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flashcards for essay

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

example of inhibition of SS

A

ATPase YscN has been targeted for T3SS in Yersinia pestis

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2
Q

S.aureus and quorum sensing

A

quorum sensing increases release of virulence factors e.g. proteases, toxins, lectinsand biofilm polymers). QS inhibitors have been shown to reduce release of VF and aid clearance of pathogens in plants and animlas

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3
Q

anti-toxin vaccines

A

inhibit the function of toxins. Toxins have no function (just metabolic cost). Virulence factor negative strains are under positive selection

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4
Q

diphtheria and anti-toxin

A

led to return a commensal state and a decrease in a toxin-positive strain

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5
Q

negative of anti-toxin drugs

A

lead to increase in virulent strains in the untreated

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6
Q

positive of anti-virulence methods

A

reduced selection for resistance and decrease in alterations microbiome

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7
Q

negative of ant-virulence methods

A

studies have shown that bacteria are developing methods of resistance

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8
Q

cell wall

A

penicillin

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9
Q

DNA gyrase

A

ciprofloxacin

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10
Q

protein synthesis

A

streptomycin

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11
Q

RNA elongatin

A

actinomycin

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12
Q

antibiotic resistance is

A

one of the worlds most pressing problems

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13
Q

lactic acid bacteria (LAB)

A

produce vit B

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14
Q

EPS

A

extracellular polymeric structure

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15
Q

EPS allows

A

emerging biofilms to develop into a complex

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16
Q

localised nutrient gradients in biofilms suit

A

oligotrophy as well as copiotrophs

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17
Q

example of cooperation

A

e.g. nitrification- some cells are ammonia oxidiser and other are nitrite oxidisers

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18
Q

why has yersinia pests ATPase YscB system been targeted

A

because it is part of the T3SS and necessary for delivery virulence factors

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19
Q

how much stronger do antibiotics need to be for biofilm bacteria

A

1000x

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20
Q

why are biofilm infections more dangerous

A

because they take longer to be cleared by antibiotics, so more disease is caused

21
Q

how many species of bacteria in the mouth

A

over 700- mainly facultative anaerobes e.g. Streptococcus mutans

22
Q

how many HAIs are caused by biofilm infections

A

65%

23
Q

how many UTIs caused by biofilm infections

A

95%

24
Q

how many bacteriema infections caused by biofilms

A

87%

25
Q

surgical equipment acquire organisms and ……… colonise within 7 days

A

5-10%

26
Q

MRSA may achieve depths of …. within 2 hours

A

5-6 cells

27
Q

penetration of antibiotics into biofilms on stainless steel may fail to eradicate infection and

A

surgery may be the only options

28
Q

1.6 million

A

species of fungi

29
Q

how many fungal human pathogens

A

300

30
Q

top 10 opportunistic invasive pathogens

A

cause more deaths than TB or malaria

31
Q

the CDC says that

A

1 million deaths are caused by cryptococcal men and 162,500 cases in sub-saharan africa

32
Q

in the US how many AIDS patients get a cryptococcal infection

A

5-10%- 30% mortality

33
Q

how many americans infection with histoplasma in USA/ year

A

500,000

34
Q

how many primary fungal infections will become pulmonary or disseminated

A

10-25%

35
Q

when aspergillosis becomes disseminated

A

60-90% mortality

36
Q

P.jiroveccii was originally thought to be

A

a protozoan since it could not be grown in a lab due to theft it scavenges amino acids of their host, since they cant metabolise their own

37
Q

mortality of pneumocystisis

A

5-40%

38
Q

candidiasis is

A

the second most common fungal pathogen

39
Q

75% of women

A

will get a vaginal fungal infection

40
Q

candidiasis can effect

A

the blood, brain, lungs, heart, eyes and bones

  • in the US candidiasis is one of the most common blood infection
  • symptoms include fever/chills which don’t improve with antibiotics
41
Q

there are parts f the world where

A

specific anti fungal sa re not available

42
Q

flucoytosine should only be used in

A

life threatening disseminated infection

43
Q

flu cytosine is used to treat

A

yeast infections - candida and c.neoformans

44
Q

allyamines are used to treat

A

dermatophytes

45
Q

echinocandins have no activity against

A

C.neoformans

46
Q

echinocandins are used to treat

A

aspergillus and candida

47
Q

allyamines have poor activity against

A

candida and aspergillus

48
Q

azoles

A

drug-drug interaction

49
Q

systemic antifungals

A

fluc, azoles, echinocandins, polyenes

Medical and general microbiology (36 decks)

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