the adaptive immune response

Question 1

the adaptive immune response (3)

Answer 1

specific to antigen, time lag and immunological memory

Question 2

professional phagocytes are

Answer 2

monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, tissue dendritic cells and mast cells

Question 3

following ingestion of pathogen, what happens?

Answer 3

as well as ingesting, phagocytes especially macrophages can act as antigen presenting cells (APCs)

Question 4

process of antigen presentation

Answer 4

phagocyte ingests a bacteria. Part of the bacteria (antigen) goes to the surface of the phagocyte, The phagocyte presents the antigens to T helper cells. this activates the helper t cell

Question 5

Antigen presenting cells are

Answer 5

a link to the adaptive immune system

Question 6

endoplasmic reticulum is associated

Answer 6

with degradation of microbe

Question 7

transporters are associated

Answer 7

with antigen processing

Question 8

cytolytic T I lymphocytes (CD8+) recognise

Answer 8

antigens presented by MHC I molecules

Question 9

MHC I molecules

Answer 9

comprised of two polypeptides and present antigens originating from the cytosol

Question 10

two major killing mechanisms of MHC I molecule

Answer 10

perforin and CD95 pathway

Question 11

perforin killing mechanism of MHC I molecule

Answer 11

perforin delivered from cytoplasmic granules that fuse with the membrane of the APC forming pores to allow granzymes to enter the infected cell

Question 12

CD95 pathway mechanism of MHC I molecule

Answer 12

FasL expression increases on CT and binds to Fas on the APC , leading to apoptosis

Question 13

both perforin and CD95 pathways lead to

Answer 13

apoptosis rather than cell lysis, triggering the dead cells tone taken up by nearby macrophages

Question 14

recognition of MHC II molecules by CD4+ T cells

Answer 14

recognise antigens presented on MHC II

Question 15

MHC II molecule

Answer 15

two polypeptide- present antigens originating from the phagosome, peptides slightly longer than those presented by MHC I

Question 16

difference in peptides presented by MHC II

Answer 16

MHC II present slightly longer peptides than those presented by MHC I

Question 17

for recognition by CD4+ T ce;;s

Answer 17

costimulation needed- co-recepter in addition to MHC/ peptides/ TCR complex

Question 18

costimulation

Answer 18

co-recepter in addition to MHC/ peptides/ TCR complex

Question 19

CD8+ T cell and

Answer 19

MHC I

Question 20

CD4+ T cell

Answer 20

MHC II

Question 21

different Th produce diff

Answer 21

cytokines

Question 22

Cytokines produced by Th1

Answer 22

IL-2, IFN- gamma, TNF- alpha, stimulating CTL cell

Question 23

Macrophage will release ……….. when CD4 co receptor forms with Th0 cell

Answer 23

IL-1

Question 24

Th2 cell released

Answer 24

IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 –> stimulating B cells to differentiate and proliferate

Question 25

B cells turn into

Answer 25

plasma cell

Question 26

plasma cells produce

Answer 26

specific antiviral antibodies and bind to circulating virus/ | '

Question 27

Th1 cell binds with

Answer 27

macrophage using CD28 and B7 receptors

Question 28

Th0 binds to macrophage

Answer 28

using a T-ell receptor

Question 29

CTL

Answer 29

cytotoxic T cell

Question 30

Th1 cells and CTL cells

Answer 30

Th1 celleweive antigen from macrophage and this stimulates a CTL cell to form a CD8 coreceptor with a virally infected target cell, causing apoptosis of infected cells

Question 31

B cells as ABCs

Answer 31

T- cells helped by CD4+ T cells

Question 32

how does Th2 cell stimulate a plasma cell to produce specific antiviral antibodies

Answer 32

Th2 cell form a receptor complex with the B cell and stimulates it using IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6 and these cause the B cell to proliferate and differentiate

Question 33

once exposed to TB two possibilities

Answer 33

either the immune system is adequate and there will be no infection or if dysfunctional infection will occur and then depending on the adequacy of the adaptive immune system the disease will either be active or alent

Question 34

if latent, if the adaptive immune system fails

Answer 34

reactivation will occur

Question 35

often Mtb will remain

Answer 35

latent forever - contained in granuloma

Question 36

role of B cells in turberculosis

Answer 36

normally antibody producing cells- also a source of cytokines for further lymphocyte and macrophage recruitment

Question 37

which cells are a source of cytokines for further lymphocyte and macrophage recruitment

Answer 37

B cells

Question 38

stages of granulation which make the infection latent

Answer 38

infection, innate granuloma, imune granuloma, chronic fanuloma

Question 39

what is a chronic granuloma made up of

Answer 39

monocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, t cell, coma macrophages, epithelia macrophage and coated n a fibrotic encapsulation

Question 40

the efficacy of antibody mediated immunity against microbes is established by three general approaches

Answer 40

1) presence of antibodies benefits the host 2) as the conc of antibodies increases, susceptibility to dies and infection decreases 3) if immune system is not producing an adequate number of antibodies, then increased likelihood of disease

Question 41

have any of the antibody criteria been met for TB

Answer 41

NO- however relatively simple view that M.tb is an intracellular pathogen and thus outside the reach of antibodies- dismisses the number of mechanisms by which antibody mediated immunity can modify the outcome of bacterial intracellular pathogenesis through effects from opsonisation to activation of FcR

Question 42

what role for PRRs in M.tb

Answer 42

in order to detect pathogens such as bacteria and viruses the immune system is equipped with receptors called pattern recognition receptors that are specialised in their recognition. mainly expressed by antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages but are also found in other immune and non-immune cells

Question 43

PRRs

Answer 43

pattern recognition receptors- specialised in their recognition and key elements of the innate immune system

Question 44

PRRs are mainly expressed on

Answer 44

dendritic and macrophage cells

Question 45

PRR are divided into four families

Answer 45

Toll like receptors, Nucleotide oligomerisation receptors, C-type lectin receptors,, RIG 1 like receptor

Question 46

PRRS are found in three strategic places

Answer 46

the cell surface to recognise extracellular pathogens such as bacteria or fungi; in the endosomes where they sense intracellular invaders such as virus and finally in the cytolasm

Question 47

CLR and TLR are found

Answer 47

in the cell surface membrane

Question 48

NLR and RLR are found

Answer 48

in the cytoplasm

Question 49

TLR are found

Answer 49

in the membrane and in endosomes

Question 50

which proinflmmatory cytokine is linked to mycobacteria (M.tb)

Answer 50

TNFalpha is a prototype pro inflammatory cytokine which is produced by phagocytic cells activated with mycobacteria

Question 51

mice deficient in TNFalpha produvyion or receptor

Answer 51

exhibit increase susceptibility to Mtb infection

Question 52

upon phagocytosis, phagocytic cells produce

Answer 52

IL-1- these recruit NK cells at the infection site. Where IL-12 and IL- 18 promote IFNgamma production which then exerts protective immune responses

Question 53

IL-12 and IL-18

Answer 53

promote IFNgamma production which then exerts protective immune responses