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Medical and general microbiology > Tricky > Flashcards

Tricky Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

antigenic drift

A

small point mutations (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) which accumulate over time as a virus replicates, can result in viruses that are closely related, being antigenic ally different- bodies immune system can no longer recognise virus

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2
Q

how many cases of resistant TB a year

A

480k

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3
Q

which virus causes pandemic influenze

A

orthomyxoviridae

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4
Q

consequence of less breast feeding

A

reduced cutaneous transmission and changed immunological environment

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5
Q

HMP

A

a strategy to understand the microbial components of the human genetic and metabolic landscape and how they contribute to normal physiology and predisposition to disease

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6
Q

16rRNA

A

part of the 30s subunit. has hypervariale regions that can provide species specific signature sequences useful for identification of bacteria- cheaper than phenotypic methods of bacterial identification

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7
Q

why is using 16rRNA a good method

A

cheaper than phenotypic methods of bacterial identification, also some bacterial cells are VBNC

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8
Q

NOD2

A

bacterial peptidoglycan sensor, needed for optimal defensive expression

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9
Q

defensins

A

host defence peptides, active against bacteria, fungi and viruses. Huge part of the innate immune system

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10
Q

NF-kappaB

A

controls transcription of defensins

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11
Q

IBD5

A

CD+ UC: maintains epithelial barrier

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12
Q

IL-23R

A

activation of inflammatory response

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13
Q

ATG16L1

A

gene is part of the autophagosome pathway- main was cell handles intracellular pathogens

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14
Q

virulence factors

A

molecules produced by pathogens that add to their effectiveness and enables them to achieve colonisation of a niche in the host e.g. attachment to cells

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15
Q

epidemiology

A

study and analysis of the patterns, causes and effects of health and disease contains in a define population

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16
Q

which genes cause E.coli to growth arrest and possibly enter persistence

A

HicA, HicB can restore growth ability

17
Q

LLO

A

Listeriolysin O- is a virulence factor (toxin), produced by Listeria monocytogenes. It is weakens membranes of cells and phagosomes, allowing them to enter the cell , but also escape from phagolysomes

18
Q

what enables listeria to escape from phagosome

A

LLO

19
Q

UPEC

A

uropathogenic e.coli, responsible for UTI’s

20
Q

neomycin phosphotransferase II gene (NPT II/NEO) encodes for resistance to what antibiotic

A

aminoglycosides

21
Q

B lactase gene (bla) encodes for an enzyme that confers resistance to B-lactam through..

A

through hydrolysis, the B-lactamse breaks B-lactam ring

22
Q

marker present on early endosome

A

Rab5

23
Q

marker present on late endosome

A

Rab7

24
Q

why are gram positive bacteria harder to target

A

due to a thicker peptidoglycan layer

25
Q

DNA gyrase

A

bacterial topoisomerase- catalyses formation of negative supercoil–> aids in unwinding process for translation

26
Q

aiec

A

adhesive and invasive e,coli

27
Q

where is aiec seen

A

in CD patients

28
Q

faecaliumbacteriym prausnitzi

A

produce metabolites which increase the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines

29
Q

what is NOD2

A

an intracellular pattern recognition receptor

30
Q

epidemiology

A

effects of pathogens on population where and when disease occurs

31
Q

actinmycin is an

A

macrolade- stops translation

32
Q

examples of antibiotics which stop cell wall synthesis

A

penicillin, cephalosporins

33
Q

DNA gyrase

A

ciprofloxacin

34
Q

which bacteria is resistant to penicillin

A

S.aureus- due to penicillinase esistence

35
Q

a break point

A

a chosen conc of antibiotic which defines whether a species of bacteria is susceptible or resistant

36
Q

bacterial LPS is recognised by

A

TLR 4/4s

37
Q

which bacteria causes plague

A

Yersinia pestis

38
Q

MRSA s coded for by

A

the mecA part of the SCSmec cassette - mega codes for a variant penicillin binding site which has a lower affinity for B-lactams bioterrorism

39
Q

bioterrorism

A

the deliberate dispersal of infective or toxic agents to kill or incapacitate man or damage livestock, crops or disrupts the food chain

Medical and general microbiology (36 decks)

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