Tricky Flashcards
antigenic drift
small point mutations (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) which accumulate over time as a virus replicates, can result in viruses that are closely related, being antigenic ally different- bodies immune system can no longer recognise virus
how many cases of resistant TB a year
480k
which virus causes pandemic influenze
orthomyxoviridae
consequence of less breast feeding
reduced cutaneous transmission and changed immunological environment
HMP
a strategy to understand the microbial components of the human genetic and metabolic landscape and how they contribute to normal physiology and predisposition to disease
16rRNA
part of the 30s subunit. has hypervariale regions that can provide species specific signature sequences useful for identification of bacteria- cheaper than phenotypic methods of bacterial identification
why is using 16rRNA a good method
cheaper than phenotypic methods of bacterial identification, also some bacterial cells are VBNC
NOD2
bacterial peptidoglycan sensor, needed for optimal defensive expression
defensins
host defence peptides, active against bacteria, fungi and viruses. Huge part of the innate immune system
NF-kappaB
controls transcription of defensins
IBD5
CD+ UC: maintains epithelial barrier
IL-23R
activation of inflammatory response
ATG16L1
gene is part of the autophagosome pathway- main was cell handles intracellular pathogens
virulence factors
molecules produced by pathogens that add to their effectiveness and enables them to achieve colonisation of a niche in the host e.g. attachment to cells
epidemiology
study and analysis of the patterns, causes and effects of health and disease contains in a define population