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LIFE 103 > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Diffusion

A

The difference in concentrations on the two sides of the membranes and the relative solubilities in the membrane

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2
Q

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

A

the rate of diffusion increases with surface area, decrease distance or the increase of the pressure difference

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3
Q

Gill filament

A

Consists of lamellae

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4
Q

lamellae

A

thin membranous plates that project into water flow

water flows past lamellae only

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5
Q

Countercurrent flow

A

within each lamella, blood flows opposite to direction of water movement

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6
Q

Benefits of countercurrent flow

A

maximizes oxygenation of blood

increases pressure difference

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7
Q

what are the most efficient of all respiratory organs

A

fish gills

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8
Q

amphibian respiration

A

many use cutaneous respiration for gas exchange

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9
Q

Terrestrial arthropods respiratory structures

A

air ducts called trachea, which branch into small tracheoles

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10
Q

Tracheoles

A

in direct contact with individual cells

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11
Q

Spiracles

A

Openings in the exoskeleton that can be opened or closed by valves

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12
Q

Amphibian Lungs

A

Positive Pressure Breathing
Air is forced into the lungs
Exhalation is completed by elastic response of the lungs

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13
Q

Bird Lungs

A

Multiple air sacs improve efficiency

Air moves in a single direction over lung surfaces

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14
Q

Mammal Lungs

A

Negative Pressure Breathing

Diaphragm contracts and intercostal muscles expand chest

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15
Q

Alveoli

A

sites of gas exchange in mammalian lungs

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16
Q

Path of air in mammalian lungs

A

passes through larynx, glottis, and trachea. Then bifurcates into right and left bronchi which enter each lung and further subdivide into bronchioles

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17
Q

What are alveoli surrounded by

A

an extensive capillary network

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18
Q

Partial pressures

A

based on the percent of the gas in dry air

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19
Q

Partial Pressure of N2 at 1.0 atm

A

600.6 mmHg

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20
Q

Partial Pressure O2 at 1.0 atm

A

159.2 mmHg

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21
Q

Partial Pressure CO2 at 1.0 atm

A

0.2 mmHg

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22
Q

what is the atmospheric pressure at 6000 m

A

380 mmHg

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23
Q

What is gas exchange driven by

A

differences in partial pressures

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24
Q

Blood returning from systemic circulation, depleted in oxygen, has a partial pressure of

A

40 mm Hg

25
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli

A

105 mm Hg

26
Q

Blood leaving the lungs has a partial pressure of

A

100 mm Hg

27
Q

Outside of each lung is covered by

A

visceral pleural membrane

28
Q

Inner wall of thoracic cavity is lined with

A

parietal pleural membrane

29
Q

Pleural cavity

A

space between parietal and visceral membranes
small and filled with fluid
causes 2 membranes to adhere
Lungs move with thoracic cavity

30
Q

What happens during inhalation

A

thoracic volume increases through contraction of two muscle sets

31
Q

two muscle sets contracted during inhalation

A

external intercostal and diaphragm

32
Q

Contraction of external intercostal muscles

A

expands rib cage

33
Q

Contraction of the diaphragm

A

expands the volume of thorax and lungs

34
Q

Inhalation causes ____ pressure which draws air into the lungs

A

negative

35
Q

What structures have elasticity in inhalation

A

thorax and lungs

36
Q

Tension in thorax and lungs is released by

A

the relaxation of the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm.
Produces unforced exhalation

37
Q

Unforced exhalation

A

allows thorax and lungs to recoil

38
Q

Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

Refers to any disorder that obstructs airflow on a long term basis

39
Q

Asthma

A

Allergen triggers the release of histamine, causing intense constriction of the bronchi and sometimes suffocation

40
Q

COPD symptoms

A

Alveolar walls break down and lung exhibits larger but fewer alveoli
Lungs become less elastic
People expend 3 to 4 times the normal amount of energy just to breathe

41
Q

Causes of COPD

A

smoking (largest cause)
Air pollution
Indoor cook stoves

42
Q

Lung Cancer

A

Accounts for more deaths than any other form of cancer

caused by smoking

43
Q

Chance of recovery from metastasized lung cancer

A

3% of patients surviving 5 years after diagnosis

44
Q

Respiratory Pigments

A

proteins that transport oxygen, greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry

45
Q

Arthropods, Vulcan, and mollusk oxygen-binding component

A

hemocyanin with copper

46
Q

Hemocyanin

A

not bound to cells, but is directly suspended in the hemolymph

47
Q

Vertebrate oxygen-binding component

A

hemoglobin contained within erythrocytes

48
Q

Hemoglobin

A

consists of four polypeptide chains: two alpha and two beta

49
Q

Chains in hemoglobin

A

Each chain is associated with a heme group

50
Q

Heme group

A

Each heme group has a central iron atom that can bind a molecule of O2

51
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

when hemoglobin loads up with oxygen in the lungs, it forms oxyhemoglobin

52
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

some molecules lose O2 as blood passes through capillaries, forming deoxyhemoglobin

53
Q

How saturated is hemoglobin at a blood Po2 of 100 mm Hg

A

97% saturated

54
Q

When blood returns to the lungs, it leaves the majority of the oxygen

A

in the blood as a reserve

55
Q

The reserve

A

enables the blood to supply body’s oxygen needs during exertion

56
Q

Hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen is affected by

A

pH and temperature

57
Q

Bohr shift

A

Increased CO2 in blood increases H+
Lower pH reduces hemoglobin’s affinity for O2
Results in a shift of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right
Facilitates oxygen unloading

58
Q

What else does hemoglobin help transport?

A

CO2

20% of Co2 is transported by hemoglobin

59
Q

CO2 diffuses into the blood and is transported either in

A

blood plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions.

LIFE 103 (28 decks)

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