harder clinical micro

Question 1

what do paneth cells shed, as part of their protection against infection

Answer 1

cryptins and hydrolysing enzymes (target bacteria cell wall)

Question 2

what prevents the action of antibiotic in M.tb

Answer 2

mycelia acid in cell membrane

Question 3

what anchors the LPS of gram negative bacteria

Answer 3

Lipid A

Question 4

when Lipid A lets go of LPS

Answer 4

heightened immune reponse- acts as an endotoxin

Question 5

which proteins in the plasma membrane is targeted by antibiotics

Answer 5

colistin and polymyxin

Question 6

defensins are rich in

Answer 6

arginine and cystein and highly amphiphatic. The disulphide links mean it has a quaternary sturcture

Question 7

3 examples of antimicrobial peptides (part of the innate immune system)

Answer 7

defensins, cationic peptides, bacteriocins

Question 8

cationic peptides EXAMPLE

Answer 8

Cathelicidin- produced by neutrophils and respiratory epithelial cells

Question 9

are bacteriocins produced by humans

Answer 9

no, by bacteria, including normal microbiota- lethal to closely related species- reduce competition

Question 10

examples of bacteriocins

Answer 10

Colicins and sakacins

Question 11

colicins are produced by

Answer 11

ecoli

Question 12

sakacins are produced by

Answer 12

lactobacilli

Question 13

antimicrobials are much more attracted to

Answer 13

bacteria membrane due to there being a stronger electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction

Question 14

name two secreted enzyme defences

Answer 14

Leukocidins and Coagulase

Question 15

what do bacteria secrete to get iron from host cells

Answer 15

sederphore- rips iron away

Question 16

exotoxins are

Answer 16

produced by gram positive bacteria- extracellular

Question 17

endotoxins are

Answer 17

produced by gram negative bacteria - found n cell wall- released when cell dies

Question 18

stain used for TB

Answer 18

acid fast

Question 19

acid fast stain used for tb

Answer 19

ziehl neelson stain- added to sputum

Question 20

stain used for fungi

Answer 20

PAS- periodic acid shift

Question 21

which medium used to isolate staphylococci

Answer 21

mannitol salt agar

Question 22

clinical microbio in looking at antibiotic resistance

Answer 22

can use molecular and mass spec methods

Question 23

molecular methods of determining antibiotic resistance

Answer 23

PCR methods: Nucleic acid base and Next generation sequencing

Question 24

mass spec methods of deterring antibiotic resistance

Answer 24

MALDI-TOF and ESI, reliant on a data base of town patterns

Question 25

in next generation sequencing, whichh areas of DNA are looked t and why

Answer 25

16s rRNA- hypervariable and diff in every species

Question 26

which test is used frequently in establishment of viral infections

Answer 26

agglutination assays

Question 27

what is M protein

Answer 27

a virulence factor on streptococci that is necessary for the bacteria’s ability to cause strep throat.

Question 28

Agglutination assays process

Answer 28

-lates beads are artificially coated with antibodies specific to the antigen of interest. Then drop of sample added and if the mixture agglutinates it will clump together--> antibody/antigen complex