Tricky Flashcards
antigenic drift
small point mutations (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) which accumulate over time as a virus replicates, can result in viruses that are closely related, being antigenic ally different- bodies immune system can no longer recognise virus
how many cases of resistant TB a year
480k
which virus causes pandemic influenze
orthomyxoviridae
consequence of less breast feeding
reduced cutaneous transmission and changed immunological environment
HMP
a strategy to understand the microbial components of the human genetic and metabolic landscape and how they contribute to normal physiology and predisposition to disease
16rRNA
part of the 30s subunit. has hypervariale regions that can provide species specific signature sequences useful for identification of bacteria- cheaper than phenotypic methods of bacterial identification
why is using 16rRNA a good method
cheaper than phenotypic methods of bacterial identification, also some bacterial cells are VBNC
NOD2
bacterial peptidoglycan sensor, needed for optimal defensive expression
defensins
host defence peptides, active against bacteria, fungi and viruses. Huge part of the innate immune system
NF-kappaB
controls transcription of defensins
IBD5
CD+ UC: maintains epithelial barrier
IL-23R
activation of inflammatory response
ATG16L1
gene is part of the autophagosome pathway- main was cell handles intracellular pathogens
virulence factors
molecules produced by pathogens that add to their effectiveness and enables them to achieve colonisation of a niche in the host e.g. attachment to cells
epidemiology
study and analysis of the patterns, causes and effects of health and disease contains in a define population
which genes cause E.coli to growth arrest and possibly enter persistence
HicA, HicB can restore growth ability
LLO
Listeriolysin O- is a virulence factor (toxin), produced by Listeria monocytogenes. It is weakens membranes of cells and phagosomes, allowing them to enter the cell , but also escape from phagolysomes
what enables listeria to escape from phagosome
LLO
UPEC
uropathogenic e.coli, responsible for UTI’s
neomycin phosphotransferase II gene (NPT II/NEO) encodes for resistance to what antibiotic
aminoglycosides
B lactase gene (bla) encodes for an enzyme that confers resistance to B-lactam through..
through hydrolysis, the B-lactamse breaks B-lactam ring
marker present on early endosome
Rab5
marker present on late endosome
Rab7
why are gram positive bacteria harder to target
due to a thicker peptidoglycan layer
