Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical and general microbiology > the innate immune response > Flashcards

the innate immune response Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

the innate immune system is (3)

A

non specific, immediate , no immunological memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

adaptive immune system (3)

A

specific to antigen, lag time from exposure to response, immunological memory after exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

innate humoral

A

complement, enzymes, cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

innate cellular

A

phagocytes, natural killer cells, pattern receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

adaptive humoral

A

antibodies and cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

adaptive cellular

A

T cells and B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

many circulatory but there are some important exceptions

A

M cells, alveolar macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

phagocytes are

A

professional kill cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

professional phagocytes

A

monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, tissue dendritic cells and mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

bacteria taken up by endocytosis are destroyed within a

A

phagosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

process of phagocytosis

A

1) microbe is extracellular 2) endocytosis 3) phagosome formation 4) lysosome fusion 5) phagolysosome 6) release of end products into the cell
7) release of end products pit of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the pH of the phagolysosome

A

decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

three categories o PRRs that can be engaged during phagocytosis

A

1) those that mediate phagocytosis
2) those that initiate inflammatory signal transduction
3) those that do both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mannose receptor

A

a prototypical receptor for PRRs that mediate phagocytosis but does not initiate an inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what use mannose receptors

A

virulent strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis e.g. when dormant for a long time- no inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

some bacteria ave evolved strategies to survive within macrophages e.g. L.pneumophilia

A

won’t progress pass an early endosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

some bacteria ave evolved strategies to survive within macrophages e.g. S.typhimurium

A

won’t progress into a phagolysosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

some bacteria ave evolved strategies to survive within macrophages e.g. F.tularensis

A

will not progress into a phagolysosome and can escape replicate in cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

some bacteria ave evolved strategies to survive within macrophages e.g. M.tuberculosis

A

won’t progress into late endosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mechanism for counteracting these strategies and recognising bacteria in vesicles

A

toll like receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

nod like receptors (more than 20 have been described)

A

have nucleotide binding oligomerization woman and a number of LRRS

22
Q

LRRs

A

Leucine rich repeats

23
Q

how does listeria moncytogenes counteract recognition and killing

A

can escape from the vacuole to the cytoplasm by action of Listeriolysin- a cholesterol dependent cytolysin

24
Q

how does salmonella counteract recognition and killing

A

use the TLRs to ensure they get to a protective niche and then secrete proteins into the cell to prevent further damage

25
Q

how do the proteins secreted by salmonella protect it from damage

A

help maintain the integrity of the SCV (salmonella containing vesicle) and its localisation near the golgi of host cells- modulating the host cytoskeleton and interfering with immune signalling

26
Q

how does shigella flexneri counteract recognition and killing

A

evades degradation in macrophages by inducing their cell death- bacteria are released and inane epithelial cells from the basolateral side

27
Q

mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome characterised by

A
  • paucity of vacuolar H+ATPase
  • subsequent inefficient luminal acidification
  • inadequate levels of mature lysosomal hydrolyses
28
Q

macrophages death cause by secretion

A

T3SS effectors- recognised by NLRs (Ipaf0 leading to pyropotosis)

29
Q

pyropptosis

A

a form of necrotic cell death that is associated with rapid plasma membrane rupture

30
Q

autophagy

A

targets portion of cytoplasm, damaged organelles and proteins for lysosomal degradation and has crucial roles in development and disease

31
Q

how does it start and how is bacteria evolved to cope with this?

A

1) a cup-shaped membrane sac called the isolation membrane starts to form
2) the isolation membrane elongates and closes to form a double membrane vesicle called the autophagosome
3) the outer membrane of the autophagosome fuses with a lysosome to form an autolysosome
4) leading to degradation of the cytoplasmic contents inside the autophagosome

32
Q

xenophagy

A

autophagy targeting intracellular pathogens

33
Q

mitophagy

A

autophagy of damaged mitochondria

34
Q

aggrephagy

A

autophagy of protein aggregates

35
Q

which genes are responsible for autophagy

A

LC3- mammalian homologue of ATG8 genes

36
Q

LC3

A

a mammalian homologue of ate*

37
Q

what appears to function as a tag for autophagy mediated degradation

A

polyupiquitation , via the ubiquity-proteasime system (aos0 the hallmark of protein degradation)

38
Q

remnants from shigella flexneri that escape

A

trigger autophagy

39
Q

what can repress autophagy

A

Type III secretion system effector-n IcsB

40
Q

autophagy in Listeria infection

A

two pathways: persistent infection and successful fusion with lysosome

41
Q

autophagy in Burkholderia pseudomallei infection

A

three scenarios happen- look at notes

42
Q

methods of inactivation: Listeria monocytogenes

A

produce LLO- helps them enter the cell and then escape the phagosome. Then listeria can develop a cytoskeletal body which helps it propel itself into adjacent cells

43
Q

methods of inactivation: salmonella

A

TLR signalling is required for virulence

44
Q

salmonella- TLR2/4

A

if present, known as TLR signalling. Prevent acidification of SCV–> inducing virulence genes, which maintain integrity of scv

45
Q

if there is no TLR

A

pH can be reduced and no salmonella replication

46
Q

what does shigella flexneri use to force entry

A

TTSS

47
Q

methods of inactivation: Mycobacterium tuberculpsos

A

small no. of H ATPase. meaning insufficient luminal acidification–> inadequate levels of mature lysosomal hydrolases

48
Q

LC3

A

triggers autophagy by recruiting phagosomal membrane

49
Q

ubiquitation

A

is a key determinant of protein fate by tagging proteins for proteasomal degradation

50
Q

membrane reputed by LLO..

A

seem to recruit autophagy machinery

51
Q

scenarios of autophagy of Burkholderia

A

1) phagosome and lysis
2) phagosome escape- builds tail and escape
3) phagosomal escape and then autophagy starts again- lysis

Medical and general microbiology (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions