated (saltatory conduction)

34
Q

Synapses

A

Specialized intercellular junctions with the other neurons, with muscle cells, or with gland (endocrine or exocrine) cells

35
Q

Presynaptic cell

A

Transmits action potentials

36
Q

Postsynaptic cell

A

Received action potentials

37
Q

Two types of synapses

A

Electrical and chemical

38
Q

Electrical synapses

A

Involved in direct cytoplasmic connections between the two cells formed by gap junctions
Rare in vertebrates

39
Q

Chemical synapses

A

Have a synaptic cleft between two cells

End of presynaptic cell contains synaptic vesicles packed with neurotransmitters

40
Q

In chemical synapses the neurotransmitter is released by

A

Exocytosis

41
Q

In chemical synapses the neurotransmitter action is terminated by

A

Enzymatic digestion or cellular uptake

42
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Crosses the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
Neuromuscular junction

43
Q

What does acetylcholine bind to

A

Receptor in postsynaptic membrane

44
Q

What does acetylcholine produce

A

A depolarization called an excitatory postsynaptic potential

Stimulates muscle contraction

45
Q

What degrades acetylcholine

A

Acetylcholinesterase

Causes muscle relaxation

46
Q

Amino Acids

A

Glutamate

Glycine and GABA

47
Q

Glutamate

A

Major excitatory neurotransmitter in vertebrate CNS

48
Q

Glycine and GABA

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

Open ligand-gated channels for Cl-

49
Q

What do glycine and GABA produce

A

Hyperpolarization called an inhibitory postsynaptic potential

50
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Responsible for “fight or flight”

51
Q

Dopamine

A

Used in some areas of the brain that control movements

Acts outside nervous system as paracrine messenger

52
Q

Serotonin

A

Involved in regulation of sleep

53
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Substance P released from sensory neurons activated by painful stimuli
Intensity of pain depends on enkephalins and endorphins

54
Q

Nitric oxide

A

A neuropeptide
Produced as needed from arginine
Causes smooth muscle relaxation

55
Q

2 ways for membrane to reach threshold voltage

A

Spatial summation and temporal summation

56
Q

Spatial summation

A

Many different dendrites produce EPSPs

57
Q

Temporal summation

A

One dendrite produces repeated EPSPs

LIFE 103 (28 decks)

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