W10_09 Infertility Flashcards
define infertility
no pregnancy after 12 months;
primary (never pregnancy), secondary (previos conception of ANY kind)
what are the two main reasons for scar tissue in fallopian tubes?
PID and endometriosis;
also - adhesions, ruptured appendix, imperforate hymen (retrograde menstruation)
what’s hydrosalpinges?
blocked, swollen fallopian tubes
what percentage of patients with endometriosis will be infertile?
30-40%
note: surgical treatment of endometriosis can improve fertility
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what’s a chocolate cyst?
a cyst, filled with old blood. Due to endometriosis
what’s Asherman’s syndrome?
scarring inside uterus in the endometrial cavity
note: intramural fibroids are the controversial ones - not sure if they cause infertility
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what’s the difference between hysterosalpingogram and sonohysterogram?
the first is xray w/contrast, the latter is ultrasound w/saline
examinable: know the difference between bicornate and septate uterus
septate - heart on inside, normal outside. Increased risk of miscarriage
Bicornate - heart on inside, heart on outside. Can carry baby, but often breech position.
what’s a cone biopsy?
biopsy of the cervix in a cone shape
what are some cervical factors of infertility?
previous cervicitis, cone biopsy, antisperm Ab
what’s the WHO standards of fertile semen?
2-5cc volume;
20-40 million/mL;
50% motile;
>4% morphology;
ideally 0 leukocytes
note: DNA fragmentation of sperm testing is not covered by OHIP
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what are some male factors for infertility?
undescended testes;
trauma;
varicocele/previous hernia repair;
infection (mumps);
cancer/chemo/radiation;
smoking, marijuana
