Introduction and Overview

Question 1

microbes re drivers of natural processes and determine if..

Answer 1

areas are carbon sources or sinks

Question 2

important question to ask about pathogens and infectious disease

Answer 2

Should we/can we/ how do we eradicate or manage infections (emphasis on bacterial in this module)?

Question 3

what are implications or impacts of eradication strategies

Answer 3

if we eradicate one infectious disease, will an even more dangerous pathogen become more dominant and become a greater evil

Question 4

example of a fungal pathogen

Answer 4

Exserohilum rostratum

Question 5

Exserohilum rostratum

Answer 5

a plant eating generalist equipped with spore launching mechanism ideal for going airborne- not a picky eater- so will eat grasses as well as feed on humans

Question 6

how many cases of multiple resistant TB

Answer 6

480K

Question 7

what % of microbes from the environment an we grow

Answer 7

less than 1%

Question 8

stomach ulcers

Answer 8

helicobaccter pylorus

Question 9

some cancers are no thought to be caused by (2)

Answer 9

• H.pylori

- viral infections

Question 10

when was smallpox eradicated

Answer 10

1980- only infection purely eradicated due to humans

Question 11

close to eradicating

Answer 11

polio

Question 12

factors which influence human microbiome

Answer 12

• host genotype
• host lifestyle
• host pathobiology
• host physiology
• host immune system
• transient community members
• host environment

Question 13

challengers for eradication include

Answer 13

(1) intracellular infections
(2) multiple host organisms
(3) Genetic plastics

Question 14

genetic plastics

Answer 14

antigenic shift/drift e.g. in Influenza A

Question 15

antigenic drift

Answer 15

point mutation hem agglutinin and or neuraminidase genes, encoding enveloped glycoproteins

Question 16

antigenic shift

Answer 16

Antigenic shift is the process by which two or more different strains of a virus, or strains of two or more different viruses, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two or more original strains. The term is often applied specifically to influenza, as that is the best-known example, but the process is also known to occur with other viruses, such as visna virus in sheep.[1] Antigenic shift is a specific case of reassortment or viral shift that confers a phenotypic change.
e.g. between animals/ birds and human strains

Question 17

give some reasons of why perhaps we should not eradicate infections

Answer 17

• co-evolition is ongoing and natural
• co-metabolism- what are infectious agents producing of metabolic worth? i.e. humans cannot produce vitamins
• community stability
• antibiotic resistance
• Rgene mobility
• cost
• environmental contamination

Question 18

3 types of emerging infections

Answer 18

1) have not occurred before, diff to establish but rare
2) have occurred previouslybut only people in isolated places e.g. aids or ebola
3) have occurred in human history but have only relatively recently been recognised as distinct diseases due to infectious agent e.g gastric ulcers (H.pylor), zika virus

Question 19

lassa fever

Answer 19

Arenaviridae virus

Question 20

ebola emmorrhagic fever

Answer 20

filoviridae family

Question 21

Legionnaire disease

Answer 21

Legionella pneumophila

Question 22

AIDS

Answer 22

human immunodeficiency virus

Question 23

gastric ulcers

Answer 23

helicobacter pylori

Question 24

cholera

Answer 24

vibrio cholerae

Question 25

pandemic influenza

Answer 25

Orthomyxoviridae

Question 26

HCAI

Answer 26

health care acquired infections

Question 27

HCAI

Answer 27

infections patients can get while receiving medical treatment in a healthcare facility- a major but often preventable threat