W12_07 common problems in toddlers Flashcards
note: temper tantrums are normal
kids are frustrated - can’t do what they want to do
what are the 4 areas of limit setting for temper tantrums?
selective;
explicit;
firm;
consistent
what’s the approach for a child with temper tantrum?
allow child to blow off steam;
distraction;
physical restraint (if you have to prevent danger);
time outs;
reinforce teaching principle
note: positive reinforcement is always better than negative reinforcement!
ok
recall breath-holding spells
usually 12-18 months;
5% of kids;
decreased oxygen/blood to brain;
tx: disregard the child
recall sibling rivalry
no cure;
bound to happen
recall headbanging/rocking
self-stimulatory;
calming;
tx: disregard
when do kids start to have control over external sphincters?
12-18 months;
mature control by 18-24 months
what’s the pain-retention cycle of bowel movements?
voluntary withholding of stool;
rectal impact/drying;
painful bowel movement;
voluntary witholding of stool
what’re the causes of diarrhea?
usually infectious;
sometimes extraintestinal, or drugs
what’re the factors that make diarrhea more of a bacterial cause than viral?
contacts;
travel;
blood in stool;
severity (bacteria usually more serious)
how much fluid intake is requried for every 1 degree increase in body temp?
12 percent
what’s the gold standard for dehydration assessment in acute diarrhea?
weight loss
what do dry tears or dry mouths represent in fluid loss estimate?
5 percent (3 in adults)
what do decreased urine output, sunken eyes, fontanelle depression, apathy represent in fluid loss estimate?
10 percent (6 in adults)
how much fluid loss has to occur before shock sets in?
15 percent (9 in adults)
how to treat acute diarrhea?
water, electrolytes, oral rehydration therapy;
limit intake for vomiting, limit complicating foods for diarrhea; ondansetron for nausea
when do sphenoidal sinuses develop?
5 years
when do frontal sinuses develop?
7-13 years
what’s the timespan of acute bacterial sinusitis?
< 30 days
what’re some recommendations for diagnosis of acute bacterial sinusitis?
persistent past 10 days;
worsening after initial improvement;
fever of 39+, purulent discharge after 3-4 days (this is severe)
what’s the first line therapy for acute bacterial sinusitis?
amoxicillin
what can cause diaper rash?
irritation due to increased pH from urine;
contact dermatitis;
candida albicans;
bacterial (e.g. strep);
seborrhea
what are treatments for diaper rash
no diapers;
creams;
powder;
cortisone;
antifungals;
antibacterials
how many baby teeth are there?
twenty 20
how do the first 4 pairs of baby teeth come in?
lower central incisor;
upper central incisor;
upper lateral;
lower lateral
when do the first baby teeth come in?
7 months (then 1 per month)
