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LIFE 103 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

herbivores

A

eat mainly autotrophs

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2
Q

Carnivores

A

eat other animals

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3
Q

Omnivores

A

Regularly consume animals as well as plants or algal matter

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4
Q

Detritivores

A

regularly consume dead organic matter

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5
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

the breakdown of food particles outside of cells

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6
Q

Intracellular digestion

A

food particles are engulfed by endocytosis and digested within food vacuoles (sponges and single-celled species)

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7
Q

Four classes of essential nutrients

A

Essential amino acids
Essential fatty acids
vitamins
minerals

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8
Q

how many amino acids do animals require

A

20

can synthesize about half from molecules in their diet

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9
Q

essential amino acids

A

must be obtained from food in preassembled form (humans need 9)

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10
Q

Insufficient essential amino acids causes

A

malnutrition called protein deficiency

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11
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

certain unsaturated fatty acids that must be obtained from diet
deficiencies are rare

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12
Q

Vitamins

A

organic molecules required in the diet in small amounts

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13
Q

How many vitamins have been identified that are essential to humans

A

13

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14
Q

Two categories of vitamins

A

fat soluble and water soluble

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15
Q

Too much water-soluble vitamins

A

removed in the urine (unless very high quantities)

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16
Q

Where are fat soluble vitamins stored

A

In the liver and fatty tissues

can be toxic in large quantities

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17
Q

Minerals

A

simple inorganic nutrients, usually requited in small amounts

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18
Q

Potassium

A

Mineral

necessary for pH balance, water balance, and nerve function

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19
Q

Fluorine

A

Mineral

necessary for tooth and bone health

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20
Q

Digestion

A

the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb

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21
Q

Enzymatic hydrolysis

A

chemical digestion

splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water

22
Q

Absorption

A

uptake of nutrients by body cells

23
Q

Elimination

A

the passage of undigested material out of the digestive compartment

24
Q

Path of digestion

A

begins in the mouth, continues through the stomach and small intestine

25
Q

Where does absorption occur

A

mainly in the small intestine

26
Q

where does elimination occur

A

the rectum, waste leaves through anus

27
Q

The first stage of digestion is

A

mechanical

28
Q

salivary glands

A

deliver saliva to lubricate food.

29
Q

salivary amylase

A

initiates breakdown of glucose polymers

30
Q

Tongue’s role in digestion

A

shapes food into a bolus and provides help with swallowing

31
Q

pharynx

A

The region we call our throat

a junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea

32
Q

Peristalsis

A

rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal that help move food

33
Q

sphincters

A

valves that regulate the movement of material between compartments

34
Q

The stomach

A

stores food and secretes gastric juice, which converts a meal to acid chyme

35
Q

gastric juice

A

converts a meal to acid chyme

36
Q

Mucus

A

protects the stomach lining from gastric juice

37
Q

How often are cells renewed in the stomach lining

A

Every 3 days

38
Q

Bacterium Helicobacter pylori

A

causes gastric ulcers (lesions in the lining)

39
Q

What is gastric juice made of

A

hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin

40
Q

Enzyme pepsin

A

digests proteins

41
Q

Parietal cells

A

secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately

42
Q

Chief cells

A

secrete inactive pepsinogen, which is activated to pepsin when mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomic

43
Q

Pepsinogen

A

activated to pepsin when mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomach

44
Q

Pancreas

A

produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin, protein-digesting enzymes that are activated after entering the duodenum

45
Q

How does the small intestine help digestion

A

bile aids in the digestion and absorption of fat

the major organ of digestion and absorption

46
Q

where is bile made

A

the liver

47
Q

where is bile stored

A

the gallbladder

48
Q

what is the longest section of the alimentary canal

A

the small intestine

49
Q

What is the small intestine composed of

A

duodenum, jejunum, and the ilium

50
Q

what is the colon of the large intestine connected to

A

the small intestine

51
Q

Cecum

A

In the large intestine

aids in the fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intestines meet

52
Q

appendix

A

extension of the human cecum, plays a minor role in immunity

LIFE 103 (28 decks)

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