the innate immune response

Question 1

the innate immune system is (3)

Answer 1

non specific, immediate , no immunological memory

Question 2

adaptive immune system (3)

Answer 2

specific to antigen, lag time from exposure to response, immunological memory after exposure

Question 3

innate humoral

Answer 3

complement, enzymes, cytokines

Question 4

innate cellular

Answer 4

phagocytes, natural killer cells, pattern receptors

Question 5

adaptive humoral

Answer 5

antibodies and cytokines

Question 6

adaptive cellular

Answer 6

T cells and B cells

Question 7

many circulatory but there are some important exceptions

Answer 7

M cells, alveolar macrophages

Question 8

phagocytes are

Answer 8

professional kill cells

Question 9

professional phagocytes

Answer 9

monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, tissue dendritic cells and mast cells

Question 10

bacteria taken up by endocytosis are destroyed within a

Answer 10

phagosome

Question 11

process of phagocytosis

Answer 11

1) microbe is extracellular 2) endocytosis 3) phagosome formation 4) lysosome fusion 5) phagolysosome 6) release of end products into the cell
7) release of end products pit of the cell

Question 12

the pH of the phagolysosome

Answer 12

decreases

Question 13

three categories o PRRs that can be engaged during phagocytosis

Answer 13

1) those that mediate phagocytosis
2) those that initiate inflammatory signal transduction
3) those that do both

Question 14

mannose receptor

Answer 14

a prototypical receptor for PRRs that mediate phagocytosis but does not initiate an inflammatory response

Question 15

what use mannose receptors

Answer 15

virulent strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis e.g. when dormant for a long time- no inflammatory response

Question 16

some bacteria ave evolved strategies to survive within macrophages e.g. L.pneumophilia

Answer 16

won’t progress pass an early endosome

Question 17

some bacteria ave evolved strategies to survive within macrophages e.g. S.typhimurium

Answer 17

won’t progress into a phagolysosome

Question 18

some bacteria ave evolved strategies to survive within macrophages e.g. F.tularensis

Answer 18

will not progress into a phagolysosome and can escape replicate in cytoplasm

Question 19

some bacteria ave evolved strategies to survive within macrophages e.g. M.tuberculosis

Answer 19

won’t progress into late endosome

Question 20

Mechanism for counteracting these strategies and recognising bacteria in vesicles

Answer 20

toll like receptors

Question 21

nod like receptors (more than 20 have been described)

Answer 21

have nucleotide binding oligomerization woman and a number of LRRS

Question 22

LRRs

Answer 22

Leucine rich repeats

Question 23

how does listeria moncytogenes counteract recognition and killing

Answer 23

can escape from the vacuole to the cytoplasm by action of Listeriolysin- a cholesterol dependent cytolysin

Question 24

how does salmonella counteract recognition and killing

Answer 24

use the TLRs to ensure they get to a protective niche and then secrete proteins into the cell to prevent further damage

Question 25

how do the proteins secreted by salmonella protect it from damage

Answer 25

help maintain the integrity of the SCV (salmonella containing vesicle) and its localisation near the golgi of host cells- modulating the host cytoskeleton and interfering with immune signalling

Question 26

how does shigella flexneri counteract recognition and killing

Answer 26

evades degradation in macrophages by inducing their cell death- bacteria are released and inane epithelial cells from the basolateral side

Question 27

mycobacterium tuberculosis phagosome characterised by

Answer 27

- paucity of vacuolar H+ATPase - subsequent inefficient luminal acidification - inadequate levels of mature lysosomal hydrolyses

Question 28

macrophages death cause by secretion

Answer 28

T3SS effectors- recognised by NLRs (Ipaf0 leading to pyropotosis)

Question 29

pyropptosis

Answer 29

a form of necrotic cell death that is associated with rapid plasma membrane rupture

Question 30

autophagy

Answer 30

targets portion of cytoplasm, damaged organelles and proteins for lysosomal degradation and has crucial roles in development and disease

Question 31

how does it start and how is bacteria evolved to cope with this?

Answer 31

1) a cup-shaped membrane sac called the isolation membrane starts to form 2) the isolation membrane elongates and closes to form a double membrane vesicle called the autophagosome 3) the outer membrane of the autophagosome fuses with a lysosome to form an autolysosome 4) leading to degradation of the cytoplasmic contents inside the autophagosome

Question 32

xenophagy

Answer 32

autophagy targeting intracellular pathogens

Question 33

mitophagy

Answer 33

autophagy of damaged mitochondria

Question 34

aggrephagy

Answer 34

autophagy of protein aggregates

Question 35

which genes are responsible for autophagy

Answer 35

LC3- mammalian homologue of ATG8 genes

Question 36

LC3

Answer 36

a mammalian homologue of ate*

Question 37

what appears to function as a tag for autophagy mediated degradation

Answer 37

polyupiquitation , via the ubiquity-proteasime system (aos0 the hallmark of protein degradation)

Question 38

remnants from shigella flexneri that escape

Answer 38

trigger autophagy

Question 39

what can repress autophagy

Answer 39

Type III secretion system effector-n IcsB

Question 40

autophagy in Listeria infection

Answer 40

two pathways: persistent infection and successful fusion with lysosome

Question 41

autophagy in Burkholderia pseudomallei infection

Answer 41

three scenarios happen- look at notes

Question 42

methods of inactivation: Listeria monocytogenes

Answer 42

produce LLO- helps them enter the cell and then escape the phagosome. Then listeria can develop a cytoskeletal body which helps it propel itself into adjacent cells

Question 43

methods of inactivation: salmonella

Answer 43

TLR signalling is required for virulence

Question 44

salmonella- TLR2/4

Answer 44

if present, known as TLR signalling. Prevent acidification of SCV--> inducing virulence genes, which maintain integrity of scv

Question 45

if there is no TLR

Answer 45

pH can be reduced and no salmonella replication

Question 46

what does shigella flexneri use to force entry

Answer 46

TTSS

Question 47

methods of inactivation: Mycobacterium tuberculpsos

Answer 47

small no. of H ATPase. meaning insufficient luminal acidification--> inadequate levels of mature lysosomal hydrolases

Question 48

LC3

Answer 48

triggers autophagy by recruiting phagosomal membrane

Question 49

ubiquitation

Answer 49

is a key determinant of protein fate by tagging proteins for proteasomal degradation

Question 50

membrane reputed by LLO..

Answer 50

seem to recruit autophagy machinery

Question 51

scenarios of autophagy of Burkholderia

Answer 51

1) phagosome and lysis 2) phagosome escape- builds tail and escape 3) phagosomal escape and then autophagy starts again- lysis