W12_01 common problems in infancy

Question 1

what does the transactional model of development include?

Answer 1

attachment;
separation;
autonomy;
mastery

Question 2

what does the attachment stage of the transactional model of development include?

Answer 2

bonding;
internal security;
stranger anxiety;
exploration of environment

Question 3

what does the separation stage of the transactional model of development include?

Answer 3

child feels secure;
child takes risks;
parent acknowledges;
going to bed;
babysitter/daycare;
hospitalization

Question 4

what does the autonomy stage of the transactional model of development include?

Answer 4

behavioural independence;
thumbsucking;
rocking/head-banging;
transitional objects

Question 5

what does the mastery stage of the transactional model of development include?

Answer 5

competence in their environment;
feeding;
exploring;
dressing

Question 6

what can be problematic in the transactional model of development?

Answer 6

thumbsucking;
sleep disturbance;
exuberant explorer;
tempertantrums;
toilet training

Question 7

definition of infantile colic?

Answer 7

rule of threes:
3 hours/day;
3 days/week;
3 weeks in a row

Question 8

what’s the DDx of infantile colic?

Answer 8

cow’s milk intolerance (in mother too!);
otitis media;
GI problem;
others (fracture, etc.)

Question 9

what’s the treatment for infantile colic?

Answer 9

support;
swaddling;
white noise

Question 10

define gastroesophageal reflux (GER)

Answer 10

regurgitation in an otherwise healthy infant with normal growth and development;
not vomiting, which is projectile

Question 11

note: GER is different from GERD, where GERD is causing troubles and complications

Answer 11

ok

Question 12

complications of GERD?

Answer 12

esophagitis;
failure to thrive;
respiratory problems

Question 13

treatment of GERD?

Answer 13

hypoallergenic formula;
prop baby upright;
thicken formula;
histamine inhibitors or PPIs

Question 14

what’s the ferber technique?

Answer 14

a pediatric sleep method by giving reassurance and allowing to fall asleep alone

Question 15

what’s croup?

Answer 15

laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis, including stridor, hoarse voice, barky cough

Question 16

what’s the MoA of croup?

Answer 16

mucosa gets inflammed and swollen

Question 17

what’s the treatment of croup?

Answer 17

fluids;
humidity (not proven);
cold air;
steroid (dexa);
ER for those with stridor at rest, restlessness, retractions, tachypnea;
inhalation of racemic epinephrine

Question 18

do viruses or bacteria cause more pneumonia in children?

Answer 18

viruses;
bacteria more in adults

Question 19

most common form of pneumonia in birth - 1 month?

Answer 19

strep B;
coliforms;
others

Question 20

most common form of pneumonia in 1 month - 1 year?

Answer 20

pneumococcus;
h.influenza;
staphylococcus;
chlamydia

Question 21

most common form of pneumonia in 1 year - 5 years?

Answer 21

pneumococcus;
mycoplasma

Question 22

most common form of pneumonia in 5 years - 15 years?

Answer 22

pneumococcus;
mycoplasma;
sterptococcus

Question 23

define fever in a child

Answer 23

rectal/aural: 38;
oral: 37.5;
axilla: 37.2

Question 24

when’s the highest temperature?

Answer 24

late afternoon/evening;
lowest at night

Question 25

what are some causes of fever?

Answer 25

infection;
inflammatory disease;
malignancy;
misc (immunizations, dehydration,drugs,sickle cell, etc)

Question 26

how long does the common cold last in a kid?

Answer 26

usually 5-7d, up to 14

Question 27

what are some non-pharm treatments for the common cold?

Answer 27

steam, humidity, saline nasal drops, aspirator, elevate head

Question 28

note: avoid oral decongestants, antihistamines, expectorants, cough suppressants in kids under 6

Answer 28

they don’t work, and they induce side effects

Question 29

what are three things to diagnose otitis media?

Answer 29

fluid;
signs of inflammation (e..g bulging tympanic membrane);
pain

Question 30

what’s the most common cause of otitis media?

Answer 30

bacterial, not viral;
pneumococcus 35% of all bacterial infections

Question 31

note: many kids resolve otitis media spontaneously.

Answer 31

how do we find the ones that won’t get better?

Question 32

children under 2 years old are more likely to get better only with intervention

Answer 32

ok

Question 33

what’s the first line therapy for otitis media?

Answer 33

amoxicillin (75-90mg/kg/day in 2 doses);
can use amox-clav 90mg/kg/day if resistant;
can use ceftriaxone 50mg/kg/day