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Medical and general microbiology > vaccines and vaccinology > Flashcards

vaccines and vaccinology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

jenner

A

1796- infected gardeners son with cowpox- son was immune to smallpox

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2
Q

vaccines used today

A

human, domesticated livestock, pets, fish and wild animals

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3
Q

three diseases that have been reduced considerably due to vaccine

A

diphtheria, polio and measle

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4
Q

how many lives saved in past 20 years

A

20 million

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5
Q

how many live saved i 2003

A

2.5

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6
Q

what is an example of an eradicated disease

A

smallpox- once killed 5 mill/yr

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7
Q

how many additional lives a year could be saved by extending vaccine programmes to all countries

A

2 mill

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8
Q

infectious disease that don’t have vaccines available

A

malaria, schistosomiasis, tuberculosis, meliondosis, respiratory disease, diarrhoea disease, HIV and aids

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9
Q

infection has 2 possible outcomes

A

recovery and resistance or death

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10
Q

not all infections mean

A

resistance to reinfection

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11
Q

if an infection allows natural immunity

A

then feasible to devise a vaccine e.g. polio, smallpox, influenza, plague, anthrax, pertussis

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12
Q

if not resistant to reinfection

A

diff or impossible to devise a vaccine e.g. HIV, malaria, tb, schistosomiasis, gonorrhoeae

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13
Q

vaccines mimic

A

the natural disease- they trick the body into thinking that it has been infected - but can only work if the body can generate a protective esponse

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14
Q

protective response

A

antibodies and cellular immunity

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15
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that circulate in the blood, binding to toxins, viruses or bacteria. Neutralising and promoting clearance of infection- produced by B cells

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16
Q

Cellular immunity involving T cells

A

CD4+ T cell: orchestrate the immune response

CD*+ T cells: kill infected cells

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17
Q

types of vaccine

A

live, killed, subunit and naked DNA vaccines

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18
Q

live vaccines

A

living but cannot cause disease

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19
Q

killed vaccine

A

killed by heating, or exposure to chemicals

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20
Q

subunit vaccines

A

fragment of the microorganism e.g. proteins or polysaccharides

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21
Q

naked DNA vaccines

A

DNA makes proteins after injection

22
Q

diff types of responses are required for different types of infection

A

and therefore diff types of vaccines are required

23
Q

examples of live vaccines (BSY)

A

BCG, yellow fever, typhoid, sallpox

24
Q

live vaccines are

A

disabled so cannot cause disease- are these the best mimic of natural infection

25
Q

responses of live vaccines

A

antibody, CD4+ and CD8+

26
Q

problem with live vaccines

A

revision of live polio vaccines: strains isolated from faeces of immunised infants showing pat or complete reversion to virulence- outbreak of polio in Hispaniola in 1999 due to reversion of vaccine

27
Q

polio vaccine

A

live attenuated- generated by growth in cultured cells. Reason for attenuation not known at the time of creation of vaccine.

28
Q

how many mutations in love attenuated polio vaccine

A

57

29
Q

primary attenuati mutation of polio is located in

A

the viruses internal ribosome site

30
Q

examples of subunit vaccine (DANT)

A

diphtheria, tetanus, anthrax, new plague

31
Q

subunit vaccines

A

fragments of microorganism= proteins and polysaccharides. Excellent if antibodies are required to protect- pure components mean few side effects and good response

32
Q

responses of subunit vaccine

A

antibody, CD4+ (sometimes- even better if ) and CD8+

33
Q

few side affects to subunit vaccine because

A

pure components

34
Q

subunit vaccine against plague

A

identify key protective components, slate genes encoding these components and produce the components using genetic engineering

35
Q

examples of proteins produced as protective subunits in plague

A

F1 antigen and V antigen

36
Q

f1 antigen

A

a protein hat assembles on the bacteria cell surface to form capsule

37
Q

V antigen

A

a protein on the bacterial cell surface that forms the tip of the type III needle.

38
Q

genetic engineering is used to produce

A

F1 and V antigens from E.coli and these can be used in vaccines to evoke an immune response and cause immune protection from a real infection

39
Q

Naked DNA vaccine

A

identify and produce gene coding for vaccine component (protein). DNA is taken up by the cells in the body and the cells produce proteins. An immune response develops to this protein

40
Q

which cells take up DNA mostly

A

muscle cells

41
Q

naked DNA vaccines in theory

A

combine the advantage of live and subunit vaccines and work very well inmate, but not so well in humans

42
Q

naked DNA vaccine response

A

antibody, CD4+ and sometime CD8+

43
Q

examples of naked DNA vaccines

A

e. g. west nile fever vaccine licensed for use in horses- vaccine encode coat proteins
e. g. infection hematopoietic necrosis vaccine licensed for use in fish- vaccine encodes surface glycoproteins

44
Q

different vaccines need to be

A

administered in different ways e.g. cutter vaccine produces 0% survival if inhaled

45
Q

cutter vaccine

A

Existing killed whole vaccine-b only useful when injected.

46
Q

F1+ Vaccine

A

new subunit vaccine effective if injected or inhaled

47
Q

vaccines can be used to control

A

addictive behaviour eg. heroin vaccine

48
Q

plant made vaccine process

A

1) plasmid containing the F1- V gene is transferred to Agrobacterium tumefaciens 2) agrobacterium transfer the F1-V gene to the plant cells 3) transgenic F1-V tomato plants are regenerated in selective media 4) elite transgenic F1-V tomato plants are transferred to the greenhouse 5) tomatoes are harvested and the ones with higher F1-V antigen expression are chosen 6)the tomatoes are freeze dried 7) dried tomatoes are pulverised and made into capsules 8) plant-derived oral vaccine

49
Q

CD4+ t cells

A

recognise antigens presented by MHC II cells- mediates the immune response

50
Q

CD8+ t cells

A

recognising antigens presented by MHC case I - kill cells

51
Q

Type II SS

A

helps some gram negative bacteria like E.coli, sense eukaryotic organisms and secrete proteins that help the bacteria infect them

Medical and general microbiology (36 decks)

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