Vibrios and climate change

Question 1

the kyoto protocol

Answer 1

The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits its Parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets

Question 2

when was the kyoto protocol adopted

Answer 2

11 dec 1997, entered into force in 2005

Question 3

how many countries committed to kyoto protocol

Answer 3

37 all agreed to reduces GHG emission to an average of 5% again 1990 levels.

Question 4

a later commitment period committed t reduce GHG by

Answer 4

at least 18% below 1990 levels in the eight year period from 2013-2020. (comp of parties in second commitment is diff to first)

Question 5

main target

Answer 5

to limit global warming to 2.52 degrees by 21000

Question 6

by understanding climate change we can predict

Answer 6

whens he next outbreak of disease will be, what strain it will be- fundamental in our battle against pathogens

Question 7

cholera and climate change

Answer 7

we can create models which actively predict cholera outbreaks before they occur

Question 8

why would it be helpful if could make predictions about the next utbreak

Answer 8

manage resources which cane mobilised for treatment and effected individuals. Appropriate antibiotics and vaccines can be given

Question 9

interrelationships o environment and mcirobes

Answer 9

pH, gas, nutrients, temperature, the seas and oceans

Question 10

long term enviroenmtneal changes

Answer 10

global warming

Question 11

changing climete

Answer 11

sometimes short term e.g. seasonal

Question 12

annual biannual ocean temp

Answer 12

El Nino

Question 13

El Niño- soutern Osciliation (ENSO)

Answer 13

disruption of the ocean atmosphere system in the tropical pacific every few years in dec- warming of water in western america

Question 14

El Nino triggers what sort of global weather patters

Answer 14

• trade winds relax in central and eastern pacific
• reduced upwelling of nutrients and oil water in eastern pacific leading to rise in SST
• increased rain fall in southern USA and Peru
• drought in west pacific (australia, indonesia)

Question 15

SST

Answer 15

seas surface temperature

Question 16

ENSO is considered

Answer 16

long most important driver of climate variations globally

Question 17

in El Nino years there is

Answer 17

more extreme weathers

Question 18

why are there no longer cholera outbreaks in exeter and in london, in comparison to the 1800?

Answer 18

• clean drinking water?
• draining?
• better sanitary conditions?
• better health and diet?

Question 19

environmental parameter that would make cholera outbreak more probable in exeter or london etc?

Answer 19

climate change

Question 20

which ar et most studied group o diseases affected by climate change

Answer 20

vector born diseases

Question 21

vector population nd amplification of pathogen in host is affected by

Answer 21

variation in weather/cliate

Question 22

could seasonal cold/ flu be due t change in

Answer 22

weather?

Question 23

ecological disturbance (weather/climate)

Answer 23

can cause humans to be in greater contact with vectors due to havitat

Question 24

malaria is thought to be on the decrease in Africa because of

Answer 24

changing weather, temp, humidity

Question 25

vibrio species of clonal significance

Answer 25

V.cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, V.vulnificus

Question 26

V cholerae has

Answer 26

2 main serotypes, last pandemic 1883

Question 27

V.parahemolyticus is a

Answer 27

food broke disease- last pandemic 1996

Question 28

V.vulnificus

Answer 28

necrotising fascitis

Question 29

Brio parahaemolyticus symptoms

Answer 29

bloody stool, die from severe dehydration.

Question 30

what causes symptoms of Vibrio parahemolyticus

Answer 30

toxin production which disturbs the integrity of the bowel

Question 31

treatment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Answer 31

Oral rehydration therapy

Question 32

vibrio vulnificus symtoms

Answer 32

necrotising fasciitis caused by wound infection- responsible for 95% of all seafood related deaths in SA and also fisherman wounds- very quickly a terrible infection occurs

Question 33

between 1989-2004 how many deaths caused by Vibrio vulnificus

Answer 33

207

Question 34

ocean warming and bacterial growth

Answer 34

deeply influential

Question 35

an increasing suave temp triggers

Answer 35

algal bloom that promotes an increase in zooplankton feeding on algae. Vibrio adhere to copepods which eat the algae- using the chitin.

Question 36

the ore algae, the more

Answer 36

copepods,

Question 37

the more copepod

Answer 37

the more copepods from vibrio to adhere to- forming biofilms

Question 38

therefore when a storm occurs

Answer 38

there is an influx of cholera ridden water rom the sea to low areas of land- using cholera outbreak

Question 39

basic

Answer 39

as the oceans warm there is an increase in phytoplankton due to increased growth, this causes the zooplankton commits to grow. The oceans warming also increases growth of bacteria and since there are more copepods, more human and animal related disease

Question 40

very few cases of irbio are actually

Answer 40

correctly identified and reproted/ data is not mate international available to Vibrio community

Question 41

invisible cases of vibirio

Answer 41

• data ot and publicly available to vibrio community
• vibrio not notifiable as agent
• no formal identification of agent responsible
• misdiagnois
• cases not serious, therefore not reported