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Medical and general microbiology > the innate immune response > Flashcards

the innate immune response Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the innate immune system is (3)

A

non specific, immediate , no immunological memory

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2
Q

adaptive immune system (3)

A

specific to antigen, lag time from exposure to response, immunological memory after exposure

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3
Q

innate humoral

A

complement, enzymes, cytokines

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4
Q

innate cellular

A

phagocytes, natural killer cells, pattern receptors

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5
Q

adaptive humoral

A

antibodies and cytokines

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6
Q

adaptive cellular

A

T cells and B cells

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7
Q

many circulatory but there are some important exceptions

A

M cells, alveolar macrophages

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8
Q

phagocytes are

A

professional kill cells

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9
Q

professional phagocytes

A

monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, tissue dendritic cells and mast cells

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10
Q

bacteria taken up by endocytosis are destroyed within a

A

phagosome

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11
Q

process of phagocytosis

A

1) microbe is extracellular 2) endocytosis 3) phagosome formation 4) lysosome fusion 5) phagolysosome 6) release of end products into the cell
7) release of end products pit of the cell

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12
Q

the pH of the phagolysosome

A

decreases

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13
Q

three categories o PRRs that can be engaged during phagocytosis

A

1) those that mediate phagocytosis
2) those that initiate inflammatory signal transduction
3) those that do both

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14
Q

mannose receptor

A

a prototypical receptor for PRRs that mediate phagocytosis but does not initiate an inflammatory response

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15
Q

what use mannose receptors

A

virulent strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis e.g. when dormant for a long time- no inflammatory response

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16
Q

some bacteria ave evolved strategies to survive within macrophages e.g. L.pneumophilia

A

won’t progress pass an early endosome

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17
Q

some bacteria ave evolved strategies to survive within macrophages e.g. S.typhimurium

A

won’t progress into a phagolysosome

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18
Q

some bacteria ave evolved strategies to survive within macrophages e.g. F.tularensis

A

will not progress into a phagolysosome and can escape replicate in cytoplasm

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19
Q

some bacteria ave evolved strategies to survive within macrophages e.g. M.tuberculosis

A

won’t progress into late endosome

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20
Q

Mechanism for counteracting these strategies and recognising bacteria in vesicles

A

toll like receptors

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21
Q

nod like receptors (more than 20 have been described)

A

have nucleotide binding oligomerization woman and a number of LRRS

22
Q

LRRs

A

Leucine rich repeats

23
Q

how does listeria moncytogenes counteract recognition and killing

A

can escape from the vacuole to the cytoplasm by action of Listeriolysin- a cholesterol dependent cytolysin

24
Q

how does salmonella counteract recognition and killing

A

use the TLRs to ensure they get to a protective niche and then secrete proteins into the cell to prevent further damage

25
Q

how do the proteins secreted by salmonella protect it from damage

A

help maintain the integrity of the SCV (salmonella containing vesicle) and its localisation near the golgi of host cells- modulating the host cytoskeleton and interfering with immune signalling

26
Q

how does shigella flexneri counteract recognition and killing

A

evades degradation in macrophages by inducing their cell death- bacteria are released and inane epithelial cells from the basolateral side

27
Q

mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome characterised by

A
  • paucity of vacuolar H+ATPase
  • subsequent inefficient luminal acidification
  • inadequate levels of mature lysosomal hydrolyses
28
Q

macrophages death cause by secretion

A

T3SS effectors- recognised by NLRs (Ipaf0 leading to pyropotosis)

29
Q

pyropptosis

A

a form of necrotic cell death that is associated with rapid plasma membrane rupture

30
Q

autophagy

A

targets portion of cytoplasm, damaged organelles and proteins for lysosomal degradation and has crucial roles in development and disease

31
Q

how does it start and how is bacteria evolved to cope with this?

A

1) a cup-shaped membrane sac called the isolation membrane starts to form
2) the isolation membrane elongates and closes to form a double membrane vesicle called the autophagosome
3) the outer membrane of the autophagosome fuses with a lysosome to form an autolysosome
4) leading to degradation of the cytoplasmic contents inside the autophagosome

32
Q

xenophagy

A

autophagy targeting intracellular pathogens

33
Q

mitophagy

A

autophagy of damaged mitochondria

34
Q

aggrephagy

A

autophagy of protein aggregates

35
Q

which genes are responsible for autophagy

A

LC3- mammalian homologue of ATG8 genes

36
Q

LC3

A

a mammalian homologue of ate*

37
Q

what appears to function as a tag for autophagy mediated degradation

A

polyupiquitation , via the ubiquity-proteasime system (aos0 the hallmark of protein degradation)

38
Q

remnants from shigella flexneri that escape

A

trigger autophagy

39
Q

what can repress autophagy

A

Type III secretion system effector-n IcsB

40
Q

autophagy in Listeria infection

A

two pathways: persistent infection and successful fusion with lysosome

41
Q

autophagy in Burkholderia pseudomallei infection

A

three scenarios happen- look at notes

42
Q

methods of inactivation: Listeria monocytogenes

A

produce LLO- helps them enter the cell and then escape the phagosome. Then listeria can develop a cytoskeletal body which helps it propel itself into adjacent cells

43
Q

methods of inactivation: salmonella

A

TLR signalling is required for virulence

44
Q

salmonella- TLR2/4

A

if present, known as TLR signalling. Prevent acidification of SCV–> inducing virulence genes, which maintain integrity of scv

45
Q

if there is no TLR

A

pH can be reduced and no salmonella replication

46
Q

what does shigella flexneri use to force entry

A

TTSS

47
Q

methods of inactivation: Mycobacterium tuberculpsos

A

small no. of H ATPase. meaning insufficient luminal acidification–> inadequate levels of mature lysosomal hydrolases

48
Q

LC3

A

triggers autophagy by recruiting phagosomal membrane

49
Q

ubiquitation

A

is a key determinant of protein fate by tagging proteins for proteasomal degradation

50
Q

membrane reputed by LLO..

A

seem to recruit autophagy machinery

51
Q

scenarios of autophagy of Burkholderia

A

1) phagosome and lysis
2) phagosome escape- builds tail and escape
3) phagosomal escape and then autophagy starts again- lysis

Medical and general microbiology (36 decks)

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