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LIFE 103 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A

The change in allele frequencies in a population over time

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2
Q

selection

A

Change in allele frequencies due to organisms with advantageous alleles reproducing more successfully than organisms with other alleles

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3
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Random changes in allele frequencies in a population

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4
Q

Mutation

A

The source of a new allelic diversity

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5
Q

Migration

A

Movement of alleles between populations

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6
Q

Adaptation

A

A trait that evolves by selection for a particular function (because it increases fitness) from an ancestor that did not have that trait.

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7
Q

Phylogeny

A

the evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms (species level and higher)

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8
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

diagram of ancestral relationships among species . Describes patterns and provides information about when large events occurred.

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9
Q

Taxonomy

A

Ordered division and naming of organisms

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10
Q

Taxon

A

A taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy

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11
Q

Character

A

Evidence used to construct a tree (morphological, behavior, chemical composition, chromosome number, DNA)

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12
Q

Character state

A

Variation among characters

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13
Q

Branch point

A

divergence of two species

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14
Q

Sister taxa

A

groups that share an immediate common ancestor

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15
Q

Rooted tree

A

Includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

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16
Q

Polytomy

A

A branch from which more than two groups emerge

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17
Q

Monophyletic Clade

A

Ancestor and all of its descendants

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18
Q

Paraphyletic Clade

A

Ancestor and not all of its descendants (one or more is cut off)

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19
Q

Polyphyletic Clades

A

two or more animals, and not their ancestor.

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20
Q

Systematics

A

The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

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21
Q

Outgroup

A

A group of species that is closely related to, but not a member of, the group under study

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22
Q

Classification

A

Uses information from systematics to place organisms into taxonomic groups

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23
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area

24
Q

Population Ecology

A

Focuses on the factors affecting how many individuals of a species live in an area (mathematically based)

25
Q

Community

A

a group of interacting populations of different species in an area

26
Q

Community ecology

A

Deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community

27
Q

Symbiosis

A

Long, close relationship between two species. Can be mutualistic (positive, positive), commensal (positive, neutral), or parasitic (positive, negative)

28
Q

Parasitism

A

Receiving resources from a host without directly killing the host

29
Q

Ecosystem Ecology

A

emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components

30
Q

Ecosystem

A

the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact

31
Q

Dispersal

A

The movement of individuals

32
Q

What makes an animal?

A

Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic, Tissues developed from embryonic layers.

33
Q

Zygote

A

Single cell from fertilization

34
Q

Blastula

A

Hollow ball of cells formed by cleavage

35
Q

Gastrula

A

Embryo has one end fold inward and layers of tissues form

36
Q

Gastrulation

A

Folding of embryo into layers

37
Q

Ectoderm

A

covers the surface and becomes the outer covering and in some phyla the central nervous system

38
Q

Endoderm

A

innermost germ layer that lines the digestive tract and organs such as the lungs and liver in vertebrates

39
Q

Mesoderm

A

the third layer (between the other two) forming muscles and most other organs. (Not all animals have mesoderm)

40
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

two-sided symmetry.
Dividing plane is sagittal plane, dorsal (top) side and ventral (bottom) side.
Right and left side
Anterior (head) and posterior (tail) ends

41
Q

Cephalization

A

The development of a head

42
Q

Diploblastic

A

having only 2 germ layers, radial organisms

43
Q

Triploblastic

A

Having 3 germ layers, common to all bilaterally symmetric animals

44
Q

Coelem

A

fluid or air filled space separating digestive tract from outer body wall

45
Q

True coelem

A

formed from mesoderm

46
Q

Coelemates

A

animals with a true coelem

47
Q

pseudocoelomate

A

if the coelom is formed from both ends and mesoderm tisse

48
Q

aceolomate

A

Of a triploblast lacks a body cavity

49
Q

Protostome

A 
(first mouth) development
spiral cleavage
deterministic cleavage
cells are rigidly cast early in development
mesoderm cells split then for coelom
blastopore becomes the mouth
50
Q

Deuterostome

A 
(second mouth) development
Radial cleavage
indeterminate cleavage
If very early embryo's cells are removed they will produce complete individual
Blastopore becomes anus
51
Q

Tissues

A

collections of specialized cells isolated by membranous layers
arise from germ layers

52
Q

Neoproterozoic Era

A

(1 BYA - 542 MYA)

Ediacaran Biota

53
Q

Paleozoic Era (542 - 251 MYA)

A

Cambrian Explosion

First fossils of arthropods, chordates, and echinoderms

54
Q

Mesozoic Era

A

(251 - 65.5 MYA)

Dinosaurs and other animals

55
Q

Cenozoic Era

A

(65.5 MYA - Today)

56
Q

Order of Animal History Eras

A

Neoproterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

LIFE 103 (28 decks)

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