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LIFE 103 > Bacteria and Archaea > Flashcards

Bacteria and Archaea Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of group are Prokaryotes?

A

non-monophylitic

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2
Q

Four postulates that prove a casual relationship between a microorganism and a disease

A
  1. The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease and absent from healthy individuals.
  2. The putative causative agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
  3. The same disease must result when the cultured microorganism is used to infect a healthy host.
  4. The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host.
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3
Q

What does Gut bacteria do?

A

Affect obesity (shown in mice)
Sexual behavior (shown in flies)
Affect stress, depression (shown in mice)
May affect OCD (in humans)

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4
Q

Bacteria mutualism with humans

A 
direct inhibition of pathogens
Digestive processes
Development of the immune system
Antibiotics can harm your mutualists
Facilitate absorption of minerals
Synthesize certain vitamins
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5
Q

Digestive processes

A

Short chain fatty acids from bacterial fermentation

Metabolize drugs

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6
Q

Development of the immune system

A

Fine control of cytokines (inflammatory response)

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7
Q

Three most common shapes of bacteria

A

spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), and spirals

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8
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

Thick, complex network of peptidoglycan

Also contains lipoteichoic and teichoic acid

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9
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

thin layer of peptidoglycan

Second outer membrane with lipopolysaccharide

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10
Q

Both Eukaryotes and Archaea contain ______ and ______ but lack _______

A

Polysaccharides, proteins, peptidoglycan

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11
Q

Gram stain

A

used to make bacteria visible

classifies many bacterial species

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12
Q

Characteristics of gram-negative bacteria

A

have less peptidoglycan
Have outer membrane
more likely to be antibiotic resistant

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13
Q

fimbriae (attachment pili)

A

allow some bacteria to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony

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14
Q

Flagella

A

allows for taxis - the ability to move in response to stimuli

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15
Q

what is flagella composed of

A

the protein flagellin

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16
Q

Both bacteria and archaea cells usually lack complex __________

A

Compartmentalization.

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17
Q

Membranes in bacteria and archaea that perform metabolic funtions

A

Respiratory membranes in aerobic bacteria

Thylakoid membranes in photosynthetic bacteria

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18
Q

What kind of chromosome does the genome have

A

circular

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19
Q

plasmids

A

smaller rings of DNA that some species of bacteria have

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20
Q

where is the bacterial genome located

A

the nucleoid region

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21
Q

what kind of bacterial genome do bacteria have

A

a ring of DNA that is not surrounded by a membrane

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22
Q

Endospores

A

Internal to the bacterium
resistant to heat, UV radiation, desiccation, alcohol, and chemicals
Can survive for extended periods of time
Bacteria causing tetanus, botulism, and anthrax

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23
Q

Exospores

A

formed differently

Less robust

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24
Q

How do bacteria reproduce

A

binary fission, can divide every 1-3 hours

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25
Q

What causes variation in offspring

A

Mutations

26
Q

Factors that contribute to genetic variation

A

Rapid reproduction
Mutation
Genetic recombination

27
Q

How can DNA from different individuals be brought together

A

Transformation, transduction, conjugation

28
Q

transformation

A

a bacterial cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment in a process called transformation

29
Q

Transduction

A

the movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria)

30
Q

Bacteria that can transform are

A

competent

31
Q

Generalized transduction

A

virtually any gene can be transferred
occurs via accidents in the lytic cycle
viruses package bacterial DNA and transfer it in a subsequent infection

32
Q

Specialized transduction

A

Occurs via accidents in the lysogenic cycle
Imprecise excision of prophage DNA
The phage carry both phage genes and chromosomal genes

33
Q

Conjugation

A

the process where genetic material is transferred between bacterial cells

34
Q

Sex pili

A

allow cells to connect and pull together for DNA transfer

35
Q

F factor

A

a piece of DNA that is required for the production of sex pili

36
Q

where can the F factor exist

A

a separate plasmid or as DNA within the bacterial chromosome

37
Q

What is the process of the F plasmid transfer

A

F+ cell produces F plus that connects it to F- cell
Transfer of F plasmid occurs through conjugation bridge
F plasmid copied through rolling circle replication
The end result is two F+ cells

38
Q

R plasmids

A

carry genes for antibiotic resistance

39
Q

Reasons for antibiotic resistance

A

Agricultural uses
Patients demanding for antibiotics for nonbacterial infections
Antibiotic products
Lateral gene transfer allows multiple resistance

40
Q

Phototrophs

A

obtain energy from lifht

41
Q

Chemotrophs

A

obtain energy from chemicals

42
Q

Autotrophs

A

require CO2 as a carbon source

43
Q

Heterotrophs

A

require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds

44
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

require O2 for cellular respiration

45
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

poisoned by O2 and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration

46
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

can survive with or without O2

47
Q

Notrogen fixation

A

some bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3).

48
Q

Proteobacteria

A

gram-negative, include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs.
Some are anaerobic and others are aerobic

49
Q

Subgroup: Alpha Proteobacteria

A

closely associated with eukaryotic hosts

mitochondria evolved from aerobic alpha proteobacteria through endosymbiosis

50
Q

Subgroup: Gamma Proteobacteria

A

include sulfur bacteria such as chromatic and pathogens such as Legionella, salmonella, and vibrio cholera

51
Q

Subgroup: Epsilon Proteobacteria

A

contains many pathogens including Campylobacter, which causes blood poisoning and Helicobacter pylori, which causes stomach ulcers

52
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria

A

Include:
Actinobacteria - decompose soil
Bacillus anthraces - the cause of anthrax
Clostridium botulinum - the cause of botulism
Some staphylococcus and streptococcus - can be pathogenic
Mycoplasms - smallert known cells
Streptomyces - the source of many antibiotics

53
Q

Pathogens

A

Parasites that cause disease

54
Q

Benefits of bacteria

A 
Fermentation
Waste Management
Toxic spill cleanup
Genetic Engineering
Antibiotics
55
Q

Archaea

A

share certain traits with bacteria and other traits with eukaryotes

56
Q

extremophiles

A

live in extreme environments

57
Q

Extreme halophiles

A

live in highly saline environments

58
Q

Extreme thermophiles

A

thrive in very hot environments

59
Q

Methanogens

A

live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a waste product
Methanogens are strict anaerobes and are poisoned by O2

60
Q

Archaea and humans

A

produce methanols in the digestive tract
found in mouth and can influence tooth health
Many found in intestine

LIFE 103 (28 decks)

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